Composition and Energy AOSC 200 Tim Canty

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1 Composition and Energy AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: Topics for today: Atmospheric composition cont. Energy transfer Lecture 03 Sept Today s Weather Map 2

2 Today s Forecast 3 NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (2) Launched July 2,

3 NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (2) 5 Recent Science There has been a 30% increase in the acidity of the ocean since 1700, and we now expect that by 2100, it will have become a 100% increase. This constitutes a rate of change in ocean chemistry that is 10 times anything scientists can document over the last 50 million years. 6

4 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Cycle Currently, there are more sources than sinks. As a consequence, CO 2 in the air is rising. This rise is correlated with the rise in temperatures but more on that in future lectures Currently, few ways to reduce CO 2 ite-missions/o/oco-2 7 Methane (CH 4 ) Actual data much noisier than what is shown in textbooks 8

5 Methane Sources and Sinks 9 Methane Sources and Sinks Methane is mainly lost by chemical reactions in the atmosphere The carbon in methane eventually becomes CO

6 Aerosols (really tiny!!!!) Fig 1-10 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere 11 Aerosol Observations Ship Tracks! Fig 1.6: Essentials of Meteorology 12

7 Aerosol Observations Satellite Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) April 17, 2010, CALIPSO captured this image of the Eyjafjallajökull ash cloud Ozone Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs UV radiation. This is good!!! Ozone at the surface (a.k.a. Smog!) is a pollutant. This is bad!!! 14

8 Temperature Scales Celsius (centigrade): melting point of water is 0 C and the boiling point is 100 C. Fahrenheit: melting point of water is 32 F and the boiling point is 212 F. Kelvin: similar to Celsius but the coldest temperature is 0K. (Kelvin scale never goes negative) Fig 2.2: Essentials of Meteorology 15. Energy Transfer Fig 2.3: Essentials of Meteorology 16.

9 Latent Heat Latent heat: the heat required to melt or evaporate a substance Ice in the cooler absorbs heat from the drinks Result: the ice melts while the drinks stay cold. 17 Latent Heat Latent heat: the heat required to melt or evaporate a substance or the heat given off when something condenses or freezes When water freezes or condenses, the latent heat is released back into the environment As water condenses to form a cloud, all of the heat that went into evaporating the water is released to the air. Clouds warm the air inside the cloud. Amount of energy released equivalent to a small nuke Fig 2.4: Essentials of Meteorology. 18

10 Specific Heat The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of the substance 1 C Water takes longer to heat (and longer to cool) than dirt Table 2-1 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere. 19 Energy Transfer: Conduction Conduction requires contact, energy transferred from molecule to molecule Air is not a good conductor Metals are excellent conductors Very important at Earth s surface. 20

11 Energy Transfer: Convection Convection energy transferred by movement of fluids (in science, air is considered a fluid) Surface energy transferred upward by convection Hot air rises and cool air sinks Lava lamps are a good example of convection. 21 Energy Transfer: Convection Fig 2.6: Essentials of Meteorology 22.

12 Temperature and Density As temperature rises and the parcel expands the air inside the parcel gets less dense (all of the air molecules are spread out over a larger volume) Temperature and Density Surrounding air is denser and heavier and sinks The less dense air is pushed up by the sinking, heavy air. The less dense air floats or Hot air rises, cold air sinks

13 Energy Transfer: Convection Rising, hot air creates a convective circulation cell called a thermal Thermals will eventually spread out, sink and move back to the starting point creating wind. Fig 2.7: Essentials of Meteorology 25 Energy Transfer: Advection Advection horizontal movement of air (a.k.a. wind) Fig 2-4 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere. 26

14 Rising and Sinking Air Air that is pushed upward will expand and cool down Air that sinks will contract and heat up Fig 2.U1: Essentials of Meteorology 27. Energy Transfer Radiative Heat heating due to electromagnetic radiation called radiation but is different from nuclear radiation. 28

15 Electromagnetic Spectrum Spectrum: range of values Wavelength: length of one wave (, lambda). Fig 2.8: Essentials of Meteorology 29 Electromagnetic Spectrum Fig 2-7 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere 30

16 Solar Spectrum The energy from the Sun peaks at 0.5 m (the visible portion of the spectrum) Fig 2.9: Essentials of Meteorology 31 Not all radiation makes it to the surface (this is a good thing!) 32

17 Solar Spectrum The energy from the Sun peaks at 0.5 m (the visible portion of the spectrum) The energy from the Earth peaks at 10 m (in the infrared portion) Fig 2.10: Essentials of Meteorology 33

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