Ocean Outfall Rule Compliance. Piloting Alternative Technologies for Recharge of the Floridan Aquifer. July 8, PD-Sw202w
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1 Ocean Outfall Rule Compliance Piloting Alternative Technologies for Recharge of the Floridan Aquifer July 8,
2 Outfall rule mandates are significant Reduce outfall nutrients by December 31, 2018 Eliminate ocean outfall (except in emergency) by December 31, 2025; amendment in 2013 allows use for peak flows (5% of baseline) Reuse > 60% of outfall flow (20.4 mgd) by December 31, Worst case cost estimated in 2008 at $1.5B
3 Existing deep injection well use maximized to reduce outfall nutrients 3
4 Legislative push for peak flow shaving to outfall provided savings 4
5 Several reuse alternatives were evaluated, but feasible options were limited Large User Spray Irrigation Biscayne Aquifer Recharge High chloride, urban landscape Floridan Aquifer Recharge Stringent nutrient, TDS limits 5 Uncertainties
6 Expand existing spray irrigation system 6
7 Canal discharge / Biscayne Aquifer recharge requires high levels of treatment (RO) 7
8 Established recharge treatment approach Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis AOP Secondary or Tertiary Effluent Influent to WTP Recharge 8
9 Our unique hydrogeology may facilitate an alternative approach 9 Parameter SRWWTP (mg/l) Floridan (mg/l) Sodium 640 1,100 Chloride 1,400 2,100 TDS 3,500 4,500
10 Revised recharge treatment approach Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis AOP Secondary or Tertiary Effluent Reverse Osmosis WTP Influent to WTP Recharge 10
11 However, regulatory challenges exist for Floridan Aquifer recharge Parameter FDEP Broward County Biochemical Oxygen Demand 20 mg/l 5 mg/l Total Nitrogen 10 mg/l --- Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l Phosphates (as P) mg/l Sodium Chloride Total Dissolved Solids Subject to background water quality 160 mg/l 250 mg/l 500 mg/l Emerging contaminants ---? 11
12 Receiving water defines pollutant Salt Sodium Chloride TDS Nutrients Nitrogen Phosphate 12 Emerging contaminants Caffeine Ibuprofen DEET Triclosan Progesterone
13 County regulators approached regarding alternative treatment Waivers for certain parameters may be possible Removal of emerging contaminants demonstrated Compare quality to Best Available Technology however, emerging contaminants are not regulated No Federal standards exist No State standards exist No County standards exist 13
14 Approach to evaluating undefined contaminant removal 14
15 We proposed California s Title 22 Groundwater Replenishment Reuse Functional Group Framework Designed for minimal treatment upon withdrawal Shifts away from 1,4-dioxane and NDMA approach Relies upon a group approach to contaminant removal Similar chemistries similar removal 9 functional groups defined; demonstrated removal of surrogates from 5 of 9 groups required Provides framework for the use of surrogates (e.g., UV254) for process monitoring and control Opens the door for non-ro based approach Nutrient Reduction Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Advanced Oxidation Recharge Secondary Effluent X X 15
16 Demonstrate >0.5 log (69%) removal of surrogates from A - G Functional Group (A) Hydroxy Aromatic Example Compounds Acetominophen, Bisphenol A, Triclosan (B) Amino/Acylamino Aromatic Atorvastatin, Sulfamethoxazole (C) Nonaromatic C=C (D) Deprotonated Amine (E) Alkoxy Polyaromatic (F) Alkoxy Aromatic (G) Alkyl Aromatic Carbamazepine, Codeine, OTNE Fluoxetine, Caffeine, Trimethoprim Naproxen, Propranolol Gemfibrozil, Hydrocodone DEET, Dilantin, Ibuprofen, Primidone 16
17 Demonstrate >0.3 log (50%) removal of surrogates from H or I Functional Group Example Compounds (H) Saturated Aliphatic Iopromide, Meprobamate (I) Nitro Aromatic Atrazine, Musk ketone, Musk xylene 17
18 In addition to log removal, Drinking Water Guidelines also used to verify treatment efficacy Functional Group Compound Guideline Value (A) Hydroxy Aromatic Triclosan 105,000 ng/l (B) Amino/Acylamino Aromatic Sulfamethoxazole 150,500 ng/l (C) Nonaromatic w/ carbon double bonds Carbamazepine 73.5 ng/l (D) Deprotonated Amine Fluoxetine 3,395 ng/l (E) Alkoxy Polyaromatic Naproxen 45,500 ng/l (F) Alkoxy Aromatic Gemfibrozil 15,050 ng/l (G) Aklyl Aromatic Dilantin 73.5 ng/l (H) Saturated Aliphatic Iopromide 1,750,000 ng/l (I) Nitro Aromatic Atrazine 3,500 ng/l --- 1,4-Dioxane 3 µg/l --- NDMA 10 ng/l 18
19 PILOT TESTING & RESULTS 19
20 Treatment designed specifically for emerging contaminants 20
21 Treatment designed specifically for emerging contaminants - County approval received 21
22 As expected, waivers would be needed for certain parameters 22 Parameter Florida Standard (mg/l) Broward County Standard (mg/l) With innovative process (mg/l) Scheme 1 (UV-AOP) Scheme 2 (Ozone) Floridan Aquifer (mg/l) BOD Total Nitrogen COD Phosphates Sodium Subject to ,100 Chloride background water 250 1,400 1,400 2,200 Total Dissolved Solids quality 500 3,480 3,460 5,410 = Broward County standard exceeded = County standard exceeded, however effluent quality better than background water quality Remaining primary/secondary standards met
23 Appropriate emerging contaminant oxidation demonstrated for key parameters except NDMA Emerging Contaminant Functional Group Guideline Value Pilot Influent Scheme 1 UV Dose of 400 mj/cm 2 Scheme 2 Ozone Dose of 5-8 mg/l Triclosan A 105, < 52 * < 52 * Sulfamethoxazole B 151, < 10 * < 16 * Carbamazepine C < 10 * < 10 * Fluoxetine D 3, < 26 * < 26 * Naproxen E 45,500 < 51 * < 51 * < 51 * Gemfibrozil F 15, < 26 * < 26 * Dilantin G < 103 * < 103 * Iopromide H 1,750,000 < 51 * < 51 * <115 * Atrazine I 3, < 1.3 * < 1.6 * 1,4 Dioxane < 2.0 * < 2.0 * < 2.0 * NDMA ** concentration below laboratory reporting limit
24 Process Scheme 1: NDMA formation in BAC 24
25 Process Scheme 2: NDMA limit not met 25
26 Additional Process Scheme 2b tested for NDMA oxidation post BAC filters DBF IX OZONE 26 UV BAC
27 Process Scheme 2b: NDMA limit met 27
28 28 Emerging contaminant log removal Emerging Contaminant Functional Group Target Log Removal Scheme 1 UV Dose of 400 mj/cm 2 Scheme 2 Ozone Dose of 5-8 mg/l Scheme 2b UV Dose of 1000 mj/cm 2 Triclosan A 0.5 >0.6 * >0.6 * Sulfamethoxazole B 0.5 >1.9 * >1.7 * Carbamazepine C 0.5 >1.0 * >1.2 * Fluoxetine D 0.5 >0.1 * >0.2 * Naproxen E 0.5 Not found >0.05 * Gemfibrozil F 0.5 >1.7 * >1.6 Dilantin G 0.5 >0.1 * >0.03 * Iopromide H 0.3 Not found Not found Atrazine I 0.3 >1.1 * >0.9 * 1,4 Dioxane Not found Not found NDMA 0.1 N/A >0.7 * * denotes minimum log removal as effluent concentrations were below laboratory reporting limit N/A denotes effluent concentrations above influent concentrations
29 Emerging contaminant removal summary Emerging Contaminant Functional Group Log Removal Process Scheme 1 Process Scheme 2 Triclosan A 0.5 Yes Yes Sulfamethoxazole B 0.5 Yes Yes Carbamazepine C 0.5 Yes Yes Fluoxetine D 0.5 Yes Yes Naproxen E 0.5 Yes Yes Gemfibrozil F 0.5 Yes Yes Dilantin G 0.5 Yes Yes Iopromide H 0.3 Yes Yes Atrazine I 0.3 Yes Yes 1,4 Dioxane Not found Not found NDMA Yes after BAC stabilization Yes with Process Scheme 2b 29
30 Further discussions with Broward County were undertaken regarding waivers/variances Waiver/Variance pursued for COD, Sodium, Chloride, TDS, Phosphates Waiver/Variance conditions Discharge will not cause pollution or otherwise damage to the natural resources in contravention with regulations Undue hardship must be evident specifically for phosphates limit of 0.01 mg/l Present results at public hearing 30
31 Hardship Evaluation 31
32 Treatment levels evaluated Description TL 1: FDEP Standards DBF, IX for TN, Disinfection TL 2: Piloted Schemes DBF, IX for TN and TOC, UV AOP and BAC TL 3: Phosphate Removal Level 1 5 Stage BNR, Alum, DBF, IX for TOC, Ozone, BAC and UV TL 4: Phosphate Removal Level 2 5 Stage BNR, Alum, High Rate Clarification, DBF, IX for TOC, Ozone, BAC and UV TL 5: Phosphate Removal Level 3 Electrocoagulation and/or IX, High Rate Clarification, IX for TN, UV AOP and BAC TL 6: Broward County Standards MF, RO and UV AOP Effluent Concentration (mg/l) TN Phosphates COD TDS Emerging Contaminant Oxidation <10 >1 >10 >3,000 No <10 >1 >10 >3,000 Yes <10 >0.1 >10 >3,000 Yes <10 >0.03 >10 >3,000 Yes < >10 >3,000 Yes <10 <0.01 <10 <500 Yes 32
33 Economic hardship may be demonstrated 33
34 Economic hardship may be demonstrated 20-yr Present Worth 34
35 Outfall rule compliance capital cost summary Original Rule (FS ) Staff Efforts & Modified Rule (FS ) Potential with Regulatory Waivers Nutrient removal $300M - $300M = $0 $0 Outfall closure $200M - $150M = $50M $50M Reuse <$1B $100M - $240M Total <$1.5B $150M - $290M 35
36 Next steps Continue public policy debate with Broward County Continue dealing with FDEP / Legislature on Rule Continue coordinating with other affected communities 36
37 Questions? 37
38 Side stream SELECTIVE phosphate testing 38
39 Process Scheme 1: phosphate results (without selective PO 4 treatment) 39
40 Emerging phosphate removal technology: Ion Exchange (IX) Ion Exchange for Selective Phosphate Removal Anionic Thermax Resin Contains Iron Particles Never been tested Piloted at 6-8 gph Piloted with columns in series 40
41 Selective IX phosphate testing results 3-DAY BREAKTHROUGH TEST 41
42 Emerging phosphate removal technology: Electrocoagulation (EC) Current applied across iron or aluminum plates Destabilizes particles and pollutants Forms coagulant, facilitates settling Removes: Nutrients (phosphates) Organics Color and Hardness Some emerging contaminants Electrocoagulation Apparatus 42
43 Electrocoagulation performance 43 Tested Secondary Effluent and IX Effluent from SRWWTP 99% Phosphate Removal
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