Type I. Features and Benefits 18+ Megohm-cm Type I reagent grade water. AQUA SOLUTIONS Type I. Reagent Grade DI Systems

Transcription

1 Type I Reagent Grade DI Systems Features and Benefits 18+ Megohm-cm Type I reagent grade water Analytical, biological & ultra-low TOC types Exceeds ASTM, CAP, CLSI & USP Specs Accepts VAC, 50/60 Hz power System runs on 12 VDC internal power Certified by CSA for the US & Canada CE marked for export to Europe, Etc. Can be bench, shelf or wall-mounted 2-Year warranty - (US and Canada) Remote dispenser included in price User installable and serviceable 0.2 micron final filter capsule DI modules can be recycled Complete instrumentation Fully automatic operation Meets USP specifications Continuous recirculation Made in the USA A, INC. 8 Old Burnt Mountain Road Jasper, GA USA Phones: Fax: mail@aquaa.com Internet: Product Availability A Type I Reagent Grade DI Systems produce 18+ megohm-cm water that exceeds ASTM, CAP, CLSI, and USP specifications. They offer higher flow rates and more ion exchange capacity, plus other features and benefits not found on other systems. They are competitively priced! A Type I product line includes four basic types of systems to handle a wide variety of laboratory applications: Analytical Grade Ultra-low TOC Analytical Grade (<5 PPB TOC) Biological Grade (pyrogen, endotoxin, RNase & DNase free) Ultra-Low TOC Biological Grade (Low TOC plus pyrogen, endotoxin, RNase & DNase free) Models are available for operation on ordinary tap water, or water that is pretreated via reverse osmosis, distillation, or deionization. The standard system flow rate is 2-Liters/Min. High flow (8-10 Liters/ Min) versions are also available. Basic Analytical and Biological grade systems can be purchased with or without an optional built-in ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer, which prevents the growth of microorganisms within the system. Systems with a built-in UV Oxidizer or Sterilizer include a built-in power supply that monitors and displays UV performance and lamp life, with appropriate audible alarms. If the incoming tap water is unusually hard, or the water usage is high, consider purchasing an A compact, combination RO+DI System. These RO+DI systems include a 10 or 20 Liter/hour Reverse Osmosis (RO) Pretreatment System PLUS an Analytical, Ultra-Low TOC Analytical, Biological or Low TOC Biological Type I DI System, all in a single, compact cabinet measuring just 20 x 20 x 12. See page 4 for information on RO+DI systems, or request brochure number RODI-C for detailed product information and specifications. Brochure Number: T1

2 Model # Description 2121A... AQU Type I Analytical Grade DI System for operation on water that has been pretreated via reverse osmosis, distillation or deionization by a central or point-of-use pretreatment system, and contains less than 20 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1T (not included in system price). Kit includes activated carbon prefilter capsule, high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. Analytical Grade Systems 2121AU...Identical to Model 2121A above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. 2122A... AQU Type I Analytical Grade DI System for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 250 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M2T (not included in system price). Kit includes activated carbon prefilter capsule, high capacity DI pretreatment module, high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. 2122AU...Identical to Model 2122A above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. Water Inlet Ultraviolet Sterilizer (AU only) A/C Pre- Filter High Capacity DI (2122A & 2122AU only) 18.2 Resistivity Monitor Purity Sensor Circ Pump Pressure Reg/Gauge High Purity DI and TOC Reduction Remote Dispenser with 0.20 µm Filter Power Cord Model # Description 2121AL... AQU Type I Ultra-Low TOC DI System for operation on pretreated water (water that has been pretreated via reverse osmosis, distillation or deionization by a central or point-of-use pretreatment system, and contains less than 20 ppm of total dissolved solids). The system includes a built-in UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer to reduce TOC to the lowest possible levels, and prevent the growth of microorganisms in the system. Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1L (not included in system price). Ultra-Low TOC Analytical Grade Systems Water Inlet A/C Pre- Filter High Purity DI/TOC Reduction 2122AL only Ultraviolet Oxidizer/Sterilizer 18.2 Resistivity Monitor Purity Sensor Circ Pump Pressure Reg/Gauge High Purity DI and TOC Reduction Remote Dispenser with 0.20 µm Filter Power Cord Kit includes an activated carbon prefilter capsule, one high purity TOC reduction DI module, and a final filter capsule. 2122AL... Identical to Model 2121AL above, except it is for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 170 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M2L (not included in system price). Kit includes an activated carbon prefilter capsule, two high purity TOC reduction DI modules, and a final filter capsule

3 Model # Model # Description 2121B... AQU Type I Biological Grade DI System for operation on water that has been pretreated via reverse osmosis, distillation or deionization by a central or point-of-use pretreatment system, and contains less than 20 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). The system includes a built-in ultrafilter to provide a 4-6 log reduction of pyrogen and endotoxin, resulting in Type I purified water that is free of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase, and RNase. Description 2121BL... AQU Type I Ultra-Low TOC Biological Grade DI System for operation on pretreated water (water that has been pretreated via reverse osmosis, distillation or deionization by a central or point-of-use pretreatment system, and contains less than 20 ppm of total dissolved solids). The system includes a built-in UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer to reduce TOC to the lowest possible levels, and a built-in ultrafilter to provide a 4-6 log reduction of pyrogen and endotoxin, resulting in Type I purified water that is free of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase, and RNase. Biological Grade Systems Ultra-Low TOC Biological Grade Systems Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1L (not included in system price). Kit includes an activated carbon prefilter capsule, one high purity TOC reduction DI module, and a final filter capsule. 2122BL...Identical to Model 2121BL above, except it is for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 170 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M2L (not included in system price). Kit includes an activated carbon prefilter capsule, two high purity TOC reduction DI modules, and a final filter capsule Water Inlet Water Inlet UV Sterilizer (BU only) A/C Pre- Filter High Capacity DI (2122B & 2122BU only) Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1T (not included in system price). Kit includes activated carbon prefilter capsule, high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer A/C Pre- Filter High Purity DI/TOC Reduction 2122BL only 18.2 Resistivity Monitor Purity Sensor Circ Pump 18.2 Resistivity Monitor Purity Sensor Circ Pump Ultrafilter Pressure Reg/Gauge High Purity DI and TOC Reduction Ultrafilter Pressure Reg/Gauge High Purity DI and TOC Reduction Remote Dispenser with 0.20 µm Filter Power Cord 2121BU...Identical to Model 2121B above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. 2122B... AQU Type I Biological Grade DI System for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 250 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M2T (not included in system price). Kit includes activated carbon prefilter capsule, high capacity DI pretreatment module, high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. 2122BU...Identical to Model 2122B above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. Remote Dispenser with 0.20 µm Filter Power Cord

4 Type I Compact RO+DI Systems Overview (for more details, request brochure number RODI-C) AQU compact, combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I DI Systems combine a 10 or 20 Liter/hour RO Pretreatment System with a Type I DI system, all in a single cabinet design. They produce 2-Liters/min of Type I reagent grade DI water that meets ASTM, CAP, CLSI, and USP specifications. The Compact RO+DI System should be considered whenever: Incoming tap water contains >170 ppm of total dissolved solids, and/or A central DI system is not planned or available at the site, and/or Type I purified water usage exceeds 20 Liters/day, or 100 Liters/week. These systems are ideally suited for those applications where the existing central RO, DI, or distillation pretreatment system is either unreliable, overloaded (with regard to capacity), or nonexistent in a particular location. It is also suitable for applications where either space or funding limitations preclude purchasing separate RO and Type I DI systems. The RO portion of the system is fully automatic, and includes an activated carbon prefilter cartridge, product and reject flow meters, TFC (thin film composite) high-capacity RO membrane cartridges, and an external 30 or 42 Liter pressurized tank for storing the RO purified water for later use by the DI system. An optional 130 or 200 Liter tank is available. The Type I DI portion of the system features a high-purity TOC reduction/di polishing module, continuous recirculation, a digital resistivity monitor, a remote dispenser, and a 0.2 micron (absolute) final filter capsule. Product Availability Model # Description RODI-C-12A... Combination RO plus Type I Analytical Grade DI System. Requires Purification Kit # 2613M1T-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. RODI-C-12AU... Identical to Model RODI-C-12A above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. Note: Models RODI-C-12B and RODI-C-12BU (described below) include a built-in Ultrafilter to provide a 4-6 log reduction of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase, and RNase resulting in Type I purified water that is pyrogen/endotoxin free, and has no DNase or RNase activity.. RODI-C-12B... Combination RO plus Type I Biological Grade DI System. Requires Purification Kit # 2613M1T-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI module, and final filter capsule. RODI-C-12BU... Identical to Model RODI-C-12B above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. Note: Models RODI-C 12AL and RODI-C-12BL (described below) include a built-in UV Oxidizer to reduce TOC to the lowest possible levels. Model RODI-C-12BL also includes a built-in Ultrafilter to reduce pyrogen/ endotoxin, resulting in Type I purified water that is free of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase and RNase. RODI-C-12AL... Combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Ultra-low TOC Analytical Grade DI System. Requires Purification Kit # 2613M1L-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI module, and a final filter capsule. RODI-C-12BL... Combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Ultra-low TOC Biological Grade DI System. Requires Purification Kit # 2613M1L-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI modules, and a final filter capsule. A, INC. 8 Old Burnt Mountain RoadJasper, GA USA Phones: Fax: Internet: mail@aquaa.com (12/11) Copyright 2012 A, INC.

5 Features and Benefits Produces 2 Liters/min 18.2 Meg Type I water Analytical, biological, ultra-low TOC models Costs less than individual RO & DI systems System runs on 12 VDC internal operation Exceeds ASTM, CAP, CLSI & USP Specs Accepts VAC, 50/60 Hz power Certified by CSA for the US & Canada Can be bench, shelf or wall-mounted Meets latest USP water specifications CE marked for export to Europe, Etc Remote dispenser included in price 2-Year warranty - (most Countries) User installable and serviceable 0.2 micron final filter capsule DI modules can be recycled Complete instrumentation Fully automatic operation Continuous recirculation Made in the USA Options and Upgrades Add a UV Sterilizer Provide RO or Type II/III DI water Upgrade RO capacity to 20 Liters/hour Upgrade RO storage tank to Liters A, INC. 8 Old Burnt Mountain Road Jasper, GA USA Phones: Fax: mail@aquaa.com Internet: Type I Compact - Combination Reverse Osmosis + Type I DI Systems Product Availability A Compact Reverse Osmosis (RO) plus Type I DI Systems combine a 10 or 20 Liter/hour Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment System with a 2-Liter/ minute Analytical, Biological, Ultralow TOC Analytical, or Ultra-Low TOC Biological grade Type I DI system, all enclosed in a single cabinet. Analytical and biological models are available with an optional built-in UV sterilizer. These systems produce purified water that meets or exceeds ASTM, CAP, CLSI, and USP specifications for Type I reagent grade water. The Compact RO+DI System should be considered whenever: A Central DI System is either not available, or not planned, at any given site, and/or Incoming tap water contains more than 170 parts per million (PPM) of total dissolved solids, and/or Type I purified water usage exceeds 20 liters per day, or 100 liters per week. Under these conditions, the RO+DI system can produce better quality water at lower cost than systems without built-in RO pretreatment. This system is ideally suited for applications where the existing central RO, DI or distillation pretreatment system is unreliable, overloaded (with regard to capacity), or nonexistent in a particular location. It is also suitable for applications where either space or funding limitations preclude purchasing separate RO and Type I DI systems. The RO portion of the system features fully automatic operation. It includes an activated carbon prefilter, product and reject flow meters, one or two TFC (thin film composite) high-capacity RO cartridges, and an external 30, 42, 130, or 200 Liter pressurized tank for storing the RO purified water for later use by the DI system. The Type I DI portion of the system features a high-purity TOC reduction and DI polishing module, continuous recirculation, a digital resistivity monitor that meets USP specifications, a remote dispenser, and a 0.2 micron (absolute) final filter capsule. A Compact Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Reagent Grade DI Systems offer features and benefits not found on many other systems. And, they are very competitively priced! Brochure Number: RODI-C

6 Type I Combination Reverse Osmosis + Type I DI Systems Model Number General Description RODI-C-12A... Compact, combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Analytical Grade DI System for operation on any quality tap water. Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1T-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI module and a final filter capsule. RODI-C-12AU... Identical to Model RODI-C-12A above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. RODI-C-12AL... Compact, combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Ultra-low TOC Analytical Grade DI System for operation on any quality tap water. The system includes a built-in, dual-wavelength UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer to reduce TOC to the lowest possible levels, while preventing the growth of microorganisms within the system. Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1L-A (not included in system price). Kit includes a high purity TOC reduction DI module and a final filter capsule. Note:... Models RODI-C-12B, 12BU, and 12BL (described below) include a built-in Ultrafilter to provide a 4-6 log reduction of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase, and RNase, resulting in Type I water that is pyrogen/endotoxin free and has no DNase or RNase activity. RODI-C-12B... Compact, combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Biological Grade DI System for operation on any quality tap water. Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1T-A (not included in system price). Kit includes high purity TOC reduction DI module, and a final filter capsule. RODI-C-12BU... Identical to Model RODI-C-12B above, except it includes a built-in Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer to prevent the growth of microorganisms within the system. RODI-C-12BL... Compact, combination Reverse Osmosis plus Type I Ultra-low TOC Biological Grade DI System for operation on tap water. The system includes both a built-in Ultrafilter to provide a 4-6 log reduction of pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase, and RNase, and a built-in, dual-wavelength UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer to reduce TOC to the lowest possible levels, while preventing the growth of microorganisms within the system. Requires Purification Kit Number 2613M1L-A (not included in system price). Kit includes a high purity TOC reduction DI module and a final filter capsule. Overall System Specifications Cabinet dimensions...20 (508 mm) Wide x 20 (508 mm) High x 12 (305 mm) Deep Operating weight lbs (34-45 kg) Internal system power Amps from external switching power supply External switching power supply... accepts /60 Hz AL and BL Models... require dual /60 Hz outlet Minimum/maximum tap water inlet pressure... 10/100 PSIG (0.7/6.7BAR) Total shipping weight lbs (45-68 kg) Tap water inlet connection... 1/4 or 3/8 NPT RO System Specifications Nominal RO flow rate or 20 Liters/hour Maximum allowable TDS in feed water... 1,000 PPM RO recovery rate % RO membrane type...tfc (thin film composite) RO product & reject flowmeters... included Activated carbon prefilter part #... CC1050 RO storage tank capacity...30 or 42 Liters Std RO storage tank weight (full) lbs (45-57 kg) RO storage tank size (394 mm) dia by 25 (508 mm) high (an optional 130 or 200 Liter RO storage tank is available) Type I DI System and Purified Water Specifications Ion Exchange (DI) capacity... ~2,000 grains as CaCO 3 Resistivity Megohm-cm Bacteria... <1 cfu/ml TOC (models AL and BL)... <5 PPB TOC (models A, AU, B & BU)... <50 PPB Endotoxin... <0.001 EU/ml RNase... <0.01 ng/ml DNase... <4 pg/µl Flow rate... 2-Liters/minute 0.2 micron final filter capsule... included Recirculation... continuous (09/12) Copyright A, Inc.

7 Features & Benefits Product Availability Model RODI-T2 and RODI-T2-H RO+Type II Meets UL, CSA, and CE Mark Specs. Produces 2-15 Megohm-cm DI water from ordinary tap water. Includes purity monitor with flashing red LED alarm. Price includes built-in sediment and activated carbon prefilter cartridge. Prefilter cartridge and DI modules can be replaced in less than 5-minutes. Power supply accepts VAC, 50/60 Hz, at 2.5 Amps. Safe, low-voltage (12 VDC) internal operation. User installable & serviceable. Made in the USA. A Model RODI-T2 and RODI-T2-H Reverse Osmosis plus Type 2 DI Systems dispense 2-15 Megohm-cm Type II or Type III Reagent Grade DI water at a flow rate of 4-5 LPM. The systems include built-in 10 or 20 LPH reverse osmosis (RO) pretreatment to reduce operating costs by as much as 90%, while allowing the system to run on virtually any quality potable water. The RO purified water is stored in a pressurized storage tank. Model RODI-T2 includes 1 installed plus 1 spare 2613DI module. The High-Capacity Model RODI-T2-H includes 2 installed plus 1 spare 2618DI module. A variety of dispensing options are available, including Teflon Remote Dispensers, Gooseneck Faucets, and various outlet valves. When exhausted, the DI modules are returned to the factory where they are refilled with ion exchange ( DI ) resin. The combination sediment and activated carbon prefilter cartridge and DI modules can be replaced in less than 5-minutes. Optional Blending Valve Upgrade RO-T2BV Includes a built in blending valve and additional conductivity sensor. This upgrade allows the user to manually adjust the purity of the product water to < 1 megohm-cm by mixing RO water with DI water. This is ideal for feed water to humidity chambers and glassware washers that could be damaged by aggressive, high resistivity DI water. A, INC. 8 Old Burnt Mountain Road Jasper, GA USA Phones: Fax: mail@aquaa.com Internet: The RODI-T2 and RODI-T2-H RO+DI systems are self-contained units, with the cabinet measuring just 20 wide by 20 high by 12 deep. The systems require tap water, a drain, and a grounded VAC, Hz electrical outlet in order to operate. They can be bench, shelf or wall-mounted up to 20 feet away from the points of use. An LCD purity monitor provides a continuous readout of the purified water quality in micro-seimens/cm. The monitor s red LED flashes whenever the water quality falls below 0.5 MicroSeimens/cm (2 Megohm-cm). The monitor can be located anywhere within ~6 feet of the system. During operation, a quiet, 12 VDC pump continuously circulates purified water through the DI modules and purity monitor on its way out to the points of use, and back into the system. The quality of the purified water is maximized by this recirculation process, which does not diminish the capacity of the DI modules. These systems are ideally suited for providing high-quality DI water to laboratory analyzers at competitive prices! Brochure Number: RODI-T2

8 Model RODI-T2 and RODI-T2-H RO+Type II or Type III DI Systems Model Number General Description RODI-T2... A model RODI-T2, 10-LPH Reverse Osmosis plus Type 2 DI System for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 1,000 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). The 12 VDC system accepts VAC, Hz input power at <2.5 Amps. The system includes a CC1050 high-capacity Activated Carbon/Sediment prefilter cartridge and two 2613DI Type II DI s (1 installed plus 1 spare). RODI-T2-H T2-H... A model RODI-T2-H, High-Capacity 20-LPH Reverse Osmosis plus Type 2 DI System for operation on ordinary tap water containing up to 1,000 ppm of TDS (total dissolved solids). The 12 VDC system accepts VAC, Hz input power at <2.5 Amps. The system includes a CC1050 high-capacity Activated Carbon/Sediment prefilter cartridge, and three 2618DI Type II DI s (2 installed plus 1 spare ). The systems include one or two reverse osmosis (RO) cartridges, which are replaced as required. The RO cartridge has an estimated service life of 2-3 years under normal usage, provided that the activated carbon prefilter cartridge is replaced whenever the DI modules are replaced. The systems are designed to provide a source of Type 2, Type 3, or better deionized water to one or more points-of-use and/or laboratory analyzers. Optional Accessories ROC-1020CU... Optional Second RO Cartridge - Increases RO production to 20 LPH (Model RODI-T2 only) 2700R... Optional Recirculating Teflon Remote Dispenser with 0.22 micron (absolute) Final Filter Capsule. 2700N... Optional Non-Recirculating Teflon Remote Dispenser with 0.22 micron (absolute) Final Filter Capsule DISP... Optional Teflon Remote Spray Gun for Spraying or Rinsing. 2614F... Optional High-Quality, Polypro-Lined Gooseneck Faucet. RODI2-130TU Optional Upgrade from 42 Liter RO Storage Tank to 130 Liter RO Storage Tank. RODI2-200TU Optional Upgrade from 42 Liter RO Storage Tank to 200 Liter RO Storage Tank. UV2006S... Optional Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilizer. Overall System Specifications Cabinet dimensions...20 (508 mm) Wide x 20 (508 mm) High x 12 (305 mm) Deep Operating weight lbs (34-45 kg) Internal system power Amps from external switching power supply External switching power supply... accepts /60 Hz Minimum/maximum tap water inlet pressure... 10/100 PSIG (0.7/6.7BAR) Total shipping weight lbs (45-68 kg) Required tap water inlet connection... 1/4 or 3/8 NPT RO System Specifications Nominal RO flow rate (production) or 20 Liters/hour Maximum allowable TDS in feed water... 1,000 PPM RO recovery rate % RO membrane type...tfc (thin film composite) RO product & reject flowmeters... included Activated carbon prefilter part #... CC1050 RO storage tank capacity...30 or 42 Liters Std RO storage tank weight (full) lbs (45-57 kg) 42-Liter tank size...15 (381 mm) dia by 25 (508 mm) high (an optional 130 or 200 Liter RO storage tank is available) Type II DI System and Purified Water Specifications Flow rate Liters/minute Ion Exchange (DI) capacity... RODI-T2... ~3,000 grains as CaCO 3 RODI-T2-H... ~6,000 grains as CaCO 3 Conductivity MicroSeimens/cm Resistivity Megohm-cm Alarm Set point... Below 0.5 MicroSeimens/cm Bacteria... <1,000 cfu/ml... <1 cfu/ml with 0.22 micron Final Filter TOC... <50 PPB 0.22 micron final filter capsule...optional Recirculation... continuous SOLUTIONS, INC. (2/12) Copyright A,

9 Ultra-Pure Water, containing nothing but hydrogen and oxygen, has a specific resistance of 18.2 megohm-cm at 25 o C. Since conductance or conductivity is the reciprocal of resistance or resistivity, a cubic centimeter of pure water has a specific conductance of about micromhos (i.e., microseimens) per cm at 25 o C. The conductance arises from the partial dissociation of pure water into hydrogen (H + ) and hydroxyl (OH - ) ions. Since conductivity is an increasing function of increasing water temperature, the temperature at which conductivity is measured MUST be taken into account. Most conductivity measuring devices simultaneously measure the water temperature, and compensate the conductivity reading as if it were taken at 25 o C. But, Ultra-Pure Water does not like to stay pure! In its "ultra-pure state", water is defined as the world's strongest solvent! It aggressively attacks its surroundings, and begins to dissolve them! And, it doesn't care what they are made of! It s just as happy dissolving solids as it is dissolving gasses or other liquids. It likes to dissolve both metallic and nonmetallic solids. It likes to dissolve both organic and inorganic compounds. In the process, it also likes to acquire suspended solids, colloids, microorganisms, pyrogens, endotoxins, viruses and enzymes, such as DNase and RNase! The Contaminants That Can Be Found in Water: At the beginning of a water purification train is a source of tap water to be purified. But what is tap water? Can it be defined? Not in general. The local tap water quality is the result of many variables having to do with where it came from, where and how long and under what conditions it was stored, and what has the human race done to contaminate it? Particulate Matter, Particulates, Suspended Solids, or Particles: Tap water comes with a lot of particles, free of charge. Particles are described as having a diameter of so many microns. A micron is 1/1000 of a meter. For comparison, a human hair is about microns in diameter, a pinpoint is about 60 microns, and a red blood cell is about 7 microns. Your local water treatment plant operates on the theory that if you can't see it, you won't mind drinking it! Therefore, they typically filter tap water down to about 25 microns, which means that they remove most particles larger than 25 microns in diameter. Just coincidentally, the smallest particles visible to the naked eye are in the range of microns in diameter! The particulate matter in tap water comes from its surroundings, and can include pieces of rock, iron, sand, sediment, pieces that fall off the piping and container system (including leaded solder), organic and inorganic colloids, organic matter from decaying plants, remains from dead animals, live microscopic animals, bacteria (dead or alive), pyrogen and endotoxin (fragments of bacterial cell walls), viruses, and enzymes. Dissolved Inorganic Solids: Dissolved inorganic solids, such as silicates, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, bicarbonates, phosphates, nitrates and ferrous (metallic) compounds, are present in the tap water as cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions). Dissolved inorganic solids (and gases) are what gives water its conductivity. Each one contributes to conductivity at its own rate, that is standardized to a CaCO 3 or NaCl equivalent. These contaminants dissolve into the water from its surroundings, such as aquifers, lakes, streams, and rivers. In some cases, humans introduce them into the water supply through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and plumbing. The longer water sits in its surroundings, the more chemicals it dissolves. Calcium and magnesium compounds come from the natural limestone caves that water collects in. They are what causes "hardness" in water. They have limited solubility in water, and tend to chemically react with soaps and detergents by coming out of solution and forming "soap scum". Dissolved Ionized Gasses: The Basics of Water Purification Dissolved ionized gasses include CO 2, which purified water will actually absorb right from the air! CO 2 is also one of the by-products resulting from ultraviolet oxidation. CO 2 contributes to the water's conductivity. Brochure Number: BWP

10 Dissolved Organics: Dissolved organic compounds come from animal and plant decay, and from human pollution. They can include natural proteins, alcohol resulting from plant decay, chloramines resulting from chlorination of tap water, and compounds left over from the use of fertilizers, pesticides, detergents, and gas & oil spills. Dissolved Non-ionized Gasses: Dissolved non-ionized gasses, of which oxygen is the most common, do not contribute to conductivity, but can corrode metallic surfaces that the water is contained in. Water Purification Technologies: In order to purify water to levels acceptable to laboratories, several technologies must be combined in a logical sequence to achieve the desired results. Note that, although distillation is a water purification technology, we don't include it herein, because deionization has essentially replaced distillation in the modern world. In addition, distillation has very high energy and maintenance costs. While a few researchers still swear by (and at) their stills, most have switched to a DI system. Filtration: The first step (and more often than not the last step) in any water purification system almost always involves some form of filtration, even if it is just the basic 25 micron clarification provided by the water treatment plant. The definition of filtration can be subdivided into 5 basic types: Clarification, which removes particles that are 5-10 microns and larger in diameter. Micron Filtration, which removes particles that are 1 micron and larger in diameter. Submicron Filtration, which removes particles that are 0.05 micron and larger in diameter. Ultrafiltration, which removes particles that are micron and larger in diameter. Reverse Osmosis, which removes particles that are micron and larger in diameter. The first stage of a properly designed laboratory water purification system, should include a built-in prefilter rated at 1-2 microns nominal pore size. Nominal means that 1-2 microns is the average pore size, with some pores larger, and some pores smaller. Thus, it will remove most, but not all particles that are 1-2 microns in diameter. The prefilter effectively removes most of the incoming particulate matter, or suspended solids, in the incoming feed water, and can also reduce the amount of microorganisms in the water. The prefilter should be included even if the source of feed water is a "house" or central DI system, since that type of system can actually generate particulate matter and/or microorganisms. More about filtration later. Activated Carbon: Activated carbon is the oldest, and probably the safest, form of liquid purification technology. It dates back to the earliest biblical recordings of beer and wine making, where it was used to improve the flavor. And, activated carbon is so safe, you can actually eat it in small quantities without any harmful effects! An activated carbon prefilter can effectively remove chlorine and many of its compounds, along with many nonionic organic compounds. The sintered carbon block type of activated carbon prefilter offers the highest capacity, since it has the most surface area. In addition, the water cannot create internal "rivers" and bypass the carbon granules found in other types of carbon filters. Thus, the second stage of a properly designed laboratory water purification system, should include an activated carbon prefilter unless, of course, the feed water to the system has already been pretreated via a "house" DI system, or a reverse osmosis pretreatment system, which has its own activated carbon prefilter

11 Reverse Osmosis: Reverse Osmosis (RO) is aptly named. It actually reverses the natural osmotic process by using pressure to force pure water through a porous membrane. The membrane's pores are sized such that they allow pure water to pass through, while rejecting the contaminants in the water at up to 99% efficiency. In actual situations, the rates of rejection can vary from about 85% to 99% for various contaminants, based on the molecular weight or size of the contaminant and the operating conditions, which include pressure and temperature. On the average, it is very safe to say that the RO pretreatment system removes 90-95% of the contaminants found in the incoming tap water. The net result is, that whatever water purification technology follows the RO pretreatment system (i.e., a Type I, Type II or Type III DI system), its operating cost for DI modules will be reduced by 90-95% when compared to not having an RO pretreatment system. To justify the added cost of the RO system, calculate the total capital and operating costs for the DI system, with and without the RO over 2-3 years. RO pretreatment should also be used when the DI system alone cannot provide the required water quality. RO should be considered whenever the incoming tap water contains more than 170 parts per million of total dissolved solids, and/or usage on a Type I DI system exceeds 20 liters per day, and/or when usage on a Type II DI system exceeds 40 liters per day. Deionization: Deionization (DI), a.k.a. ion exchange or demineralization, is a process whereby tap water is passed through charged cationic and anionic resin beds containing sites with available hydrogen (H + ) and hydroxyl (OH - ) ions. As the ionized contaminants, such as Na +, Ca ++, Mg ++, Cl -, SO 4 --, and HCO 3-, pass by the ionized sites, the cationic resin exchanges its H + ion for the Na + ion, and anionic resin exchanges its OH - ion for the Cl - ion, etc. Originally, the cationic and anionic resins were in separate tanks, and the process could not go to full completion, since some impurities were left behind from each process. The maximum resistivity that could be achieved was in the range of 2-4 megohm-cm. This was known as a "two bed" DI system, and some companies still use two bed DI modules in an attempt to convince you that they have higher capacity than mixed bed DI modules, but don't be fooled by this. While they can process more water, they can only process it to a 2-4 megohm-cm endpoint, and it still takes just as much ion exchange capacity to get it up to 18 megohm-cm! By mixing the cationic and anionic resins together in a single tank, the net result is an essentially infinite sequence of ion exchanges that do go to completion, resulting in 18 megohm-cm water. Ion exchange resins come in a wide variety of types, and most of them are unsuitable for producing 18 megohm-cm "ultra-pure" reagent grade water for laboratory applications. Those that do, have been specially processed and rinsed, and are usually classified as "Semiconductor Grade", since the semiconductor industry stands to lose the most if their final rinse water contains any impurities. The ion exchange or "DI" portion of the laboratory water purification system does (essentially) all of the work in removing ionic contaminants from the feed water except, of course, for the contaminants removed by the RO system, if any. Ultraviolet Oxidation and Sterilization: Exposing water to 254 nanometer wavelength UV light can further purify it by sterilizing bacteria, thereby preventing their uncontrolled growth. 185 nanometer UV light oxidizes organic compounds, breaking them down into components such as CO 2, which can then be removed by the ion exchange resins. Since a 185 nanometer UV lamp actually produces light that is about 10% 185 nanometer and 90% 254 nanometer wavelength, it serves a dual purpose and also sterilizes any bacteria that pass through it. For design purposes, a UV oxidizer/sterilizer is usually located between two DI modules, so that the second DI module can polish the water back up to 18 megohm-cm, by removing the CO 2, etc., generated by the oxidizing process. A UV sterilizer is usually located after the final DI module, to ensure that bacteria cannot reproduce beyond that point. The use of a UV sterilizer after the final DI module, and before an ultrafilter module, can preclude the need for frequent, periodic chemical sanitization of the system

12 Ultrafiltration: Ultrafiltration (UF) is similar to reverse osmosis, in that pressure is used to force water molecules through a porous membrane. However, the pores of a UF membrane are about 10 times larger in diameter than the pores of an RO membrane. Because of this, the driving pressure can be much lower (25-50 psi), and any dissolved solids in the water will pass right through the membrane. The UF membrane removes suspended solids, colloids, bacteria, pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase and RNase from the water. In a laboratory water purification system, the ultrafilter is used to remove pyrogen, endotoxin, DNase and RNase. Final Filtration: A 0.1 micron absolute-rated final filter cartridge or capsule, prevents suspended solids, particulate matter and bacteria from exiting a water purification system along with the purified water. The absolute rating means that nothing larger than 0.1 micron in diameter can pass through the filter. This is essentially how beer and other liquids are "cold sterilized". The typical final filter capsule is manufactured per GMP standards from USP Class IV materials with no glues or surfactants, and is autoclavable, bubble point testable, and non-pyrogenic. Continuous Recirculation: Although it's not a water purification technology per se, continuous recirculation can significantly improve and maintain the ultimate water quality of any given laboratory water purification system. Common sense tells us that stagnant water will degenerate in quality with time! Putting It All Together: Starting with incoming tap water, a reagent grade laboratory water purification system would employ water purification technologies in the following order to achieve its ultimate objective (items in red are mandatory): Sediment and Activated Carbon Prefilter Optional Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment System Optional Type II DI Pretreatment System Optional Type I DI Pretreatment Optional UV Oxidizer/Sterilizer Type I DI Polishing Optional UV Sterilizer Optional Ultrafilter Final Filter Capsule Sediment & A/C Prefilter Type I DI Polishing Mod Final Filter Capsule Optional Reverse Osmosis Optional Type II Deionization Optional Type I DI Pretreat Mod Optional UV Oxidizer/ Sterilizer Optional UV Sterilizer Optional Ultrafilter A, INC. 8 Old Burnt Mountain Road Jasper, GA USA Phones: Fax: mail@aquaa.com Internet: SOLUTIONS, Inc. (01/11) Copyright 2012 A,