Transitioning from the Percolation Test to Soils Evaluation Colorado Environmental Health Association Annual Education Conference 2015

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1 Transitioning from the Percolation Test to Soils Evaluation Colorado Environmental Health Association Annual Education Conference 2015 Roy Laws, P.E. Jefferson County Public Health Warren S. Brown, P.E. Tri-County Health Department

2 Some Thoughts on Soil and Wastewater Treatment Soil can provide an amazing amount of wastewater treatment!

3 What s In Wastewater? 99.9% WATER (Municipal and Rural Sanitation, 1950) Paper Pee Personal care products Petrochemicals Pharmaceuticals Poop and puke (source of pathogens) Pulverized produce from a garbage disposal

4

5 Soil Treatment Typical Concentration of Domestic Wastewater Contaminants Parameter Units Septic Tank Influent Septic Tank Effluent Applied to Soil Treatment Area (STA) % removal after percolating through 3 to 5 feet of soil Total suspended solids Milligrams / liter > 90 % Biochemical oxygen demand Fecal Coliform Bacteria Milligrams / liter Coliform forming units / 100 milliliters > 90 % 10 million 1 million > % Nitrogen Milligrams / liter to 20 % Phosphorus Milligrams / liter to 100 %

6 Typical Soil Profile

7 What Is Soil?

8 OWS Transportation and Fate Wastewater source Pretreatment Effluent delivery Network of trenches Vadose zone Capillary fringe Ground water zone Infiltration Percolation Ground water recharge Plant uptake Straining and filtration Adsorption Ion X-C, precipitation Biotransformation Die-off and predation Illustration of a common onsite wastewater system that relies on subsurface infiltration for treatment and disposal

9 How many soil scientists, engineers, and students does it take to figure out if it is soil?

10 Colorado Onsite Wastewater Regulations Suitable Soil Means a soil which will effectively treat and filter effluent by removal of organisms and suspended solids before the effluent reaches any highly permeable earth such as joints in bedrock, gravels, or very coarse soils and which meets percolation test or soil test pit excavation requirements for determining LTAR and has a vertical thickness of at least four feet below the bottom of the soil treatment area unless treatment goal met by other performance criteria.

11 How Do I Know If The Soil Is Suitable? Do an onsite soil test! a physical examination of the soil that includes: Percolation test Visual-Tactile from a soil profile pit Water table assessment

12 Onsite Soil Tests Percolation Test Visual-Tactile (Texturing)

13 Onsite Soil Tests 18 inches Soil Profile Hole

14 Percolation Test Dig hole Soak hole with water Wait until hole is soaked Fill hole with more water Measure how water moves into the soil in minutes per inch

15 Lab Gradation Analysis Grab a representative soil sample Sieve sample to measure percent of Clay Sand Silt Go to USDA soil texture triangle!

16 Soil Textures USDA Textural Triangle

17 Soil Textures USDA Textural Triangle Lab Result 50 % sand 40 % silt 10 % clay Eureka! It s a Loam.

18 Visual Tactile Evaluation Soil Texture Soil Structure Redoximorphic Features (evidence of groundwater)

19 How To Do Soil Texturing (Handout) Demonstration by Presenters

20 Soil Texturing

21 Soil Texturing

22 Soil Texturing

23 Soil Texturing

24 Soil Structures Single grained Granular Blocky Prismatic & columnar Platy Massive

25 Granular Structure USDA-NRCS, 1993

26 Blocky Structure 2 inches USDA-NRCS,1993

27 Prismatic Structure 1 foot USDA-NRCS, 1993

28 Platy Structure 1 foot USDA-NRCS, 1993

29 Now What? Soil Texture + Soil Structure + Wastewater Quality To determine LTAR Wastewater Quantity / LTAR = Square Feet of Soil Treatment Area!

30 LTAR means Long Term Acceptance Rate Rate that effluent enters the infiltration surface soil treatment unit in gallons per day per square foot (g / ft 2 / day)

31 Table 10.1 Long Term Acceptance Rates by Soil Texture, Structure, Grade and Treatment Level WASTEWATER SITUATION 3 bedroom single-family septic tank effluent = Treatment Level 1 = design flow 450 gallons per day

32 Table 10.1 Long Term Acceptance Rates by Soil Texture, Structure, Grade and Treatment Level Soil texture = loam Soil structure = granular Structure grade = weak Soil Description LTAR = 0.50 gallons per day per square foot Soil treatment area = 450 gpd / 0.50 gpd/ft 2 = 900 square feet, gravity flow to rock or tire chip trench

33 THANK YOU! Questions? Roy Laws, P.E. Jefferson County Public Health Warren S. Brown, P.E. Tri-County Health Department

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