Challenges of Urbanisation & Globalisation

Transcription

1 Challenges of Urbanisation & Globalisation Prepared by: Khairul Hisyam Kamarudin, PhD Feb 2018 Based on original lecture note by: Wan Nurul Mardiah Wan Mohd Rani, PhD

2 Introduction

3 URBANIZATION What is Urbanization? Urbanization refers to the concentration of human populations into discrete areas, leading to transformation of land for residential, commercial, industrial & transportation purposes.

4 URBANIZATION Why does it matter? Urban development has increased dramatically in recent decades, and this increase is projected to continue. On a national scale, urbanization affects relatively little land cover, but it has a significant ecological footprint meaning that even small amounts of urban development can have large effects on stream ecosystems.

5 By 2050 the world s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent. Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes.

6 The world has considerable land reserves which could in theory be converted to arable land. FAO projects that by 2050 the area of arable land will be expanded by 70 million hectares, or about 5 percent. This would be the net balance of an expansion by 120 million hectares in the developing countries and a contraction of arable land in favour of other uses in developed countries by 50 million hectares. Fesh water reserves - at global scale, there are sufficient capacities, but these are very unevenly distributed.

7 Demand for resources

8 URBANIZATION Common ways to quantify

9 URBANIZATION Common ways to quantify Measure Description % Total urban area Area in all urban land uses % High intensity urban Area above some higher development threshold % Low intensity urban Area above some lower development threshold % Residential Area in residential-related uses % Commercial/industrial Area in commercial- or industrial-related uses % Transportation Area in transportation-related uses % Total impervious area Area of impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots and roofs; also called impervious surface cover % Effective impervious area Impervious area directly connected to streams via pipes; also called % drainage connection Road density Road length per area Road crossing density # Road-stream crossings per area Population density # People per area Household density # Houses per area

10 IMPACT OF URBANIZATION

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16 Land use map for Cameron Highlands in year 2005 (Left) and in year 2014 (Right)

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18 70% of trash is recycled Converting trash into coupon (food & bus passes) Efficient transportation planning 1 bus (300 50k people/hour) 66% using public transport (2.1 mil / 3.2 total population)

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20 GLOBALIZATION

21 According to Marcuse (2008 in Jenks et al) impact of globalization is the creation of World Class Cities. He has list some of the characteristics of really existing globalization, as they effect urban development/ urbanization: 1. A concentration of ownership and control in the hands of a decreasing number of overwhelming multi-national corporations. 2. A shift of power relations between firms, government and workers 3. Commitment of local governments to competition among cities for economically profitable businesses. 4. A rapid development of technology, particularly in communications and transportation and information processing, enabling much wider spans of control and networking firms.

22 The impact of these forces on cities can be divided between the impact on cities as a whole and the impact on specific aspects of the built environment within cities. Mainly economic process involving trade relations and market process. Complex process, means different things and delivering different outcomes to different countries and people. Often ignoring well being of people, burden with military spending, corruption and cultural identity. Non economic aspects of globalization i.e. political and cultural globalization.

23 GLOBAL ISSUES Large number of poverty (land grabbing issue) and low life expectancy in less developed countries. Imbalance in the ecological system and climate change. Wars and friction either between or within nations. Violation of human rights. Corruption prevails. Illiterate and low level of education in less developed countries.

24 Environmental Implications for a Global City Food and water are basic commodities to ensure populations survival and good health. Difficult if have to depend on surrounding regions for this e.g. Singapore which relies on foreign food and water. State s control that influence personal behavior through laws and penalties to ensure environmental friendly behavior.

25 Global environmental change Atmospheric changes: Global warming hot and dry spell that can lead to drought and water shortages or major floods. Ozone damaging chlorofluorocarbon from air conditioners and refrigerators. Air pollution derived mainly from lead and carbon monoxide released from car vehicles

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32 Discussion Can urban development be sustained? Reducing ecological footprints Sustaining the production of wealth

33 Reducing ecological footprints Urban self-sufficiency is impossible Geographical location does not equal ecological location The wealthy have bigger footprints within a city Globalization can increase urban vulnerability Urban form and technology have important environmental impacts Cities create ecological benefits, as well as costs

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35 Sustaining the production of wealth Counting goods and bads equally Disregarding equity Ignoring changes in natural capital Not accounting for changes in human resources Failing to value noncountable economic activities

36 Dubai: Wealthy but with a big footprint?

37 Discussion Principles for Sustaining Urban Development Address fundamental problems Deal with underlying causes Design with nature Share, adapt and replicate successful approaches Humanize cities

38 Issue Conventional Design Ecological Design Key criteria Economic return Human and ecological health Form Energy Materials use Standard approaches are copied around the globe Bias towards non-renewable fossil fuels and nuclear energy High degree of waste, with air, water and land degradation Time horizon Short-term Long-run Designs respond to the bioregion, and local culture, needs and conditions Bias toward renewable energy and reduction of greenhouse gases Emphasis on reuse, recycling, ease of repair, flexibility and durability Spatial scale Focus on one scale Consider interrelationships and integrate across scales Relationship with environment Design is imposed on nature for better control; nature is hidden Design works with nature as a partner; nature is visible Knowledge base Narrow disciplinary focus Integrate across disciplines Decision-making Top-down and expert-driven Participatory *

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40 Discussion Practical Lessons Learned for Planning & Designing Urban Start with the problems of the poor and vulnerable Involved stakeholders *bottom-up Use clear sets of criteria, objectives and indicators Find least-cost solutions Recognize and built capacity - *Curitiba Institutionalize the environmental dimension

41 Now lets see what our neighbour (Indonesia) has done (to address this issue)? Lessons learned from visit to Semarang, Central Java, 5-8 Feb 2018

42 Visit to Old City of Semarang (currently short listed for UNESCO world heritage status) Currently undergone intensive urban regeneration projects

43 Visit to Old City of Semarang Currently undergone intensive urban regeneration projects

44 Visit to Kampung Pelangi (Rainbow Village) An urban slump area undergone regeneration project local authority supply paints to residents + creativity become popular tourist attraction mainly for selfie and flowers/bouquets

45 Visit to Kampung Pelangi (Rainbow Village) An urban slump area undergone regeneration project local authority supply paints to residents + creativity become popular tourist attraction mainly for selfie and flowers/bouquets

46 Visit to Lawang Sewu (Building with one thousand doors) Revitalise old train operation building (built by the Dutch). The first railway in Indonesia was constructed in Semarang connected all major settlements/cities built by Dutch

47 Visit to Pekalongan The Batik City of Indonesia Pekalongan is currently listed under UNESCO Creative Cities Network

48 Visit to Pekalongan The Batik City of Indonesia Visit to creative industry (turning garbage into money + owned and operated by locals + provide jobs for local people + preserve tradition + preserve and revitalise old buildings + curb outmigration + trained youths) + promote agglomeration and supply chain in SMEs

49 Visit to Pekalongan The Batik City of Indonesia Pekalongan is currently listed under UNESCO Creative Cities Network

50 Visit to Pekalongan The Batik City of Indonesia Pekalongan is currently listed under UNESCO Creative Cities Network

51 CONCLUSION

52 Sense of place and community is the soul of cities In dealing with issues of urban dynamics, sustainable city must have commitment to reflect the need of the society through meaningful public participation and consensus building. Local government need to be transformed into a vibrant and dynamic and challenging forum for debate.

53 References P. Marcuse and R van Kempen (2000), Globalizing cities a new spatial order, Blackwell. H Richardson and CHC. Bae, (2005) Globalisation and urban development, Springer M. Jenks and N. Dempsey (2005), Future forms and design for sustainable cities, Architectural Press. A. Cuthbert, (2011) Understanding Cities, Routledge R.B Singh (2001) Urban Sustainability in the context of global change, Science Publishers.