NOTEBOOK. Table of Contents: 9. Properties of Water 9/20/ Water & Carbon Cycles 9/20/16

Transcription

1 NOTEBOOK Table of Contents: 9. Properties of Water 9/20/ Water & Carbon Cycles 9/20/16

2 NOTEBOOK Assignment Page(s): Agenda: Tuesday, September 20, 2016 Properties of Water Water & Carbon Cycles 1. Discuss Notebooks & Test 2 2. Properties of Water POGIL 3. Water & Carbon Cycles Reminders: 1. HW 5 Due Sun at 11:55pm 2. Midterm - Wednesday (9/21) 3. PTCs NEXT Wednesday (9/28)

3 NOTEBOOK Objectives: 1. Recognize that the arrangement of atoms and electrons within a water molecule gives each molecule areas different charge or polarity 2. Predict the interaction of water molecules with one another regarding attractions and repulsions 3. Understand how matter moves among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

4 NOTEBOOK Table of Contents: 11. Water Foldable 9/21/ Cycle of Matter Notes 9/21/ Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles 9/21/16

5 NOTEBOOK Assignment Page(s): Agenda: Wednesday, September 21, 2016 Water Foldable Matter Cycle Notes Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles 1. Water Foldable 2. Matter Cycle Notes 3. Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycle

6 POGIL 5: Properties of Water 1. Groups of 5 or 6 a. The manager actively participates, keeps the team focused on the task, distributes work and responsibilities, resolves disputes, and assures that all members participate and understand. b. The spokesperson (or presenter) actively participates and presents reports and discussion to the class. c. The timekeeper actively participates, keeps team focused on task, makes sure that team is completing each section in the allotted time. d. The strategy analyst (or reflector) actively participates, identifies strategies and methods for problem solving, identifies what the team is doing well and what needs improvement in consultation with the others, and prepares a report in consultation with the others e. The communicator actively participates, assesses progress of team, communicates with instructor to indicate status of team (needs help, finished, working) f. The recorder actively participates, makes final decision on how the group will record their findings.

7 Matter Energy flows Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Matter cannot be created or destroyed Matter is made of elements Living things are mostly made of 6 elements C H O N P S Matter CYCLES through ecosystems Biogeochemical Cycles 1. Hydrological cycle 2. Carbon cycle 3. Nitrogen cycle 4. Phosphorous cycle

8 The Hydrological (Water) Cycle Water is a renewable resource because it is circulated in the water cycle. In the water cycle, water molecules travel between the Earth s surface and the atmosphere.

9 The Water Cycle 1. Water evaporates from bodies of water at the Earth s surface. 2. Plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves through transpiration. 3. Water vapor rises into the air. As the vapor rises, it condenses to form clouds. 4. Eventually the water in clouds falls back to the Earth (precipitation).

10 Use the following terms to label the diagram of the hydrological cycle Condensation Collection Root uptake Runoff Seepage Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation

11 Nutrient Cycles Carbon Cycle Atmospheric and Oceanic CO 2 Photosynthesis (absorbed) Feeding Respiration (released) Decomposition and deposition (fossil fuel) Burning (released) Human activity Volcanic activity Uplift and erosion (released) CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean

12 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Carbon Cycle carbon: essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, which make up all organisms. carbon cycle: the process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms.

13 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Carbon Cycle: The Big Picture

14 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Carbon Cycle: Short-term Carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms. Producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Consumers obtain carbon from the carbohydrates in the producers they eat. During cellular respiration, some of the carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

15 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Carbon Cycle: Long-term Some carbon is stored in limestone, forming one of the largest carbon sinks on Earth. Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules, may be released into the soil or air when the organisms dies. These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago.

16 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle Humans burn fossil fuels, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide contribute to climate change. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas along with water vapor and other gases. Greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate infrared energy, warming Earth.

17 Nitrogen cycle Atmospheric N 2 Nitrogen fixation Lightning - N 2 NO 3 & NO 2 (very small amount) Bacteria (soil) - N 2 NH 3 (accounts for most of N fixation) Other Bacteria (soil) - NH 3 NO 3 & NO 2 Commercial fertilizers - N 2 NH 3, NO 3, & NO 2 NH 3, NO, & NO Uptake by producers 3 2 Feeding by consumers Excretion and decomposition of producers and consumers (NH 3 returned to soil) Denitrification N 2 Still other bacteria (soil) NO 3 & NO 2 N 2

18 N 2 in Atmosphere NO 3 - and NO 2 - NH 3

19 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Nitrogen Cycle nitrogen cycle: the process in which nitrogen is cycled between the air, soil, water, and organisms in an ecosystem. All organisms need nitrogen to build proteins, which are used to build new cells. Nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the gases in the atmosphere.

20 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Nitrogen Cycle

21 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen must be altered, or fixed, before organisms can use it. Only a few species of bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds that can be used by other organisms. These bacteria are known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

22 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

23 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 Decomposers and the Nitrogen Cycle Decomposers break down wastes such as urine, dung, leaves, and decaying plants and animals and return the nitrogen from these wastes to the soil. Some of the nitrogen is then transformed back into nitrogen gas, and the cycle continues... If decomposers did not exist, much of the nitrogen in ecosystems would be stored forever is wastes, corpses, and other parts of organisms.

24 Phosphorous cycle Soils Producers (absorb from soil) Consumers (decompose back to soil)

25 Nutrient Limitation Primary productivity Rate at which producers make organic matter Controlled by nutrient availability Limiting nutrient Short supply in ecosystem Cycles slowly

26 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus: an element that is part of many molecules that make up the cells of living organisms (needed for bones & teeth). Plants get the phosphorus they need from soil and water, while animals get their phosphorus by eating plants or other animals that have eaten plants. phosphorus cycle: the movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment (Notice it does NOT include the atmosphere).

27 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Phosphorus Cycle

28 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus may enter soil and water when rocks erode. Small amounts of phosphorus dissolve as phosphate, which moves into soil, water, and groundwater. Plants absorb phosphates in the soil through their roots. Some phosphorus washes off the land and ends up in water bodies. Because many phosphate salts are not soluble in water, they sink to the bottom and accumulate as sediment.

29 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 Fertilizers and the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles Fertilizers, contain both nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive amounts of fertilizer can enter terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through runoff. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus can cause rapid growth of algae. Excess algae can deplete an aquatic ecosystem of important nutrients such as oxygen, on which fish and other aquatic organisms depend.

30 How Ecosystems Work Section 2 Algal Bloom: a dense visible patch of algae that occurs near the surface of water possibly caused by overuse of fertilizers