3 3 Cycles of Matter. EOC Review

Transcription

1 EOC Review A freshwater plant is placed in a salt marsh. Predict the direction in which water will move across the plant s cell wall, and the effect of that movement on the plant. a. Water would move out of the plant s cells, causing the plant to wilt b. Water would move into the plants cells, causing the plant to wilt c. Water would move out of the plant s cells, causing the plant to swell. d. Water would move into the plant s cells, causing the plant to swell. 1 of 33

2 EOC Review In mice, brown hair is dominant to white. Cross a heterozygous female with a heterozygous male. The phenotypic ratio will yield a. 3 brown, 1 white b. 3 white, 1 brown c. 1 brown, 2 tan, 1, white d. 100% brown 2 of 33

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4 I can: TN Standard SPI Predict how various types of human activities affect the environment. SPI Predict how changes in a biogeochemical cycle can affect an ecosystem. Describe how matter is recycle in an ecosystem List the major biogeochemical cycles Describe how humans affect these cycles Explore the relationship between primary productivity and limiting nutrients. 4 of 33

5 Recycling in the Biosphere Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. The cycling of elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another is called a biogeochemical cycle. Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products. 5 of 33

6 Biogeochemical Cycles There several major biogeochemical cycles They are: The Water Cycle The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorous Cycle Humans have a impact on each of these cycles. 6 of 33

7 The Water Cycle The Water Cycle All living things require water to survive. Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration. 7 of 33

8 The Water Cycle Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds. The water returns to Earth s surface in the form of precipitation. Precipitation could be rain, sleet, or snow. Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots. 8 of 33

9 The Water Cycle 9 of 33

10 Nutrient Cycles A chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life is a nutrient. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles. Primary producers obtain nutrients from their environment. Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. 10 of 33

11 Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. It is cycled in two ways, short term & long term. The short term carbon cycle consist of the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, The processes take up and release carbon and oxygen. Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans. 11 of 33

12 Nutrient Cycles The long term carbon cycle is the storage of carbon underground. It consists of the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels). Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This excess carbon dioxide is though to contribute to global warming. 12 of 33

13 Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis Volcanic activity feeding Respiration Decomposition Deposition Fossil fuel Human activity CO2 in Ocean Photosynthesis Carbonate Rocks Respiration Deposition feeding Erosion Uplift 13 of 33

14 Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins. Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. These organisms are known as nitrogen fixing bacteria. Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process known as nitrogen fixation. 14 of 33

15 Nutrient Cycles Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins. Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins. 15 of 33

16 Nutrient Cycles When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. The ammonia may be taken up again by producers. Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. 16 of 33

17 3 3 Cycles of Matter Nutrient Cycles N2 in Atmosphere Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Bacterial nitrogen fixation Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Denitrification Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion NH3 Uptake by producers NO3 and NO2 Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion 17 of 33

18 Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like phospholipids, DNA and RNA. Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down. Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms. Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds 18 of 33

19 Nutrient Cycles Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Organisms Land Ocean Sediments 19 of 33

20 Nutrient Limitation Nutrient Limitation The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients. If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. 20 of 33

21 Nutrient Limitation When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers. This result is called an algal bloom. Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem. 21 of 33

22 Target Check 1. How are matter and energy passed through ecosystem? 2. Which cycle is related to fossil fuels? What gas is released when they are burned? 3. Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to. 4. Too much fertilizer in a pond will cause an algal bloom. What is the limiting nutrient in this example? 1. Energy flow in one direction, matter is recycled. 2. The Carbon Cycle, Carbon dioxide 3. The greenhouse effect & global warming 4. Nitrogen or Phosphorus Fertilizer 22 of 33

23 3 3 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 23 of 33

24 3 3 Transpiration is part of the a. water cycle. b. carbon cycle. c. nitrogen cycle. d. phosphorus cycle. 24 of 33

25 3 3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a. carbohydrates. b. carbon dioxide. c. calcium carbonate. d. ammonia. 25 of 33

26 3 3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a. start as simple organic forms that plants need. b. provide building blocks and energy that organisms need. c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes. 26 of 33

27 3 3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a. plants. b. bacteria. c. detritivores. d. animals. 27 of 33

28 3 3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a. runoff. b. algal death. c. algal bloom. d. less primary productivity. 28 of 33

29 END OF SECTION