Programmatic Approaches to Identification and Management of Federal Sites Potentially Impacted with Perfluorinated Compounds

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1 Programmatic Approaches to Identification and Management of Federal Sites Potentially Impacted with Perfluorinated Compounds William DiGuiseppi, PG Denver, Colorado Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

2 Agenda Emerging Contaminants (ECs) Perfluorinated compounds Early Identification/Risk EC Occurrence in US Drinking Water Programmatic Approaches US Air Force Other US DOD Australian Commonwealth Airports Private Sector Portfolios 2 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

3 Emerging Contaminants Hazardous materials or mixtures that are characterized as having: A perceived or real threat to health, public safety, or the environment No published health standards or guidelines Limited toxicological information or under reevaluation A significant new source, pathway, or detection limits Examples: Per- and poly-fluorinated Compounds (PFCs) 1,4-Dioxane Hex chromium, TCE in indoor air, 1,2,3-TCP 3 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

4 PFC Usage in Society Heat, oil, stain, and grease resistant coatings Clothing Furniture Food packaging Non-stick cooking surfaces Electrical wire insulation Fluorosurfactants Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) Chromium plating mist suppressants Photolithographic chemicals Many other uses 4 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

5 PFAS Summary Hydrophobic perfluorinated alkyl C-F 2 chain Attached functional group (hydrophilic for surfactants) Unique chemical properties Chemically stable: C-F bond one of the strongest PFOS and PFOA are stable, soluble and mobile PFOS and PFOA readily bioaccumulate PFAS of interest Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) - Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) C 8 HF 17 O 3 S C 8 HF 15 O 2 Images from Chemspider.com 5 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

6 PFAS Chemical Complexity From Backe, et al, Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

7 Early Identification/Risk EPA Computational Toxicology Projects Tox21 Chemical Texting in the 21 st Century ToxCast Toxicity Forecaster V-Embryo Virtual Embryo Other EPA Programs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Work Plan for Chemical Assessments US Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program (NTP) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR) 7 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

8 Emerging Contaminant Occurrence n Safe Drinking Water Act requires public water supply (PWS) monitoring n Suspect chemicals added to Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) lists n UCMR3 (2012): 1,4,-Dioxane and others, including: perfluorooctanesulfonate acid (PFOS) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 8 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

9 UCMR3 PFOS Results December 2014 PFOS Results 136 Detections out of 16,909 Analyses = 0.8% Rate 2 PFOS Concentration, ug/l US EPA Provisional Health Advisory Level (0.2 µg/l) (USEPA, December 2014) 9 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

10 Programmatic Approaches Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

11 USAF Enterprise-wide Preliminary Assessments HGL/CH2M HILL AFFF Preliminary Assessment Program 82 active installations, all possible AFFF usage locations reviewed Interviewing Fire Engineer, Base Fire Chiefs, Environmental Managers Perform facility visits, looking at FTAs, hangars, spray areas, crashes, ditches, fire stations, washout areas, WWTPs, sludge beds, etc. 11 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

12 USAF BRAC Assessment Program 38 BRAC bases assessed Performed desktop survey, phone interviews, facility visits, and sampling of media anticipated to be impacted Not nature and extent, only confirmation of release from limited obvious locations Project performed in 2014, draft report submitted to USAF this winter, presently in revision and finalization 12 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

13 USAF 10 Base Site Investigation Program 10 bases chosen for snapshot of impacts, 4 locations selected per base FTAs excluded; looked at spray test areas, hangar releases, stormwater outfalls, aircraft/drone/missile crashes, AFFF storage/tanks/ponds, etc. Samples compared to US EPA Residential Screening Levels for solids or Provisional Health Advisory Levels for groundwater and surface water 16 PFAS analyzed, but results focused on PFOS and PFOA Detections and exceedances were greatest in groundwater: Location Category % PFOS Detects % PFOS Exceeds % PFOA Detects 13 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide % PFOA Exceeds Hangars and Buildings Testing and Maintenance Emergency Response Waste Management (After Long, 2015)

14 Other US DOD Programs US Navy Issued guidance in January 2015 Drinking water focus sampling all drinking water supplies Follow-on investigation based on history and DW well impacts Handled base-by-base US Army No evidence of programmatic approach Handle regulatory requests as they arise US Air National Guard Conducting 1,4-dioxane sampling at 23 facilities AFFF/PFC Program partially integrated into AFCEC PA Program 14 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

15 Australian Airport Remediation Program AirServices provides aviation services at airports across Australia Aviation rescue fire fighting training and services at 26 major airports, where they responded to 6,700 aircraft emergencies in 2014 Commonwealth issued Guidance for Environmental Management of AFFF Centrally managed portfolio by one senior chemist over past decade Impacted soil stockpiles at several locations Bench tested RemBind sorbent with good results for PFOA and PFOS Looking at cost, long-term effectiveness 15 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

16 Other Portfolio Programs Fortune 100 Manufacturers all approaching PFCs differently: 1) Equipment manufacturer - Working to identify what types of facilities and activities could have led to PFC impacts 2) AFFF manufacturer - High profile impacted sites, phased out manufacture, sampled all facilities, remedial actions and monitoring ongoing 3) PFOS/PFOA manufacturer - Recent settlement with EPA related to large site requires remediation, health monitoring of 38,000 people 4) Oil company - Has stated that we need to spend effort and money to understand chemistry, mobility and degradation issues before we spend a dime on remediation technologies 5) Major airline Multiple sites, stockpiled soils, looking for cost effective soil remedies 16 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

17 Thank You For Your Time William DiGuiseppi, PG Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide