Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the Town of Chapel Hill

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1 Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the Town of Chapel Hill Daniel Band David Bellard Briana Duggan Faisal Hussain K. Amanda Saunders Katie Williams

2 Emissions Inventory Outline Emissions Scopes A Method for Classifying And Measuring GHGs Scope 1 Direct emissions from on-site energy production Examples: fleet vehicles, generators, transit system Scope 2 Emissions from energy purchased through an off-site producer Examples: Electricity usage Scope 3 Emissions indirectly resulting from Institutional operations Examples: Employee commuting, solid waste, water treatment and distribution, employee travel, landscaping, and more

3 The Focus of This Project Scope 3 Emissions Specifically, we looked at: Employee Commuting Solid Waste Water Distribution and Treatment We also examined transit emissions credits

4 Employee Commuting

5 Step 1: Geocoding Employee Addresses

6 Step 2: Match Addresses with Workplaces 1. Geocoded Town workplaces 2.Combined employee addresses to workplaces based on department 3.Ran best-route analysis from each address to their workplace

7 Figuring Out Total Employee Commuting Miles (ECM) Statistics Derived from Analysis: Accounting for the 180 unmatched addresses Average One-Way Commute Avg. Commute per Day 12.3 miles 24.6 miles 180 employees x 24.6 miles = 4421 miles 20,117 (ecm) x 240 working days/year = 4,827,840 employee commuting miles per year Employee Commuting Miles per Day Employee Commuting Miles per Year 20,116 miles 4,827,840 miles

8 Taking into Account Alternative Transportation Town commuting survey data: 656 employees drive alone 28 carpool 14 bike 14 walk 7 take public transit Employee Commuting Habits 2% 2% 1% 4% Drives Alone Carpools Bikes Walks Public Transit 92%

9 Emissions saved by alternatives: 4,827,840 miles (rough employee commuting) - 7,656 miles (walking) - 15,504 miles (biking) - 62,952 miles (carpooling) -1,920 miles (transit) = 4,739,808 total SOV miles/year from employee commuting

10 Converting Employee Commuting Miles to Tons CO2 Emissions Annual employee commuting 4,739,808 miles Annual gasoline use 234,644 gallons Annual CO2 emitted 2,067 metric tons* *Compare this to Chapel Hill s 2008 fleet emissions of 1703 metric tons CO2 (Spring 2009 Capstone)

11 Proposals for Reducing Emissions from Employee Commuting Promote alternative transportation that reduces reliance on singleoccupancy vehicles Sponsor initiatives to encourage carpooling Provide affordable housing in Chapel Hill to Town employees

12 Carpooling Put a price on parking Connect potential carpoolers Offer onsite amenities to reduce need for individual vehicles Provide emergency ride home service

13 Affordable Housing Many Town employees cannot afford to live in Chapel Hill Town purchase apartments and rent out to employees

14 Scope 3 Emissions from Solid Waste

15 Methodology: Solid Waste Step 1: Waste audit of Town Facilities Step 2: Apply estimated density of 89 pounds per cubic yard to TOCH waste Step 3: Use Orange County Waste Stream Data to estimate mass totals for different constituents Step 4: Input mass totals into the EPA Waste Reduction Model to determine total emissions

16 Methodology: Recycling Step 1: Determine proportion of TOCH buildings serviced on recycling collection route Step 2: Multiply this proportion by the total tonnage of recyclables collected on that service route for the 08/09 fiscal year Step 3: Use Orange county information on recyclables to determine total mass of constituents (glass, plastic, etc.) Step 4: Input these values into the EPA Waste Reduction Model to determine Saved Emissions

17 Annual Output by TOCH facility

18 Results: Solid Waste Total Annual Emissions at current rates of disposal: MTC0 2 E Material Tons Landfilled Total MTCO 2 E Food Scraps Mixed Paper Newspaper Mixed MSW Mixed Plastics Magazines/Third class mail Mixed Metals Glass Dimensional Lumber Clay Bricks Tires Yard Trimmings.3 0-1

19 Results: Recycling Total saved emissions from TOCH recycling: -84 MTCO 2 E Material Tons Recycled Total MTCO 2 E Mixed Paper Mixed Metals Corrugated Boxes Mixed Plastics Mixed Recyclables Glass Note: the high saved emissions from recycling results from the specifications of the WARM model, which analyzes life cycle emissions from new recyclable products.

20 Suggestions for Future Measurements Town implemented auditing program More efficient Month Percent Full Volume to Mass Waste Conversion Factor 1 x 2 if collected twice weekly x 4 (weeks in a month) Monthly Solid Waste 2 3

21 Pay-As-You-Throw Transparency: More efficient and accurate Economic Benefits Dumpsters should only be picked up if halffull Encourages Behavioral Changes Out of sight, out of mind Increased yield in recycling

22 Composting Programs Material Tons Landfilled Total MTCO 2e Food Scraps Mixed Paper (primarily from offices) Newspaper Mixed MSW Mixed Plastics Magazines/third-class mail Glass Dimensional Lumber Yard Trimmings Mixed Metals Clay Bricks Tires Preventable methane emissions Landfill space On-site composting programs Automatic Manual

23 Water and Wastewater

24 Greenhouse Gases Sources Two Sources of Emission Processing Human Waste Methane Nitrous Oxide

25 Processing Emission Rate Electricity GHG Electricity Gas Use GHG Gas Annual GHG Total Annual VolumGHG Emission Rate (MWh) MTCDE (MMBtu) MTCDE MTCDE MG MTCDE/MG Potable Wastewater Greenhouse Gas Produced (MTCDE) Year Water GHG Wastewater GHG

26 Human Nitrous Oxide Year Employees kg of N2O Produced MTCDE of N Methane Year GHG N/A N/A N/A N/A

27 MTCDE Total Greenhouse Gas Produced Water GHG (MTCDE) Wastewater GHG (MTCDE) MTCDE of N20 Total GHG (MTCDE) Year

28 Million Gallons 2008 Water Users Water Usage Water Wastewater User

29 Obstacles to Demand Reduction Water pricing is not a viable strategy Chapel Hill does not control its water or wastewater operations Voluntary demand reduction will not be effective either The majority of the town s operations are in commercial and office settings: difficult for consumers to modify use Public housing is the largest water user: residents have no incentive to reduce water consumption

30 Solution: Retrofit buildings with more efficient appliances and fixtures Daily Domestic Water Use: Use Gallons per Capita Percentage of Total Daily Use Toilets % Clothes Washers % Showers % Faucets % Leaks % Other Use % Baths % Dishwashers %

31 Low-flow Toilets in all Town Buildings Toilets installed prior to 1994 use anywhere from 3.5 to 7 gallons per flush Low-flow toilets use 1.6 gpf Assume the average person flushes the toilet 4 times a day while at work Savings of 1.6 gpf vs. 3.5 gpf = 7.6 gallons/day per employee Total annual savings of 1.3 million gallons for all 714 town employees (assumes 240 workdays per year)

32 Horizontal-axis Clothes Washers: Case study Bern, Kansas

33 Additional Strategies Leak detection through regular system maintenance Retrofit other fixtures: Low-flow showerheads in public housing Low-flow faucet aerators in public housing and in all town buildings Reclaimed water for irrigation Community-wide reduction efforts

34 Transit Credit

35 Transit Credit Purpose: to calculate the emissions displaced by the Chapel Hill Transit system through: Mode shift Congestion relief Land use multiplier

36 Land-use multiplier Not included in total credit value, requires future analysis American Public Transportation Association (APTA) recommended methodology involves complex modeling procedures Methodology not suitable for transit providers in low-density suburban areas

37 Mode Shift Created ratio of transit passenger miles to displaced auto miles using Chapel Hill Transit Rider survey from Spring 2009 Capstone Determined number of miles that would have been driven without transit, converted to CO 2 emissions Year CO 2 emissions offset (metric tons)

38 Congestion Relief Calculated fuel saved per trip Used ridership values to determine gallons of excess fuel consumed, converted to CO 2 emissions Year CO 2 emissions offset (metric tons)

39 Total CO 2 Emissions Offset of Chapel Hill Transit Displaces an average of 5518 metric tons CO 2 per year Produces an average of 6474 metric tons CO 2 per year Average net deficit of 956 metric tons CO 2 per year Year Total CO 2 emissions offset (metric tons) Total CO 2 emissions produced (metric tons) Total CO 2 emissions deficit (metric tons) (514) (986) (1275) (1049)

40 Conclusion Total Scope 3 Emissions (2008) Employee Commuting: 2067 MTCDE Solid Waste: 33 MTCDE Water 37 MTCDE Wastewater Treatment: 51 MTCDE N 2 O: 1.5 MTCDE Transit Deficit: MTCDE

41 Conclusion Final Recommendations: Streamline data collection on scope 3 emissions Continue to explore opportunities for GHG reductions from commuters, solid waste, water, and wastewater treatment

42 Acknowledgements Elizabeth Shay Brian Richardson Daniel Arneman Earl Bingham Pat Davis John Richardson Mike Meagher Rob Taylor Amanda Henley Len Cone John Newark

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