Integrating Water Quality and Natural Filters into Maryland s Marine Spatial Planning Efforts
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1 Integrating Water Quality and Natural Filters into Maryland s Marine Spatial Planning Efforts Nicole Carlozo NOAA Coastal Management Fellow July 31, 2014
2 Watershed-scale restoration targeting helps direct limited resources TMDL Natural Filters as Solutions Marine Spatial Planning Riparian Buffer Targeting Wetland Restoration Oyster Aquaculture Targeting Google Earth
3 Improve water quality through a TMDL Pollution Diet Who: Delaware, DC, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia What: The maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards. MD Target: mill lbs N/yr 2.81 mill lbs P/yr 1,350 tons sed/yr Where: Targeted watersheds When: 60% implementation by % implementation by 2025
4 Natural filter best management practices (BMPs) improve water quality Natural habitat elements slow or intercept surface, subsurface and ground water, consequently filtering pollutants or providing opportunities of nutrient processing. 4
5 Oysters improve water quality through nutrient uptake and reef dynamics Oysters 1) assimilate N/P into their shells and tissue when consuming phytoplankton and organic matter; 2) Release N/P as biodeposits; 3) reduce sediment resuspension; 3) Provide opportunity for denitrification; and 4) attract filter feeders and macrofauna.
6 Identify and prioritize aquaculture/coastal restoration areas that align with TMDL goals: Develop Suitability Parameters Riparian buffer, wetland restoration, and oyster aquaculture natural filter practices Literature Research Expert facilitation Interviews Advisory Groups (DNR, MDE, NRCS, Army Corps, Chesapeake Bay Program, UMD) Watershed Resources Registry Develop GIS Models General Model Environmental Parameters: Land Use, Hydrology (proximity), Soil (wetland landscape) DO, Salinity, Temp, Bottom Substrate, Bacteria, Policy Exclusions, Bathymetry ArcGIS Raster Calculator
7 16 Coastal Counties Riparian Buffers: 100, 300, or 35-ft buffers Exclude forest, open water, and non- Palustrine wetlands Wetland Restoration Potential Wetland Soil Landscape (hydric/poorly drained soils, USDA s gssurgo dataset) Exclude forest, open water, and wetlands
8 Oyster aquaculture suitability models identify lease opportunities Models: Bottom, Caged, Floating Raster Calculator: Suitable = 1 Unsuitable = 0 DO Temperature Salinity Bottom Policy Bacteria Bathymetry
9 Aquaculture Policy: Exclusion areas SAV zone (5 years) Oyster Planting Areas (6 years) Closed Harvest Areas Public Shellfish Fishery Area (150 ft buffer) Harvest Reserve Area (150 ft buffer) Pound net sites (150 ft buffer) Yates bars within sanctuaries (150 ft buffer) Federal navigation channels (150 ft buffer) Navigation buoys (250 ft buffer) requires Army Corps of Engineers / Coast Guard Review Shoreline (50 ft buffer, unless landowner permission) Blind spots (500 yard buffer) locations change annually MD artificial reef initiative sites Current shellfish leases Potomac River main stem No more than 10% of any sanctuary can be leased
10 Pilot subwatersheds were selected to develop BMP targeting models Where will natural filter BMPs provide the greatest water quality benefits? Pilot Areas: Eastern shore, western shore, coastal bays Harford, Talbot, and Worcester County
11 Prioritize natural filter sites with parameters that represent high N/P/sed removal potential Consider nutrient source, transport, and processing Weighted Sum/Model Builder Top 10% area (High) Bottom 60% area (Low)
12 Riparian Buffer Priority Areas for Nitrogen Removal
13 Priority N removal sites may differ from priority P and sediment removal sites
14 Targeting data will help coastal planners visualize the future coastal and marine landscape How will these data layers be used? Trust Fund (prioritize funding) Restoration targeting (where applicable) Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Consider potential BMP locations Investigate spatial conflicts with natural filters + Integrate climate change into restoration decisions Future Wetland Priorities
15 Natural filter targeting ensures proactive, sound decision-making to improve Bay water quality Natural Filters represent a vital component of Chesapeake Bay water quality improvement. Oyster aquaculture represents a novel opportunity for controlled in-situ filtration. GIS Model Building and Targeting Outputs depend on expert input, available data, and cross-agency collaboration. Investigate climate change impacts to BMP efficiency. Update targeting methodology as needed. Table 1. Natural filter pollution reduction efficiencies differ by region and land use change (2011) Best Management Practice Pollution Reduction Range (%) TN Ag TN Urban TP Ag TP Urban TSS Ag TSS Urban Riparian Forest Buffer Riparian Grass Buffer N/A N/A N/A Wetland Restoration
16 Questions? Website: Data: Contact:
17 Riparian Buffer Site Selection Matrix Goal: Identify suitable riparian buffer BMP sites Parameter Score Weight Model Land Use Pasture/Crop/Agriculture/Low Density Residential (+4) Urban/Barren/Transportation (+2) Palustrine wetlands (0) 1 N, P Exclude: Open water, forest, and all other wetlands Proximity to Stream order 3, within 100-foot buffer (+2) Headwaters Stream order 3-6, within 300-foot buffer (+1) Stream Order > 6, within 300-foot buffer (0) Exclude: Areas outside 300 and 100-foot buffers 1 N, P Proximiy to water 0-35 feet (+3) source feet (+2) feet (+1) 1 N, P Floodplain Within 100 year floodplain (+2) Within 500 year floodplain (+1) 1 N, P Hydrogeomorphic Region Score on linear scale based on Bay Program efficiency values. 1 N, P Downslope of Agriculture (nutrient Natural Breaks Jenks % of flow passing through any one cell. Class 1 = Higher percentage of pilot area's run-off. source) Class 1 (+3) Class 2 (+2) Class 3 (+1) 2 N, P Drainage Class Very poorly drained (+2) Poorly drained (+2) Somewhat poorly drained (+1) All other soils (0) 1 N Slope 1-5% (+2) 5-10% (+3) 10-15% (+1) 1 N 0 or > 15% (0) Slope + High transport Identify high slope areas as designated below and areas connected to these Areas slope categories. > 20% (+3) 15-20% (+2) 10-15% (+1) 0-10% (0) 2 P Erodible Soils (K Factor) Natural Breaks Jenks of K Factor. Class 1 = higher value Class 1 (+3) Class 2 (+2) Class 3 (+1) 1 P
18 Wetland Restoration Site Selection Matrix Goal: Identify suitable wetland restoration BMP sites Parameter Score Land Use Pasture/Crop/Agriculture (+2) Urban//Barren/Transportation (0) Exclude: Open water, forest, and wetlands Wetland Lanscape Exclude soils outside "potential wetland landscape" gssurgo data Very Poorly Drained (+2) Poorly Drained (+2) Somewhat Poorly Drained (+1) Moderately Well Drained (0) Proximity to water source Wetland size : Drainage area Ratio 0-50 feet (+3) feet (+2) feet (+1) For sites 1/4 acre. Natural Breaks Jenks of Ratio. Class 1 = larger wetland area Class 1 (+3) Class 2 (+2) Class 3 (+1) Floodplain Within 100 year floodplain (+2) Within 500 year floodplain (+1) Hydrogeomorphic Region Headwater Connection Score on linear scale based on Bay Program efficiency values. Potential restoration site intersects headwaters (stream order 3) Connected (+2)
19 Parameter Parameter Range Preferred Value Aquaculture Type Dissolved Oxygen Exclude if 2mg/L average bottom in any summer month at least 5 of the last 10 years ( , 4 mg/l summer average bottom B, C June - August). N/A N/A F Salinity > 5 ppt average bottom ( , April - October) > 5 ppt average bottom ( , April - October) 8-12 ppt B, C 8-25 ppt F, triploid Temperature Exclude if average bottom is > 29 C in any summer month (June - August). N/A B, C Exclude if average surface is > 29 C in any summer month (June - August). Bacteria Approved, Conditional, and Restricted Harvest Areas N/A Non-conditional Approved Harvest Areas F B, C, F Substrate Hard, Firm, Mixed, Gravel, Sand-Mud Complex, Unclassified Hard/shell > mixed > gravel > sandmud complex/unclassified B *B = Bottom culture/spat-on-shell *C = Off-bottom culture/caged *F = Column/floating culture Hard, Firm, Mixed, Gravel, Sand, Sand-Mud Complex, Hard/shell, mixed, sand, gravel C Unclassified All N/A F
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