Early Recovery Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Strategy

Transcription

1 National Disaster Management Authority Government of Pakistan Prime Minister s Secretariat Islamabad Early Recovery Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Strategy December, 2010

2 Acronyms AJ&K BCC DDMA DCO DNA DRR GB IEC IFRC IFI KPK LGRDD MDGs NGOs NOC NDMA PDMA PHED PWD PSLM SAG Umbrella Forums TMA TAG UNOCHA UN WHO WASH Azad Jamu and Kashimir Behavior Change Communication District Disaster Management Authority District Coordination Officer Damages and Need Assessments Disaster Risk Reduction Gilgit-Baltistan Information, Education and Communication International Federation of Red Cross/Crescent International Financing Institutions Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Local Government and Rural Development Department Millennium Development Goals Non Governmental Organizations No Objection Certificate National Disaster Management Authority Provincial Disaster Management Authority Public Health Engineering Department Public Works Department Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements Survey Strategic Advisory Group WASH Coordination and Review Committees Town Management Authority Technical Advisory Group United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance United Nations World Health Organization Water, Sanitation and Hygiene I

3 Table of Contents 1. Background Context Scope of the Strategy Methodology Aim of the Strategy Strategic Objectives General Principles Crosscutting Themes Implementation Framework Damages and Need Assessments Formulation of District Level Plans Coordination among Stakeholders Implementation Guidelines Guidelines for Drinking Water Guidelines for Sanitation Guidelines for Hygiene Promotion Monitoring and Evaluation Early Recovery Support Plan Annexure I. Cluster Early Recovery Plan II. List of severely affected Districts III. Pre-Flood Access to Water and Sanitation Measured in Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements Survey IV. National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) V. List of WASH ER Projects VI. Minimum WASH Standards in Villages, School and Health Centers VII. Hygiene Kit VIII. Ageing and Disability Checklist for Emergency Response IX. Some Examples of Urban & Rural Sanitation Designs II

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5 1. BACKGROUND Heavy rains and floods in July-August 2010 resulted into about 2,000 deaths and displacing 20 million people in Pakistan. The flood has damaged partially or completely all kinds of community infrastructure including water and sanitation facilities in 78 districts further broadening scope for additional efforts and investment. Apart from the destruction of houses and other infrastructure, the flood on the one hand damaged crops, agricultural land and livestock and on the other poses a number of food security challenges to the country in general and to affectees in particular. During initial three months of support to flood affectees a considerable amount of donor and government funds have been spent in rescue and relief operations. Additional allocations have made available for remaining small scale relief activities and early recovery efforts. On start of early recovery phase, where most of the affected population has returned to places of origin require comprehensive early recovery plans for restoration of community services including WASH as one of the most critical area of interventions. NDMA has affirmed that relief and early recovery phases will go side by side in Sindh and Balochistan where a large number of people are still living in camps and public buildings whereas inclusive early recovery activities will be initiated in KPK, Punjab, AJ&K and GB. The relief operations will continue till end of January 2011, and early recovery phase will take place between September 2010 and September Thus, the ambit of the WASH Strategy is to provide guiding principles for early recovery efforts along with mainstreaming the provisions of Disaster Risk Reduction during revival and restoration of WASH facilities in the flood affected districts. With regard to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Human Rights Conventions of United Nation and various policies/draft as considered by the government of Pakistan. These international and national targets provide national guiding framework for concerned government departments and the sector organizations involved in water and sanitation service provision. The national policies on w ater and sanitation are further required to be reviewed and adapted at provincial, State (AJK) and GB levels devising region specific implementation guidelines and disaster risk reduction (DRR) provisions in order to develop disaster resilient structures. 2. CONTEXT Flood has damaged most of the improved water and sanitation infrastructure along with contaminating or complete wash-out of the traditional water facilities and water sources in the flood affected areas. The Early Recovery phase of water and sanitation sector is more challenging because; (i) it requires restoration of destroyed water and sanitation facilities and treatment of contaminated water sources, (ii) catering needs and preferences of the returnees specifically coming to urban and rural settlements in geographically different regions and (iii) adopting disaster resilient technologies and options for SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 1

6 rehabilitating the water and sanitation facilities. Given the nature of infrastructure requirements of WASH services, the early recovery and reconstruction phases are not very different from each others. Therefore, it is expected that in most of the cases early recovery and re-construction interventions will complement each others and take off side by side. Based on the scale of damages, Government of Pakistan has divided the flood affected area into severely affected districts and affected districts. In KPK, Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and AJK, 29 di stricts out of a total of 78 a ffected districts have been categorized as severely affected districts. (The list is placed at annexure). NDMA considers severely affected districts and particularly under-funded severely affected districts as funding priority for early recovery phase. Similarly, the NDMA has declared gender, environment and disaster risk reduction as cross-cutting themes for all early recovery interventions. Responding to the priorities of NDMA and commitments of the government of Pakistan, an effective implementation mechanism of the early recovery measures is mandatory to be developed and followed by all who are implementing the WASH projects directly or through executing agencies/partners. The Basic Humanitarian and Development Indicators for Pakistan indicate that before the flood, the proportion of population without sustainable access to improved drinking water source was around 10% 1. This means that 90% population was using one or the other forms of improved 2 drinking water (i.e. tapped/piped water, hand pumps, motor pumps) sources in the flood affected districts before the flood devastation. Similarly, the detailed assessment of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2008/09 confirms that 88 to 89% population is using improved water sources for drinking purposes in Pakistan (please see the province wise detailed list of improved water coverage as annexed). The PSLM 2008/09 further explains improved sanitation coverage in Pakistan as 78%. This refers to flush and non-flush (dry or other forms) sanitation facilities/latrines/toilets (please see the province wise detail in annexure). During rescue and relief phase, NDMA with the help of UN Agencies established and facilitated WASH clusters at national, provincial, hub and district levels in the flood affected areas in order to provide a mechanism for joint planning, implementing and coordination for WASH interventions. This strategy lay emphasis that in early recovery phase strengthening of WASH clusters at all levels will not only help improve provision of WASH facilities to the affected population but will also enhance coordination and experience sharing process between flood affectees, implementing partners, government departments and the donors. It is imperative to involve other organizations working beyond the ambit of WASH cluster but are implementing WASH projects in the flood affected areas e.g. International Federation of Red Cross/Crescent (IFRC), Medicines Sans Frontiers (MSF) and others in order to create synergies and to avoid duplication of efforts. It is important to coordinate 1 HDR-UNDP Improved drinking water refers to safer water as access to tap in house, tap outside house, hand pump, and motor pump: Planning Commission PRSP-I(2003) SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 2

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8 4. METHODOLOGY The draft WASH strategy has been devised by the Strategic Planning Unit of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of Pakistan in consultations with stakeholders including representatives of affected population, government functionaries, WASH clusters, WASH Strategic Advisory Group, WASH Technical Advisory Group and civil society organizations at district and provincial level in all the provinces including Gilgit Baltistan and AJK. The strategy has been devised while using the commonly known tools of qualitative research including: in-depth interviews, focused group discussion, circumstantial evidences and case studies. W e used stratified random sampling technique in order to select random sample amongst the most affected districts to apply the above mentioned techniques. We selected random sample locations from 18 districts out of 78 f lood affected districts. The methodology used for formulation of WASH early recovery strategy is highlighted in the figure below: Consultation s with Stakeholders Draft WASH Early Recovery Strategy Final WASH Early Recovery Strategy Approval by the Chairman (NDMA) in Coordination Meeting SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 4

9 The strategy has been refined based on t he feedback received during the consultations process. The ownership of the strategy rest with the government and will be implemented in coordination with stakeholders. 5. AIMS OF THE STRATEGY The overarching aims of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene promotion Strategy are as follows: To helps achieve provision of WASH services to flood affected population by restoring water supply, sanitation and hygiene service delivery To maximize the impacts of restoration for sustainability, regeneration and protection of water resources To help reduce incidences of water and sanitation related diseases among the population in the flood affected areas 6. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Under the above mentioned broad aims of the strategy following are some of the key objectives: - strengthen service provision to ensure that flood affected people will gain sustainable access to clean drinking water, safe sanitation and improved hygienic practices - encompass disaster resilient concepts and technologies where possible in restoration in early recovery and designing in construction of water supply and sanitation facilities where rebuilding in the flood affected areas - support inter-sector collaboration and improve coordination among the stakeholders to maximize the impacts of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions - ensure equitable provision of safe and reliable water supply and sanitation services to the people (for vulnerable, children and women) in flood affected areas during early recovery of all public and community drinking water supply and sanitation facilities - promote community management approach in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector, involving beneficiaries throughout the cycle from designing, implementation, and monitoring to operating and maintaining of water supply, sanitation and hygiene services - minimize risks of water source contamination by enhancing water source protection measures and support to solid and liquid waste management efforts - ensure gender mainstreaming, and environmental safeguarding while designing the activities related to WASH SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 5

10 7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. Support to restoration of WASH services: Early recovery phase will predominantly cover restoration of adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene promotion services to meet the immediate water and sanitation needs of the returnees coming back to places of origin/homes. Where possible early recovery interventions should be designed in a way that the investment made during early recovery may provide foundation for further expansion of water and sanitation facilities and services during reconstruction phase in the flood affected districts. 2. Equitable access: Acknowledging access to water and sanitation as basic human right, equity in provision of these services should be ensured and maintained without any discrimination on the basis of economic, social, racial, gender, age, belief system and ethnicity. 3. Community participation: Community participation particularly involvement of women, poor and vulnerable should be ensured in all stages of the cycle from designing to the post construction operation and maintenance. 4. Integration: Water treatment, Hygiene promotion and Waste Management should be integral part of water and sanitation service provision during early recovery. 5. Technology: All kinds of water and sanitation service provision need to be designed with special consideration to low cost, culturally appropriate, disaster risk mitigation and easy to manage technologies. 6. Baseline: A general picture of water and sanitation damages and needs has been painted by World Bank and Asian Development Bank assisted Damages and Needs Assessment (DNA) report and cursory assessments of water and sanitation sector organizations but detailed district level water and sanitation needs assessment is required in order to establish district level baselines. 7. District Early Recovery Plans: Based on the detailed Need Assessments, district level water and sanitation early recovery action plans will need to be developed in each affected district. NDMA will facilitate the capacity building through DRR coordinators and such other staff and activities. 8. Coordination and Review Committees: District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) under DC/DCO, Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) will facilitate establishment of district, provincial and national level WASH coordination and review committees, represented by all stakeholders including communities, implementing organizations (WASH cluster and Non-cluster organizations) and government concerned departments. SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 6

11 9. Capacity Building: NDMA will place special efforts and resources need to be rerouted towards capacity building for operation and maintenance of the water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in order to ensure sustainable service provision as per the government commitment. 10. Ensuring Equitable Access to WASH Services for People with Disability: Conscious efforts are required to ensure equal access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities by older people and person with disabilities in all the cycle of developing, planning, implementing and evaluation of projects. 7.1 Crosscutting Issues This strategy for restoration of WASH services in the early recovery re-emphasizes the following issues as crosscutting for equitable provision of WASH services: 1. Gender Mainstreaming: The strategy recognizes role of women in WASH services. Gender mainstreaming is critical for two reasons: the differences in needs and priorities of women, men, girls and boys that arise from their different activities and responsibilities; and the inequalities in access to and control over water resources and access to sanitation services. Therefore, this strategy will ensure gender mainstreaming by addressing gender in all stages from designing, planning, implementing and evaluating projects. It will begin by identifying the gender gaps within the WASH sector, work to eliminate them through projects and will measure effectiveness in terms of gender in the monitoring and evaluation process. 2. Environmental Safeguards: This strategy will also promote use of environment friendly technologies and protection of water sources. Avoiding and 3. Disaster Risk Reduction: All kinds of water, sanitation and hygiene service provision facilities should be constructed as disaster resilient taking into consideration the disaster risk reduction as a cross cutting aspect. 8. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK In post flood scenario, financing of rebuilding of damages and reconstruction of community infrastructure in flood affected areas is a daunting task for the Government of Pakistan. To fund the activities of early recovery and reconstruction phases, the government is to secure financing in mode of donations and loans from humanitarian organizations, international donors and International Finance Institutions (IFI). For this purpose various flash and consolidated appeals are launched and funds are secured to support the restoration efforts. In early recovery phase the government of Pakistan will mainly rely on t he donations and grants therefore international non-governmental organizations like UN Agencies who will play critical role in coordinating the implementation phase to restore service delivery in the flood affected areas, whereas the SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 7

12 NDMA on behalf of government of Pakistan and in coordination with PDMAs and other line departments will lead the early recovery efforts. The WASH implementation framework is formulated in such a way that it will serve as guiding path for implementation of early recovery. The core objective of this implementation framework is to meet government commitments to provide sustainable access to safe drinking water, basic sanitation facilities and hygiene practices in the flood affected areas which on the one hand improve the health conditions in the communities and on the other will provide educational opportunities for the girls to attend schools by reducing extra time they are consuming on fetching water from distant water source. The Early Recovery Phase will take place from September 2010 to September 2011 as indicated by the NDMA however, some of the early recovery activities have been already initiated by government, national and international humanitarian organizations in some parts of the country where, water level has been receded and people have started coming back to places of origin. This implementation framework is proposing following four steps of effective enactment of activities in early recovery phase. 8.1 Damages and Need Assessments DNA has been completed by the help of World Bank and Asian Development Bank. However, a detailed assessment of post flood WASH needs is required to be carried out. This assessment should need to include pre-flood data of improved and traditional water and sanitation facilities in the district, Town, Union Council and village level along with the post flood inventories of water and sanitation facilities both improved and traditional. The results of this assessment will provide a baseline of water and sanitation facilities and services and facilitate further the establishment of district level targets for early recovery. SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 8

13 8.2 Formulation of District Action Plans Based on the agreed district level targets of early recovery a district level Action Plan will be devised for joint implementation. To facilitate the formulation of District level Action Plans, NDMA has placed personals currently in 17 s everely flood affected districts. All the WASH improvement activities will be coordinated within the framework of district Action Plan subsequently leading to achieve district level targets by the end of early recovery. Once district level Action Plans and targets are in-place it is easy to devise provincial and national level action plans for early recovery which will further facilitate establishing of targets based on th e principle of Building Back Better and Faster. The implementation will cover all the WASH activities implementing by the sector organizations in the flood affected villages/towns, union councils, tehsils and districts against the district level WASH Action Plans. For the purpose once the projects are approved and funding is secured the non-cluster implementing organizations will apply to obtain No Objection Certificate from PDMA or NDMA depending on the geographical coverage of the project and specific requirements. If the project is limited to one province weather in one district or more districts the NOC will be issued by the relevant PDMA and copy will be sent to NDMA for information. In case of a project being implemented in more than one province or spread over the country or AJK and Gilgit-Baltistan the NOC will be issued by the NDMA and copy will be sent to the concerned provinces and regions. The projects covered in UN Appeal are already scrutinized, and therefore, do not require NOC from PDMAs, but in all cases it is strongly urged that the relevant DCs/DCOs will be duly informed and will be involved in coordination for the effective execution of the projects. All the projects and programs being implemented in each district will contribute toward achieving the results and outputs of district level water and sanitation Action Plan along with fulfillment of their project specific commitments with the donors at provincial and National level. 8.3 Coordination Among Stakeholders The strategy proposes a comprehensive coordination mechanism during early recovery among the stakeholders including communities, UN Agencies and other humanitarian organizations, NGOs and government at all levels to provide support to implementation, experience sharing and knowledge management. Government in the lead role will establish the provincial and district level coordination and review committees and will facilitate strengthening of this committee through active and effective participation of all the stakeholders. The committee at district level will be strengthened through provision of additional support to DC/DCOs/DDMAs in DRR, monitoring, information management and coordination. Similarly NDMA will maintain close coordination with PDMAs through consultations, resource sharing, review meetings and technical backstopping for effective implementation and mainstreaming of concepts of disaster risk reduction. In addition, NDMA will also maintain close coordination with the donors SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 9

14 including OCHA, WASH cluster members and non-member organizations through sharing of information in quarterly reviews and coordination meetings. NDMA will also invite national level stakeholders in relevant meetings and events and will encourage participation in events organized by WASH partners. 9. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES 9.1 Drinking Water As indicated in the strategy that the drinking water supply coverage in Pre-Flood Pakistan was 90% which is above the target of Millennium Development Goal. It is important to ensure that the 90% population should have restored access to safe/potable water along with reliability of water supply and sustainability of the systems. Drinking water refers to water used for domestic purposes like, drinking, cooking, cleaning and other domestic uses, and safe water refers to the water complying with national drinking water quality standards 3 (please see annexure for NDWQS). During early recovery special efforts are required to ensure safe water supply to the people through improved water systems. During the early recovery phase damaged drinking water supply systems will be repaired and rehabilitated in the flood affected districts at least to pre-disaster level keeping in mind the following guidelines: 1. Access to safe drinking water is the basic right 4 of every citizen and that it is the responsibility of the Government to ensure its provision; (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) In order to ensure equitable access, special attention is required in removing the disparities in coverage of safe drinking water and addressing the needs of the poor and the vulnerable people adequately Recognizing the fact that women are the main providers of domestic waters supply their participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and management of water supply systems should be ensured (where cultural limitations restrict men and women joint planning and management mechanisms other possible options need to be explored) Drinking water sources need to be tested for bacteriological and other contaminations and treated accordingly before supplying to the people In case of difficult and expensive options for treating water at the source, options for household level water treatment should be explored and implemented 3 National Drinking Water Policy 2009, Ministry of Environment Government of Pakistan 4 UN General Assembly Declaration July 2010 SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 10

15 2. Adequate measures need to be taken to protect and conserve surface and groundwater resources in line with the provisions of the National Environment Policy and Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997 as amended from time to time. (i) (ii) (iii) Rain water harvesting at household and community levels need to be promoted to supplement the existing water supplies as well enhancing ground water recharge options to ensure long term use of available water sources Due consideration is required to the adverse impacts of climate change on water availability during planning and development of drinking water supply systems Existing water supply systems will be rehabilitated to increase performance and to reduce water losses 3. Sustainability and reliability of drinking water facilities is a key elements: (i) (ii) Participation of communities in planning, operation and maintenance, and monitoring of water supply systems should be encouraged to promote community ownership Community mobilization units need to be established in the water supply implementing organization so the approach of community management will be promoted 4. Disaster preparedness and response in Early Recovery: (i) (ii) District level disaster preparedness and response plans need to be developed for provision of safe water to the people affected by floods Responsive water supply systems need to be designed and constructed according to the implications of natural disasters and emergencies 5. Coordinated efforts are required at District, Provincial and National level during implementation of water supply systems: (i) (ii) (iii) Service provision and sector-wide approach need to be promoted for water, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities Inventories of water supply systems depicting the pre-flood situation and damage assessment of post-flood situation need to be conducted to devise clear district level targets of water supply coverage in Early Recovery To maximize impacts and coverage, inter-sector approaches need to be promoted during early recovery phase and its integration with national policies on sanitation, environment, health and education SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 11

16 9.2 Sanitation Sanitation is one of the basic necessities which contribute to human dignity and quality of life. Sanitation emphasizes on safe disposal of human excreta through which to create Open Defecation Free environment coupled with safe disposal of liquid and solid wastes. The term sanitation refers to cleanliness, hygiene, collection and environment friendly disposal of liquid and solid waste. Following are some of the key policy guidelines of early recovery strategy on Sanitation: 1. Access to adequate sanitation facilities is the fundamental human right of every individual therefore provision of sanitation facilities and services should be on equitable basis 2. Disposal of solid and liquid waste should be in line with the National health standards and national environmental policy 3. Understand, accept and support the role of stakeholders in provision of sanitation services during early recovery 4. Develop and construct viable, affordable, cost effective and culturally and environmentally appropriate sanitation facilities 5. Ensure long term viability of sanitation facilities by arranging funds and incorporating operation and maintenance of sanitation systems in the planning phase 6. Need of children, women and disable people need to be included in all stages from planning, designing, implementing, monitoring and management of sanitation service provision. 7. Sanitation infrastructure urban and rural and private and public should need to be disaster resilient 8. Sanitation service provision should be inline with the national sanitation policy and the national environmental policy, and should not negatively impact on fresh water resource 9.3 Hygiene Promotion Hygiene promotion is an approach to prevent water and excreta related diseases through the widespread adoption of safe and hygienic practices. It begins with and built on what local people know, do and want. It is a holistic approach that includes raising awareness on good hygiene behavior and conscious use of safe water and sanitation facilities. SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 12

17 Hygiene promotion is an integral part of water and sanitation service provision, AND without this the water and sanitation infrastructure does not achieve the health related WASH objectives. Hygiene education is crucial particularly for environmental sanitation and reducing water contamination risk between the tap and the mouth. It enhances the use of sanitation facilities particularly the safe and hygienic use of sanitation facilities and avoiding open defecation. Following are some key guidelines for hygiene promotion. 1. Community situation analysis (e.g. sanitary surveys) should be done in order to identify high hygiene risk areas 2. Hygiene promotion or Behavior Change Communication (BCC) should be integrated into water and sanitation service provision 3. Identify and disseminate best practices which enhance safe hygiene practices in the communities in water and sanitation sector 4. Develop specific hygiene promotion campaigns to fill critical hygiene gaps identified during situational assessments 5. Develop audience specific supportive materials (IEC) by identifying specific targets groups in hygiene promotion e.g. men, women, children, urban and rural population etc. 6. Hygiene promotion material should be developed on the basis of formative research so it should not have clash with local customs, culture and belief systems of the affected people 7. Behavioural practices are traditional bounds thereby special campaigns need to be developed to remove myths and taboos related to water and sanitation practices 8. Participatory approach, tools and techniques plays very positive role in hygiene promotion, should be given special emphasis SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 13

18 10. MONITORING AND EVALUATION In general, the impacts and results of the humanitarian community s contribution will be measured against a set of agreed key performance indicators at the strategic, cluster and project levels. Monitoring and reporting against these indicators will be based on single reporting format. Primarily communities and implementing organizations are responsible for routine day to day monitoring of activities and projects according to the agreed work plans with the respective donors. However, district level committees will organize monthly review and coordination meetings to discuss implementation progress of the individual projects toward achieving the targets as established in the district level Action Plan. If needed the district committee will organize field monitoring visits to the project sites on need bases. In addition, PDMAs will organize monthly review and coordination meetings of provincial level coordination committees to discuss the progress of early recovery activities. If required the members of provincial level committee may also conduct monitoring visits to the communities and project implementation sites. NDMA will lead and facilitate the monitoring and evaluation activities by providing support, capacity building, broad and specific monitoring indicators, specifications and guidelines. Implementation of the strategy will be monitored by NDMA together with PDMAs, the implementing partners, WASH clusters, UNOCHA and coordination committees at national, provincial and districts levels. At the end of every project, the district level committee will issue project completion certificate to the implementing organization on satisfactory implementation of the project. A final evaluation of the early recovery phase will be carried out by NDMA in collaboration with PDMAs, donors and UNOCHA. SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 14

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21 Reference - National Drinking Water Policy (GoP/2009) - National Sanitation Policy (GoP/2006) - National Environmental Policy (GoP/2005) - ERRA WATSAN Rebuilding water and sanitation systems in earthquake affected areas in Pakistan (GoP) - IRC International Water and Sanitation Center website - 23 rd WEDC international conference papers (Colombo 2006) - Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2008/09 SPU-NDMA.WASH EARLY RECOVERY STRATEGY 17

22 Annexure 1 WASH Cluster Plans for Early Recovery During the early recovery phase, the cluster will focus on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities in affected communities to at least pre-disaster levels, incorporating DRR- based improvements wherever possible, as well as building capacities within communities and local government for water and sanitation management through: provision of equipment and material for the repair of water and sanitation systems. repairs/maintenance/upgrade of broken systems (water supply network, tube wells equipped with hand/motorized pumps) taking DRM into account. cleaning contaminated open wells by the removal of debris, chlorination and protection. support the returning affected population by distribution of tools (picks, shovels) and payments/incentives in clearing mud/debris from their houses and surroundings in collaboration with Shelter and Community Restoration Clusters. CFW activities to support recovery at village level e.g. clearing drainage ditches, communal areas coordinated with Community Restoration Cluster. either cash or material support for toilet construction/rehabilitation in coordination with the Shelter Cluster. Both the relief and early recovery needs are massive and services need to be provided quickly to minimizing WASH-related disease risks. T he WASH Cluster has identified the following options for scaling up to meet the needs: Working through local partners (NGOs) and local government (e.g. Public Health Engineering Department [PHEDs], Town Municipal Administrations [TMAs]) who have the local knowledge and ability to recruit local staff and volunteers quickly. Increased use of existing national structures and resources in close coordination with the respective sectoral clusters e.g. LHWs and community volunteers for hygiene promotion. Advocacy with major INGOs who are not operational or have limited projects to scale up. Implementing partners to pursue multiple options for sourcing materials so as not to rely on a limited number of major suppliers. Local procurement should still be utilized to the extent possible. If necessary, technical agreements through WASH Cluster TWGs on best practice (latrine design etc.) to support smaller WASH actors and minimize duplication of efforts and facilitate simpler monitoring. Improved forward planning, material stockpiling of WASH needs for the recovery phase and for AWD outbreaks to ensure that the WASH Cluster is able to be responsive, effective and proactive. Encourage relevant local authorities to improve information available to displaced people relating to camp locations. Collaborate with Shelter, Logistics and Food Cluster to speed up delivery of some basic materials by conducting joint distribution. While the government has demonstrated leadership and readiness to respond, resources are not sufficient to adequately cover and coordinate all the WASH response therefore it is important to establish a baseline of WASH sector for early recovery phase. As a result, the WASH Cluster will work together with all mandated bodies at all levels to ensure a complementary and effective

23 coordination and sorting out options for additional resources. Indicators The indicators below will be used for both relief and early recovery efforts, but measured separately where possible and appropriate. Hygiene practices Percentage of households where safe water is available and used for drinking and cooking Percentage of men, women and children washing their hands with water and soap or any other deterrent material e.g. ash after contact with faeces and before contact with food WASH NFIs Percentage of households possessing soap and other basic material of hygiene kit (towel, water bucket etc.) Percentage of households/families possessing appropriate sanitary protection materials to use during menstruation by women Percentage of households possessing at least one clean narrow-necked or covered water container for drinking-water Water supply Percentage of households with access to a safer/safe drinking-water source Quantity of water used/available per person per day for drinking, cooking, hygiene and laundry (minimum 15 litres per person per day) Distance to the nearest water collection point is less than 500 meters Queuing time at water collection point is no more than 15 minutes Water point/tap should not take more than 3 minutes to fill a container of 20 litters Sanitation Percentage of men and women with access to (appropriate) bathing and laundry facilities Percentage of households/families with access to latrines (distance not more than 50 meters) Presence of latrines convenient for children and differently able people to use (separate public latrines for women) Percentage of toilets that are used and clean functioning and convenient hand washing facilities Exist and operational a solid-waste management system Exist and operational waste water disposal system/facilities on and around the site Representation, equity, and participation The WASH response includes effective mechanisms for representative and participatory input from all users at all phases All groups within the affected population have equitable access to WASH facilities and services The affected population takes responsibility for the management and maintenance of facilities as appropriate, and all groups contribute equitably Coordination Standard information management tools established to support effective coordination and communication existing and utilized

24 Standard technical guidelines to support quality response available and utilized Cluster response monitoring and analysis undertaken Cluster capacity mapping and analysis conducted on a regular basis Cluster concerns identified, addressed and reported on a s part of sector response monitoring report Cross-Sector/Cluster linkages to support an effective multi-sectoral response with the Health, Nutrition and Food Clusters in hot spot districts as part of an integrated survival strategy established Cluster Monitoring Plan A core function of the cluster lead agency s and cluster coordinator s terms of reference is related to monitoring. In the current response, the WASH Cluster will adopt the following approach to monitoring: Early recovery phase In the early recovery phase, when the risk of disease outbreaks is less, the WASH Cluster approach to monitoring will be mostly agency-based. Individual WASH Cluster partners will be encouraged to undertake comprehensive monitoring using the standardized tools (for both monitoring and reporting) developed by the WASH Cluster. The contribution of the Government and donors to bring both their technical perspective and their authority for achieving this exercise will be sought. Notwithstanding the above, the WASH Cluster will explore additional possibilities/opportunities for monitoring, such as: a. Identifying agencies at provincial level to take on this role on the behalf of the WASH Cluster, using their own resources or the lead agency ones b. Hiring national consultants to carry this exercise in the affected areas on a regular basis c. Coordination with DDMAs, PDMAs and NDMA to ensure that the support provided to the flood affected people is inline with the stated objectives of government and donor for Early Recovery Phase. Data shall be reported according to the Single Reporting Format.

25 Annexure II List of severely affected districts SEVERELY AFFECTED DISTRICTS PUNJAB KPK SINDH BALOCHISTAN AJ&K 1. Muzaffargarh 1. Tank 1. Kashmore 2. Rajanpur 2. D. I. Khan 2. Shikarpur 1.Nasirabad 2. Jaffarabad 1. Neelum 3. Mianwali 4. Rahim Yar Khan 5. Leiah 6. D. G. Khan 7. Bhakkar 3. Kohistan 4. Peshawar 5. Charsadda 6. Nowshera 7. Dir Lower 8. Dir Upper 9. Shangla 10. Swat 3. Jacobabad 4. Larkana 5. Qambar 6. Shahdadkot 7. Thatta 8. Dadu 9. Jamshoro

26 Annexure III Pre-Flood Access to Water and Sanitation Measured in Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements Survey A. MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER BY PROVINCE AND REGION ( PSLM) PROVINCE AND WATER SOURCE PUNJAB Urban Rural Overall Tap Water Hand pump Motor pump Dug well Other Total SINDH Tap Water Hand pump Motor pump Dug well Other Total KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Tap Water Hand pump Motor pump Dug well Other Total BALOCHISTAN Tap Water Hand pump Motor pump Dug well Other Total PAKISTAN Tap Water Hand pump Motor pump Dug well 1 6 4

27 Other Total NOTES: 1. Households obtaining water from the source indicated expressed as a percentage of the total number of households. 2. Tap water: consists of both tap water inside and out side house. - Hand pump: includes hand-pumps both inside and outside. - Motor pump includes motor pump and tube well outside the house. - Dug well: includes well open and well closed both inside and out side the house; and - Other: includes public standpipe (supplied by tanker), water seller, canal, river, spring, stream, pond and other. 3. Totals may not add to 100 because of rounding. B. TYPE OF TOILET USED BY THE HOUSEHOLDS BY PROVINCE AND REGION ( PSLM) PROVINCE AND TYPE OF TOILET PUNJAB Urban Rural Overall Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Total SINDH Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Total KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Total BALOCHISTAN Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Total PAKISTAN Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Total NOTES: 1. Households having the types of toilets indicated expressed as a percentage of the total number of households. 2. Flush: consists of flush connected to public sewerage, flush connected to septic tank and flush to open drain - Non-Flush: contains dry raised latrine, dry pit latrine and other. 3. Totals may not add to 100 because of rounding.

28 Annexure IV. National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) PROPERTIES/PARAMETERS STANDARD VALUES FOR PAKISTAN Bacterial All water intended for drinking Must not be detectable in any (e.coli or Thermotolerant Coliform 100 ml sample bacteria) Treated water entering the Must not be detectable in any distribution system (E.Coli or 100 ml sample thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) Treated water in the distribution system (E.coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12-month period. WHO STANDARDS REMARKS Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period. Physical Colour 15 TCU 15 TCU Taste Non objectionable/acceptable Non objectionable/accepta ble Odour Non objectionable/acceptable Non objectionable/accepta ble Turbidity 5 NTU 5 NTU Total hardness as CaCO 3 < 500 mg/l TDS ph Chemical Most Asian countries also follow WHO standards Most Asian countries also follow WHO standards Most Asian countries also follow WHO standards

29 PROPERTIES/PARAMETERS STANDARD VALUES FOR WHO STANDARDS REMARKS PAKISTAN Essential Inorganic Mg/Litre mg/litre Aluminium (Al) mg/1 < Antimony (Sb) <0.005 (P) 0.02 Arsenic (As) < 0.05 (P) 0.01 Standard for Pakistan similar to most Asian developing countries Barium (Ba) Boron (B) Cadmium (Cd) Standard for Pakistan similar to most Asian developing countries Chloride (Cl) < Chromium (Cr) < Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganic Mg/Litre mg/litre Cyanide (CN) < Standard for Pakistan similar to Asian developing countries Fluoride (F)* < Lead (Pb) < Standard for Pakistan similar to most Asian developing countries Manganese (Mn) < Mercury (Hg) < Nickel (Ni) < Nitrate (NO 3 )* <50 50 Nitrite (NO 2 )* <3 (P) 3 Selenium (Se) 0.01(P) 0.01 Residual chlorine at consumer end at source Zinc (Zn) Standard for Pakistan similar to most Asian developing countries * indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring. Organic Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No , Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial No may be consulted.*** Phenolic compounds < (as Phenols) mg/l Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/l Radioactive Alpha Emitters bq/l or pci Beta emitters 1 1 Source: Ministry of Environment Government of Pakistan 0.01 ( By GC/MS method)

30 Annex V Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Projects Approved by NDMA Category A Project ID Project Title Appealing Agency Total Appeal $ Unit Cost Beneficiaries Rank Integrated WASH Assistance in the Least Served Union Councils of 20 Flood affected districts United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- HABITAT) 10,999, , Water Sanitation and Hygiene Support for Flood affected IDPs in Swat, DI Khan and Tank Districts in KP, Sindh and Punjab provinces International Rescue Committee 6,000, , Relief WASH interventions for the flood affected population in Balochistan and Sindh International Relief and Development 1,488, , Water Quality Monitoring and improving health care faculties WASH services Provision of safe drinking water and Hygiene promotion activities Emergency WASH response for flood affected communities, Punjab Balochistan and Sindh Emergency WASH Interventions for flood affectees in Districts Dadu and Shahdadkot, Sindh,Pakistan Ensuring availability of safe drinking water to the flood affected population World Health Organization Balochistan Rural Support Programme 7,630, ,000,000 4,037, ,000 Save the Children 5,000, ,000 Just Peace International Helping Hand for Relief & Development 196, , , , Emergency WASH assistance to flood affected populations Action Contre la Faim 953, ,000

31 35695 Early recovery WASH Interventions for flood affected population in Districts Jaffar Abad, Naseer Abad, Jhal Magsi, Hurnai and Zhob Balochistan Rural Support Programme 3,188, , Provision of safe water, Latrines and Hygiene promotion in flood affected villages Church World Service 281, , Relief WASH interventions for the flood affected population in Balochistan and Sindh Early Recovery WASH interventions for flood affected populations in Jafferabad, Balochistan Restoration and rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation schemes and Hygiene promotion for flood affected population Early Recovery WASH Interventions. Provision of Safe Drinking Water and Hygiene Promotion Activities in Flood Affected Areas in Muzaffargarh, Layyah, Rajanpur & DG Khan districts (Punjab). Immediate WASH assistance in the least to served union council of 21 flood affected districts Provision of safe drinking water and hygiene promotion activities in flood affected areas in Muzaffargarh, Layyah, Rajanpur and D.G.Khan Johanniter Unfallhilfe e.v. 2,452, ,334 Sungi 261, ,401 Aga Khan Rural Support Programme 1,073, ,500 UNICEF 4,779, ,000 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- HABITAT) Punjab Rural Support Organization 3,519, , ,000 Total Total 56,282,081 12,037,275 Category B Project ID Project Title Appealing Agency Total Appeal $ Unit Cost Beneficiaries Rank

32 33921 Relief Wash interventions for the flood-affected populations United Nations Children's Fund 50,000, ,500, Emergency Relief Water Supply, Sanitation Facilities & Hygiene Education Project for two union councils of district District Nowshehra, KPK Pakistan flood emergency WASH response in KPK and Punjab Province Emergency WASH relief to flood affected population in KPK and Sindh WASH intervention for flood affected communities that are returning home from their emergency shelter Provision of safe drinking water and Hygiene promotion activities in flood affected areas Providing access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for health survival in flood affected KPK Just Peace International 187, ,987 Qatar Charity 4,040, ,000 Action Contre la Faim Islamic Relief Pakistan Sindh Rural Support Organization CARE International 1,956, , , ,349 5,750, ,428 1,000, , Project ID Early Recovery Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions for the flood affected communities in AJK WASH facilities for flood affected in district Rahim Yar Khan Emergency relief operation for flood affected people in Balochistan - wash Relief WASH interventions for the flood affected population in Balochistan and Sindh Plan Pakistan: Provision of WASH in Sindh Province (ERF funded project) AJK Rural Support Programme Human Appeal International Strengthening Participatory Organization Johanniter Unfallhilfe e.v. Plan International (PLAN) 1,417, , , ,500 98, ,600 1,228, , ,000 0 Total 66,965,835 3,582,595 Project Title Category C Appealing Agency Total Appeal $ Unit Cost Beneficiaries Rank

33 Immediate emergency WASH response for flood affected communities in Punjab, Balochistan and Sindh Province WASH support to food affectees in Sindh, Punjab AND KPk Flood Emergency WASH Response in KPK AND Sindh Provinces Provision of WASH facilities in flood affected areas Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Cluster Coordination WASH Humanitarian Response in District Rajanpur Flood Emergency WASH Response in KPK and Sindh Provinces (relief) Early Recovery WASH Interventions for Flood-affected Populations in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (KPK), Sindh, Balochistan, Gilgit- Baltistan (G-B) and Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) Emergency WASH assistance to Flood affectees of Kohistan, KPK WASH intervention for most vulnerable flood affected communities (living at camps/higher ground/roads/public buildings) in Punjab, Sindh, KPK and Balochistan WASH emergency response project Water Quality Monitoring and improving health care facilities WASH facilities Relief for water sanitation and hygiene intervention in AJK Save the Children 3,000, ,000 Muslim Aid 2,300, ,000 OXFAM GB 6,516, ,630 National Rural Support Programme United Nations Children's Fund 3,000, ,000 4,037, ,000,000 Qatar Charity 2,860, ,000 OXFAM GB 13,032, ,100,000 United Nations Children's Fund Pak Rural Development Program Islamic Relief Pakistan Salik Development Foundation World Health Organization AJK Rural Support 65,000, ,900, , ,000 1,082, , , ,000 7,736, ,000, , ,000

34 Programme Early Recovery WASH interventions for flood affected populations in Punjab, KPK and Sindh Provision of safe drinking water and hygiene promotion activities in flood Relief provision of safe drinking water and relief services in flood affected areas Relief provision of safe drinking water and relief services in flood affected areas Provision of Hygiene kits and water to 4,500 flood affected families of District Rajanpur (ERF funded project) Flood Emergency Response 2010 (ERF funded project) Plan Pakistan: Provision of WASH in Punjab Province (ERF funded project) Provision of emergency WASH services (drinking water, sanitation facilities and health & hygiene) to the flood affectees in selected union councils of KPK and Sindh Rehabilitation of flood affected Drinking Water Supply Schemes and Hygiene Promotion in Flood Affected Areas of Gilgit Baltistan International Relief and Development Sindh Rural Support Organization Community Social Welfare Council Community Social Welfare Council Paiman Alumni Trust (Paiman) Oxfam Netherlands (NOVIB) Plan International (PLAN) American Rescue Committee (ARC) Agha khan Development Network (AKDN) 2,299, ,000 3,312, ,897,902 1,133, ,898 3,400, , ,569 4, , , ,750 60, ,000 25,000 Total 121,823,159 28,839,200 Grand Total 238,346,318 57,319,400

35 ANNEX VI Minimum WASH Standards in Villages, School and Health Centers Minimum Standards for WASH activities in villages Indicator Standard Yes No 1 safe water point for 100 people 15L per person and day available for each household There no more than 15 min of queuing time at water points It takes no more than three minutes to fill a 20-litre container at the new water point Water from new water point is clear Water supply Bacteriological and chemical water analyze should have been done to water point before hand over Water point are > 30m from a latrine pit Water point are < 500m from dwelling There are no stagnating water around water point Water point is properly sealed and its water can not be easily contaminated People are using the water from new water point for drinking 1 latrine available for 50 person Latrine are used by all beneficiaries (men, women, children elder) Latrine At least one latrine in the community must have been designed to allow easy access for disabled latrine pit is > 1.5m above water table Latrine are < 50m from dwelling or 1 min walk A latrine maintenance kit was provided with each latrine (latrine brush, mob, bucket) Drainage There are no stagnating waste water ponds in the village Bathroom There are 1 shower place available for 50 people Cloths washing One washing basin or washing place/100people. Private laundering areas available for women to wash and dry place underwear/sanitary cloths. Each household has refuse container at < 50m Solid waste Basic HH waste management is in place (buried, burned, composted) There are no open waste dumping place in the village (eliminated through cleaning campaign). At least 2 Hygiene sessions must have been conducted in the village Hygiene At least 2 hygiene volunteers must have been trained in the village, doing hygiene sessions, and having received promotion incentive in the form of hygiene items Sustainability WASH team members should have ensured that all community members are able to operate the facilities, and a system was put in place for its maintenance (training of a maintenance committee for example) Household Each HH has two L narrow neck collecting pot

36 hygiene Community approach Each family has 20 L narrow neck storage pot (or 4L storage/persons) Each HH has received 250gr soap/p/month for bathing/hand washing 200gr laundry soap/p/month Soap are used for hand washing Prior to the start of the activities, meetings were conducted with community to seek their feedback and participation. All community members (including men, women children and vulnerable groups) had the right to participate in these meetings. A written agreement has been signed with community before the work implementation, detailing the activities planned and the responsibilities

37 Minimum WASH Standards for WASH in Health Center and Hospital 1 Indicator Standard Yes No Water supply If water is not available at the tap, drinking water should be stored in large 40L closed container equipped with tap and drainage Clean glasses should be available near drinking water spot, and regularly cleaned with chlorine solution Water analyses are done: FRC at least every week (everyday in epidemic context) E coli at least every month Chemical quality of drinking water source checked at least once All drinking/cooking water for hospitals, health and feeding centers should be treated with chlorine or another residual disinfectant. Drinking water should have the following FRC content at discharge points: mg/l (ph < 8) and minimum 30 minutes contact time mg/l (ph > 8) and minimum 60 minutes contact time Water turbidity is < 5NTU Water has 0 Ecoli / 100m Distance from building to drinking water source is < 100m If water source is not available, there is at least 2 days of water storage in closable reservoir For DTC/CTC: There are 3 separate containers with chlorine solution of available in the building with clear instruction on their use and dosage % (hand, skin, cloth) - 0.2% (floor, ustensils, bed) - 2% (excreta, corpses) Water quantity requirements: For OPD: 5 L/p/d For IPD: L/p/d For Operating theatre/maternity: 100 l / intervention Dry SFC (no preparation of food): 0.5L/p/day (5L if long waiting time) Wet SFC (food prepared on site): 15 L/p/d For TFC: 30 L/p/d For CTC and DTC: 60 L/p/ For health center with IPD (as well as TFC/DTC): Latrine 1 latrine / 20 users: o Assuming each patient has 1 visitor / attendant 1 (based on MSF guidelines Minimum Water & Sanitation Requirements in Health Structures and ACF WASH Guidelines

38 Bathroom (In Patient structures) Waste water Solid Waste Management General and soft waste (packages, paper, cardboard, plastic, syringes without needle ) o Nb Latrine = 2 for staff + (N of beds x 2)/20 For OPD: Nb Latrine = 1 for staff + 1 male + 1 female + 1 children s latrine Type of latrines: For Acute Emergency: Improved trench latrine Chronic Emergencies & Stabilized Situations Pit latrine, VIP latrine, (Pour) flush latrine Facilities are culturally and socially appropriate There are separate facilities for staff and patients. There is separation between male and female latrine IPD /TFC/etc: some latrines equipped with seats and handlebars for less able persons Children s friendly latrines provided near to paediatric wards & feeding centres Distance of pit latrines 5m < buildings < 30m Night lights provided and operating (if feasible) Soap, hand washing and waste water drainage facilities provided at exit of latrines Latrine pit/septic tanks/soakage pit >30m from water sources 1 shower / 40 users: Assuming each patient has 1 visitor/attendant using the facilities o Nb of showers = 2 for staff + (N of beds x 2)/40 For Clean Waste Water (without soap, oil, grease): No need grease trap Disposal in Soak away pits, Infiltration trenches or Proper sealed sewer system For Dirty Waste Water (with soap, oil, grease) Grease trap + Disposal in Soak away pits, Infiltration trenches or Proper sealed sewer system Disposal >30m from water source Rain & Runoff Water: Basic sewage and natural drainage are functioning All waste containers installed at maximum 5 to 20 m walking distance from users There are 3 waste containers of each type (sharp/soft/organic wastes) per location, for rotation and spare There is at least 1 set of medical waste containers (sharps/softs/organics waste) per 20 beds Daily collection and disposal of all waste containers is ensured For Acute Emergency: Drum burner & residues pit Ashes and residues deposited directly in ash/residues pit For Chronic Emergencies & Stabilized Situations: De Montfort Incinerator (or equivalent)

39 Solid Waste Management Sharp Solid waste disposal Solid Waste Management Organic waste Solid Waste Management Dead Bodies Management Vector control General Hygiene o 2 ash/residues pits o Ashes and residues deposited directly in ash/residues pits Covered pit if (very) small quantity of waste and/or lots of space available Possible offsite disposal if urban zone/dense population/no space Sharps containers are appropriately designed to contain sharp objects Final disposal: Appropriate sharps pit (Concrete lined sealed pit or adapted drum (latter in case of acute emergency, small health post, starting up phase of bigger structures) is provided Appropriate organic waste containers are provided in convenient location: Maternity 15 to 40 l Operating theatre 40 to 60 l Immediate collection of organic waste and cleansing and disinfection of emptied organic waste containers is ensured Final disposal If large or medium volume of waste: Acute Emergency: o Organic waste pit (Closed pit, or open pit with contents covered with earth) Chronic Emergencies & Stabilized Situations: o Organic waste pit with fixed cover & ventilation pipe If very few volume of waste: Latrine (NOT to be used for body parts) Appropriately sized and located morgue provided for In-Patients Structures, with separate morgue for the Isolation Units Dead bodies are handled safely, and appropriate hygiene and disinfection measures are taken when handling and preparing bodies: General context o All persons handling and preparing body wear gloves o All persons handling and preparing body wash hands with chlorine solution after Epidemics context o Trained team carry out disinfection bodies and structure o Trained team perform and/or supervise burial o All bodies are placed in body bags or impervious wrappings (with burial practices to be evaluated in every context) o Appropriate measure are taken (see table attached in Annex 1 for vector control) Various concentrations of chlorine solutions applied for specific activities (hand washing, washing floor,

40 Operation & Maintenance, Sustainability Hygiene Promotion disinfecting latrine ) There is a hand washing facility with water and drainage available (tap, or jerrican with taps) near each latrine place and at critical places (food preparation, laboratories, examination rooms ) For general health center: There is soap available at each hand washing facility. Health Center should have a 15 days soap stock. For DTC/CTC: Instead of soap, chlorine solution at 0.05% is used as hand washing water Towel should not be placed near hand washing facility (risk of contamination). Health center have all appropriate general cleaning material (sponges, mobs buckets, brooms ) and a stock of detergent for 15 days. Facilities should be cleaned everyday MoU for WASH works was signed with the Hospital Management and the local representative of Ministry of Health, providing detail on: The work to be realized by the NGO The share of responsibilities between each parties regarding O&M The budget to be allocated by MoH after hand over for O&M of the facility The following WASH dedicated human resources are available Small Health Structures: Cleaner + WASH manager/hygiene promoter Large Health Structures: 2 cleaner + 1 Technician + WASH manager + 2 hygiene promoters All staff should have job description, appropriate cloth and appropriate hygiene tools All staff have received proper technical training according to their responsibility Hygiene promotion session are given to patients during their stay in the health center Hygiene promotion posters are available in the health center at critical places (waiting room, toilets ) Hygiene promotion leaflets are distributed to the patients (optional) Acronyms FRC: Free Residual Chlorine OPD: Facilities where patient only come for consultation (out-patient) IPD: Facilities where patient stays over night (in-patient) SFC: Supplementary feeding center TFC: Therapeutic feeding centers CTC : Cholera treatment centers DTC: Diarrhea treatment centers Minimum WASH Standards in Schools Water quality Yes No Bacteriological water analyse were done for water point and 0 Ecoli/100-ml were found Drinking-water from unprotected sources is treated (chore, filter ) to ensure microbiological safety. Water meets WHO Guidelines for chemical parameters.

41 Water quantity Water facilities and access to water Boarding school Hygiene promotion Toilets Control of vector- There are no tastes, odours or colours that would discourage consumption of the water. Basic quantities of water required. Day schools: 5 litres per person per day for all schoolchildren and staff Boarding schools: 20 litres per person per day for all residential schoolchildren and staff Additional quantities of water required. Flushing toilets: litres per person per day for conventional flushing toilets Pour-flush toilets: litres per person per day Anal washing: 1 2 litres per person per day Reliable water point with soap available at all the critical points of the school (toilets and kitchens ) Reliable drinking-water point accessible for staff & schoolchildren, including those with disabilities, at all times. 1 shower available for 20 users (schoolchildren + residential staff) Separate showers or times are designated for boys and girls. Separate showers or times are designated for staff and schoolchildren At least 1 shower accessible for females with disabilities and one for males with disabilities. Laundry facilities, with soap or detergent and hot water or chlorine solution (or both) provided Hygiene education is included in the school curriculum. Positive hygiene behaviours, including correct use and maintenance of facilities, are systematically promoted Hygiene promotion posters are hanged in the school at critical places (classroom, toilets ) 1 toilets / 25 girls and 1 for female staff; 1 toilet + one urinal (or 50 cm of urinal wall) / 50 boys, and one for male staff. Toilets are easily accessible to all, including staff and children with disabilities Toilets are no more than 30 m from all users. Male and female toilets are completely separated. Toilets provide privacy and security. Toilets have convenient handwashing facilities close by. Cleaning & maintenance routine is in operation, ensuring clean and functioning toilets available at all times. Toilets are: appropriate to local cultural and social conditions accessible for children with disabilities age and gender appropriate

42 borne disease Cleaning and waste disposal Food storage and preparation school with kichen The density of vectors (flies, mosquitoes ) in the school is minimized (mosquito nets ). Children or staff with communicable disease (ex malaria) identified & prevented from coming to school Regular inspections carried out to detect and treat body lice and fleas. Classrooms and other teaching areas are regularly cleaned, to minimize dust and moulds. Outside and inside areas are maintained free of sharp objects and other physical hazards. Solid waste is collected from classrooms, kitchens and offices daily and is disposed of safely. Wastewater is disposed of quickly and safely. Food is handled and prepared with utmost cleanliness (hand are washed before preparing food). Contact between raw foodstuffs and cooked food is avoided. Food is cooked thoroughly (70 C) Food is kept at safe temperatures (should not be left at room temperature for more than 2 hours, Food is kept covered to protect it from flies and dust Safe water and safe raw ingredients are used (Fruits and vegetables should be washed with safe water.

43 Annex VII Hygiene Kit Contents TWG Recommended (Minimum Family Hygiene Kit for One Month) Qty Item Description WASH Consumables 7 Bars of Body Soap 250g (As per sphere standards) 7 Bars of Laundry Soap 200g (As per sphere standards) 7 Tooth Paste 100g/75ml Tubes (As per sphere standards) 7 Tooth Brushes with caps (As per sphere standards) 2 Menstrual Cloth Pieces of cotton flannel cloth (Highly absorbent, size 1m x 1.5m) or similar WASH NFIs (One time items) 2 Towels 100% cotton, size: 18"x30" Approx. 1 Nail Clipper One time item 2 Comb Family Size 1 Lice Comb 1 Water Bucket with lid 10 litres 1 Mug with handle 1 litres 1 Lota Medium size, made of fresh plastic. Recommended Items 1 Plastic Tub 20 litres 1 Dish Washing Soap 500g Kit for a family of 7 members

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52 Annex IX Design for Urban Sanitation System Figure 1: Latrines installed over an existing sewer (Harvey et al, 2002) Figure 2: A biodegradable packet latrine

53 Designs for Rural Sanitation System Figure 1: Example of an aqua privy (WEDC) Figure 2: Techniques for pits in high water tables (WEDC)

54 Figure 3: Urinal and container Figure 4: Twin vault UD latrine, Sri Lanka Figure 5: An Arborloo system in use

55 Figure 6: Waste pit (WEDC)