Some contributors to poor animal health and performance
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1 Impact of Pen Environment Mud, Shade and Bunk Space Dr. Terry Mader UNL- Professor Emeritus Mader Consulting, LLC Some contributors to poor animal health and performance Overcrowding Diverse social order Lack of effective pen/bunk /waterer space Improper drainage/pen design Poor pen /bunk cleaning 1
2 Pen Layout Why is it important Maintain a clean, dry pen surface Cattle Pen Space Requirements GROOMING/MAINTENANCE SLOPE AND DRAINAGE ENVIRONMENT Evaporation Precipitation Urinary output 10 to 30 precipitation Water intake 2
3 Pen Space Requirements (Ft 2 ) Based on net moisture accumulation AREA Steer Requirement, Ft 2 AZ 100 ± 25 SW Kansas (Panhandle) 140 ± 40 Scottsbluff 175 ± 50 Norfolk, NE 250 ± 75 Central Iowa 350 ± 100 Illinois 450 ± 125 Receiving/backgrounding (calves) in Red (Panhandle vs SE Oklahoma) Equivalent weight Holstein add ~10% Cow add % Disposition issues add 100% Breed effects??? Bunk Space Requirements Feed availability/uniformity Quality Mixing Sorting Bunk Size Forage vs concentrate Particle size and density Feeding times Bunk Access Pad width Pen/Pad interface 3
4 Bunk Space Requirements, inches (±20%) FORAGE (Subject to sorting) Times fed per day 1 2+ Calves Yearlings Big Yearlings Cows HIGH ENERGY Times fed per day 1 2+ Calves Yearlings Big Yearlings Cows SHADE REQUIREMENTS ~ 2 Ft 2 per 100 lbs. MOUND REQUIREMENTS ~ 2 Ft 2 per l00 lbs. MINIMUM COMFORT ZONE Equals approximately 2X animal displacement area (for some animals it might be 5X) 4
5 Environmental by Pen and Animal Management Interaction Adverse Environmental Conditions Temperature - + or - Moisture-precipitation/humidity Wind - + or - Radiation - + or WINTER WEATHER ---- WET-MUDDY CONDITIONS -- LARGEST DRAIN ON BODY HEAT -- 3 TO 6 TIMES HEAT LOSS VS A DRY ANIMAL Greater performance and economic costs than normal Summer heat stress 5
6 Bad years: Generally poor drying conditions, not necessarily associated with additional moisture Problem: Mud + freezing and thawing surfaces % Change in Performance and DMI due to Mud Depth, inches PERF DMI
7 Microclimate modification through bedding Bedding Value Wet animal maintenance requirement 50% ~ 10 lb hay (50 +) or 5 lb corn (50 ) or 5 lb bedding/day (20 /day) No bedding or extra feed double pen space 7
8 Winter Mitigation: Shelter, wind breaks, bedding, etc. Key-clean and dry pens = clean and dry cattle Panting Score 1 (~80bpm) and 2 (2.5) 3 and 4 (>130bpm) Heat Stress Characterization (degree of discomfort/suffering) Mader et al.,
9 Mitigation Shade does not change ambient temperature, only the feels-like temperature - Up to 20 degrees F 9
10 Table 2.5 Temperature of surface of bare ground before and after shading at various times during the day a Shaded time Temperature of Ground Surface ( F) (min) 11 a.m. 12 noon 2 p.m. 4 p.m. In sun Air temp a From Kelly et al. (1950). 10
11 Behavior issues Space (20-30 sq ft) Sick Animals Shade BT 1-3 o F Heat Stress Indicators Heat Index human Temperature Humidity Index livestock USDA MARC cattle respiration rate/index HLI Australia black globe index CCI Comprehensive Climate Index 11
12 Comprehensive Climate Index (CCI-Mader et al, 2010) single index for both hot and cold conditions Adjust ambient temperature for: Relative humidity (RH) Wind speed (WS) Radiation (R) Solar and Surface effects Bare ground temperatures can be 50 F degrees greater than air temperature Currently used by Oklahoma Mesonet Network 12
13 Water Management 13
14 Water Accessibility Limited?? Water trough space needed.75-1 linear inch//hd winter 2+ linear inches/hd summer For receiving cattle - space and configuration are important 5 gallons of water at 68 ºF can reduce body temperature 1.8 ºF or 1 ºC for an 800 lb animal and 1.2 ºF for a 1200 lb animal 14
15 Water temperature effects (3 years) 65 ºF 90 ºF, % DM intake, lb Daily gain, lb Lofgreen et al., 1975 Warm water decreases intake and gain. Water temperature effects (sheep) Water temperature 68 ºF 86 ºF 104 ºF cool room (68 ºF) DWI, % increase hot room (95 ºF) DWI, % increase Savage et al., 2008 Animals need much more water for cooling if water is warm 15
16 In hot environments, surface and above ground containment units contribute to warm/hot water SNOW EFFECTS? Questions 16
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