Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology Lecture Guide, Day 1

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology Lecture Guide, Day 1 What is Ecology? It is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms or surroundings. The Nonliving Environment - Abiotic factors Are the of an organism s environment. Examples: light, and soil. Abiotic factors an organism s life. The Living Environment Biotic factors Are all of the that inhabit an environment. All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for reproduction, or protection. Habitat versus Niche Habitat is the a plant or animal lives. Niche is an organism s total way of life or its in the environment. Levels of Organization Most basic level of organization is called an. This is an individual living thing that is made of responds, grows, and develops. a to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Other ecologists study. This is a group of individuals that belong to the. In addition to populations, ecologists also study. This is a that live in one area, such as a group of alligators, turtles, birds, fish, and plants in the Florida Everglades. Ecologists may further decide to study a particular. This is a collection of all the that live in a particular place, together with their, or physical environment. Larger systems called are also studied by ecologists. A biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same similar dominant. Highest level of organization that an ecologist studies is the entire. Biosphere is the portion of Earth that. Biodiversity! Is the, of living things in an ecosystem. Examples of areas with high biodiversity:

2 Relationships in ecosystems Changing one factor in an ecosystem can many other factors. Can cause a ripple effect Keystone Species Is a species that has an on its ecosystem. One example of a keystone species is the. Their use of fallen trees to make dams helps into ponds, wetlands, and meadows. Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology Lecture Guide, Day 2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems _ is the main energy source for life on Earth. Less than is actually used by organisms on Earth. Energy flows through ecosystems from. What is a producer? - It makes its own. What is a consumer? Get food by. Producers Can also be called. Troph means ; Auto means. Examples: Review: Niche of a Producer What is a niche? It is the of an organism in the environment. Niche of a producer is: into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms. May be a using light energy (means it gets energy from the sun) May be using chemical energy Photoautotroph Is a producer that by: _ Chemoautotrophs Capture energy from the such as hydrogen sulfide. This process is called. Often occurs in or guts of animals. Consumers Can also be called.

3 Hetero means Eat other organisms to Types of Consumers eat only plants eat only animals eat both plants and animals. eat detritus, or. are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. Consumer Terminology Consumers that eat producers to get energy are what we call. In other words they are. A consumer that eats another consumer is called a. Or they may be called. A consumer that eats another consumer that already ate a consumer is what we call a. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in. From. Transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers is called a. Food chains: Is a that links species by their feeding relationships Food Chain Organizational Levels Trophic levels: in a food chain. Example: has 3 trophic levels. Carnivores are the highest level and producers are the first of a trophic level (where energy enters the system) Energy flows up the food chain from trophic level. Trophic levels (More review ): Primary consumers are (first consumer above a producer)! Secondary consumers are that eat herbivores! Tertiary consumers are that eat secondary consumers. Feeding Relationships Food webs - are a model that show the relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem.

4 Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology Lecture Guide, Day 3 Ecological Pyramids Is a diagram that shows the relative contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Can be represented in three forms: Energy Pyramid Compares energy used by. Illustrates how available energy is among the trophic levels in an ecosystem. Loss of Available Energy So when we look at how energy becomes available or is lost, we have to define biomass Is a measure of the. When a consumer eats a producer, a great amount of energy is lost as! The loss of energy between trophic levels can be as great as. This means only is left to transfer from one trophic level to the next. Biomass Pyramid Compares the of different trophic levels within an ecosystem Provides a picture of the of producers needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers to support secondary consumers, and so on Pyramid of Numbers Shows the of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem Cycles of Matter While energy is crucial to an ecosystem, all organisms need more than energy to survive For most organisms, more than of the body is made up of. Recycling in the Biosphere Unlike the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem,. Elements, chemical compounds, and matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through.

5 Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem is a major part of life on Earth and it has its own cycle, called the. It is a of water on Earth from the atmosphere to the surface, below ground, and back. Water Cycle Terminology a. : moisture that falls to the ground (rain, snow, sleet, hail) b. : changing from liquid to gas (water to water vapor) c. : plants give off water vapor from their leaves to the air d. : changing from gas to a liquid (little water droplets form on the outside of a cold glass of lemonade - that s condensation) Oxygen Cycle Specifics Plants make food by photosynthesis - Use Animals breathe out carbon by respiration - Use Carbon Cycle Specifics _ is the building block of life The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. Carbon is emitted by the (like oil, gasoline, and coal) Nitrogen Cycle Specifics Some convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil. Mostly takes place. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Some live in a relationship with plants of the family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts). Phosphorus Cycle Specifics The phosphorus cycle takes place. Phosphate is released by the. Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to the soil during. Phosphorus leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments. Both add phosphorus into the environment.