Wetland Restoration Study in China. Institute of Wetland Research, CAF

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1 Wetland Restoration Study in China

2 Contents Characteristics of wetlands and its threatens in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng

3 Characteristics of wetlands in China Abundant types All the types of wetlands in Ramsar Convention can be found in China Large area Total area of million ha (each larger than 100 ha) First in Asia, forth in the world Extensive distribution Cold temperate to tropical Coastal to inland Plain-plateau and mountain area Many types are located in one region and one type of wetland is distributed in different regions Plain and plateau Coastal-inland

4 Characteristics of wetlands in China Rich in Biodiversity Higher wetland plant: 225 families, 815 genus, 2276 species Wild wetland animal: 25 orders, 68 families, 724 species Among the 57 endangered bird species in Asia, there are 31 are found in China, accounting for 54% Among the 15 crane species in the world, 9 are recorded in China, accounting for 60% Among the 166 anatidae species in the world, 50 species are found in China, accounting for 30% Species sort quantity of the nation Wild plant moss Wild animal fern gymnosperm 20 8 angiosperm Fish beast bird Reptile Amphibians

5 Threatens on wetland in China Natural factors Climate change Natural disaster Drought Earthquake, debris flow etc.

6 Threatens on wetland in China Human factors Development of society, growth of population, increasing demand for resource pollution appropriation excessive utilization Lack of public awareness, inadequate wetland management and institutional capacity building

7 A series of ecological problems caused by Wetland degradation Changes of marsh wetlands It is estimated that 87% of the Sanjiang plain wetland has disappeared since 1950 s. 8.7 billion m 3 surface water lost (Zhang, 2006) 1950s 2000s

8 A series of ecological problems caused by Wetland degradation Change of mangrove wetland

9 Contents Threatens on wetland in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng

10 National policies and planning related to wetland restoration Action Plan for China's Wetland Protection( ) Guidance of positive protection, scientific restoration, reasonable utilization, sustainable development was established. By 2020, different degree of restoration on degraded wetland will be completed, a set of important wetland resource will be restored effectively. Wetland restoration as the main protection action was proposed Degraded wetland ecosystem restoration and reestablishment research and demonstration ( project 8) Wetland restoration and reestablishment of lower and middle reaches of Yangtze river projection 21 National master plan for wildlife and habitat conservation It was warranted in 2001 though National Planning Commission Protection of natural wetlands and rely mainly on biological measures

11 National policies and planning related to wetland restoration In June 2004, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Protection and Management of Wetlands", this was the first policy statement made by the Chinese Central Government on the protection of wetlands, indicating that wetland protection has been put on the national agenda Wetland restoration has an important strategic position in the wetland protection Chinese strategic aim of wetlands protection is the overall maintenance of wetland ecosystems and the ecological characteristics of the basic functions, reverse the trend of degradation and shrinkage of wetland. Implementation of key ecological restoration of degraded wetlands areas, restore the natural ecological functions of wetlands designedly.

12 National policies and planning related to wetland restoration In September 2003, the State Council gave a principled written reply regarding the "National Wetland Protection Engineering Project" ( ), outlining the grand objective for wetland protection By 2030 complete ecological restoration ha establish 53 wetland conservation and rational use of national demonstration areas, wetland ecosystem functions and benefits are fully realized, and fulfill the sustainable utilization of wetland resource. National wetland protection project implementation plan( ) Including 4 priority projects on (1)wetland protection, (2)restoration, (3)sustainable utilization demonstration and (4) capacity building Up to 2009, the central government invested 11 billion yuan actually to carry out the construction of more than 100 demonstration projects. National wetland protection project implementation plan( )

13 Contents Characteristics of wetlands and its threatens in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng

14 1.Location Location and scope of the project area 9 miles to the west of Yanqin County of Beijing Project area of 56 ha

15 2.Risk analysis Site selection Recommended by Beijing Forestry Bureau of Parks & Yanqin Forestry Bureau. Confirmation of land ownership

16 3.Basic ecological conditions of the project area Yanqing County, with the average temperature of 8 degrees. Annual precipitation is 493 mm with large annual variation (274mm-747.1mm). Temperate continental monsoon climate. Gravel soil quality, poor water-retention capacity. Human activities such as dredging, severely damaged the native vegetation, sandy soil quality and low organic matter content make it a typical degraded wetland, and have demonstration value as a wetland restoration pilot site.

17 3.Basic ecological conditions of the project area Native plant communities are mainly reed, sedge communities, cattail community, Nymphoides communities, land tree species are Populus, Salix, Ulmus and other trees. Human activities such as sand slash severely damaged the vegetation, with small part of the original vegetation remained

18 Remaining wetland vegetation

19 Land cover status Bare soil Sand mining slash Wetland vegetation Open water Terrestrial ve getation Agricultural land Total

20 Hydrological conditions This wetland consists of a group of water bodies of different sizes, which do not connect together, water supply is mainly from natural precipitation and underground side seepage from reservoir Water system status Feasible

21 4. Analysis Problem analysis Potential risk analysis Status analysis Feasibility : water, soil, human disturbance

22 4. Analysis Artificial promotion and the ecological self-restoration Habitat transformation, self-design, mainly select native species From nature, beyond nature Function optimization, landscaping, assisting update Be suitable for local conditions, cost savings Abide by the natural conditions, water storage, adaptive management Be ecological, natural and economical

23 4. Analysis Water system adjustment Base repairing Bank strengthening vegetation reconstruction adaptive management

24 4. Analysis The overall objective of restoration : 1, Normal ecological functions of wetlands; 2, Symbolic function selection (water bird habitat); 3,A reflection of biodiversity Target ecosystems: 1, Plants (artificial promotion) + Animals (natural recovery) 2, Shrubs (Artificial) - Herbal (Natural) Wetland 3, Simulation of natural wetlands succession process in this area Achieve functional restoration through structure restoration

25 5.Restoration Techniques Hydrological Connection Techniques content Small water surface enlarging Small water surface connection Partial deep digging Partial backwater

26 5.Restoration Techniques Micro-terrain reshaping Content Shoal wetland Construction Small water surface regulation Habitat island creation Shallow wetlands construction Small water surface consolidation Habitat island creation Applications Topography transformation of degraded wetlands Application of micro-terrain reshaping Techniques

27 5.Restoration Techniques Matrix(soil) restoration Content Layered backfill Planting pit backfill Planting tank backfill Applications Degraded wetlands with poor soil or lack of loamy soil. 1. Layered backfill Techniques 2. Planting pit backfill Techniques 3.Planting tank backfill Techniques Application of Matrix(Soil) restoration Techniques

28 5.Restoration Techniques Wetland vegetation restoration Contents Small water surface vegetation restoration Large water surface vegetation restoration Restoration for vegetation exposed from beach in normal water level Restoration for vegetation below Normal water level Waterfront vegetation restoration Buffer zone vegetation restoration slope protection vegetation restoration Applications Mainly used in degraded wetlands with low vegetation coverage or none vegetation area.

29 Restoration Techniques Wetland vegetation planting Techniques 1. Small water surface 2.Large water surface 3. exposed beach upon the Normal water level 4. below Normal water level 4. Waterfront 5. Buffer zone 6. slope protection Bird food Bird hiding Bird nest

30 Restoration Techniques Bank slope protection Technical contents Stakes slope protection Techniques Rock slope protection Techniques Eco bags slope protection Techniques Ecological concrete slope protection Techniques Stakes-protection Applications Mainly used in the banks which would be easily collapsed and impacted by water Rock-protection Eco-bags slope protection

31 6.Monitoring After the basic completion of restoration project, certain signs points should be set according to the monitoring requirements to regularly collect water samples and soil samples, and to monitor the effectiveness of restoration project implementation; Set a number of plots, to observe the biological diversity of wetlands, plant growth, the number of animals (including soil fauna), plant water use data, and to assess the ecological functions of vegetation. Use the removable weather station to observe the specific periods of meteorological data (including precipitation and wetland water level changes).

32 7.Assessments Soil organic content significantly increased after the restoration Through the investigation of soil organic matter content in the recovery area and the contrast area in 2011, the soil organic matter content of 0-10cm is higher than that in the control area. Depth (cm) Types Sample plots Surface soil Contrast area* Recovery area Contrast area* Recovery area Contrast area* Recovery area Soil animal diversity significantly increased after the restoration Period Fall Winter Samplt plots Shannon Wiener Index H' Hmax Uniformity index(j') Dominance index D 1/D Contrast area Natural wetlands Restoration area Contrast area / / / / / Natural wetlands Restoration area

33 7.Assessments Vegetation types and cover significantly increased after the restoration Wetland vegetation cover: 3% 69% Water surface area: 5% 26% Plant species: (38 kinds of aquatic plants, 90 kinds of wetland plants 90) The kinds and quantity of wetland birds significantly increased Before After Vegetation cover ratio species quantity Chinese name Species name Protection class Before restoration After restoration Upupa epops Streptopelia decaocto Sturnus cineraceus 2 Emberiza pusilla 2 Ardea cinerea 2 Ardea alba 2 Grus grus Second-class 2 Anas platyrhynchos 2 Tadorna ferruginea quantity of wetland birds significantly increased

34 8. Adjustment Google

35 Result Land cover change Area ha Bare soil Sand mining slash Wetland vegetation Open water Terrestrial ve getation Agricultural land Total 56.02

36 wetland landscape before and after the restoration. 2008

37 wetland landscape before and after the restoration

38 wetland landscape before and after the restoration

39 wetland landscape before and after the restoration

40 wetland landscape before and after the restoration

41 Discussion Correctly understand the concept of wetland Scientific concept and classification of wetland Clarify the goal of wetland restoration, wetland restoration is not simply the restoration of water surface Carefully select method of water supplement, the sustainment of wetland cannot rely on permanent carrying-water supplement The differences between wetland ecosystem restoration and city gardening Wetlands and Forests

42 Thanks for your attention!

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