Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Series editor Carlos P. Bergmann, Porto Alegre, Brazil

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1 Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Series editor Carlos P. Bergmann, Porto Alegre, Brazil

2 Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering welcomes manuscripts in these three main focus areas: Extractive Metallurgy/Mineral Technology; Manufacturing Processes, and Materials Science and Technology. Manuscripts should present scientific solutions for technological problems. The three focus areas have a vertically lined multidisciplinarity, starting from mineral assets, their extraction and processing, their transformation into materials useful for the society, and their interaction with the environment. More information about this series at

3 Dionisio da Silva Biron Venina dos Santos Mara Zeni Ceramic Membranes Applied in Separation Processes 123

4 Dionisio da Silva Biron Universidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul-RS, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil Mara Zeni Universidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul-RS, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil Venina dos Santos Universidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul-RS, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil ISSN ISSN (electronic) Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface This book contains an overview of Ceramic Membranes Applied in Separation Processes. Membranes have been largely studied in recent years. They have great potential in several areas such as food, chemistry, pharmaceutical industries, and water and wastewater treatment. The separation processes by membranes are considered one of the most innovative technologies. These processes are considered fast and economical, occupy less space area, highly selective, flexible and compatible in most cases with other treatment processes. In general, the study of membranes can be divided into four major topics, materials for manufacture, study of membrane morphology, membrane modules, and the process. The study aims to achieve high performance, reducing costs with raw materials and process, defining its implementation and the reduction of environmental impacts. In selecting materials for the manufacture of membranes, ceramic materials (alumina, zirconia, titania, and silica) compared to polymeric materials have advantages such as longer life, high strength, and ease of cleaning. This book is aimed at students, researchers, and engineers who search for general knowledge in the field of membrane technology, particularly in the use of ceramic membranes. The following chapters present several relevant aspects in the process of membrane separation, involving ceramic materials. Chapter 1 presents a brief introduction to the topic, Chap. 2 deals with an overview of some of the main processes of membrane separation, Chap. 3 presents the main raw materials used in the preparation of ceramic membranes as well as the main techniques of obtaining, Chap. 4 presents some techniques generally used in the characterization of ceramic membranes, Chap. 5 presents some applications of the ceramic membranes and, finally, Chap. 6 presents the ceramic membrane modules. We wish that the following text guides the reader in a clear and objective way and that the information present will be appropriate for professionals and students v

6 vi Preface who want to access knowledge focused on the area of ceramic membranes applied in separation processes. Finally, we would thank the staff of Springer Verlag for their professional guidance in regard to this book. Caxias do Sul-RS, Brazil March 2017 Dionisio da Silva Biron Venina dos Santos Mara Zeni

7 Contents 1 Introduction Overview Membranes Separations Membrane Definition Microfiltration Microfiltration History Microfiltration Process Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration History Ultrafiltration Processes Nanofiltration Nanofiltration History Nanofiltration Process Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis History Reverse Osmosis Process Gas Separation Gas Separation History Gas Separation Process Membrane Distillation Membrane Distillation History Membrane Distillation Process References vii

8 viii Contents 3 Ceramic Membranes Preparation Raw Materials Used in the Preparation of Ceramic Membranes Alumina Zeolites Titania Zirconia Silica Other Materials Processes Applied in Ceramic Membrane Preparation Extrusion Slip Casting Tape Casting Dip-Coating Pressing Sol Gel References Ceramic Membranes Characterization Permeability Solute Rejection Assays Porosimetry by Mercury Intrusion Gas Adsorption and Desorption BET Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) References Applications of Ceramic Membranes Food Industry Juice Industry Beer Industry Wine Industry Dairy Industry Water Treatment Water Purification Water Desalination Wastewater Treatment Biotechnology References

9 Contents ix 6 Ceramic Membrane Modules Plate and Frame Modules Spiral Wound Modules Tubular Modules Perforated Block Modules Hollow Fiber Modules Rotating Disk Modules Which Module to Use? References

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