Challenges in Community Managed Water Projects in Dodoma Municipality
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1 Article International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 2014, 3(1): 1-8 International Journal of Modern Social Sciences Journal homepage: ISSN: Florida, USA Challenges in Community Managed Water Projects in Dodoma Municipality Fredrick Mfinanga 1, * and Abiud Kaswamila 2 1 Department of Gender Studies, Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy, P.O BOX 9193 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Dodoma P. O. Box 395, Dodoma, Tanzania * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; frillalex@yahoo.com Article history: Received 11 December 2013, Accepted 3 January 2014, Published 9 January Abstract: An assessment of the sustainability of community managed water projects was conducted in Dodoma Municipality. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and field site visits. Findings indicate low sustainability of water projects in the area due to poor water infrastructures, lack of external support, financial constraints and weak leadership. In order to ensure efficient distribution of water to the needy, the study recommends increased awareness campaigns on the role of communities in managing water projects; increased cooperation among the communities, local governments, charity organizations, NGO s and donors; and the Municipality and/or DUWASA to take an active role in community water projects by providing human resources, funds and technical assistance. Keywords: Community management, Dodoma Urban Water and Sewerage Authority (DUWASA), Sustainability, Water projects. 1. Introduction Water is essential for life and a catalyst to socio-economic development in all countries (Mwandosya, 2008). Most of the people categorized as lacking access to clean water use about 5 litres
2 2 a day-one tenth of the average daily amount used in rich countries to flush toilets (United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2006). The 1977 United Nations Conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina recommended the 1980s to be the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade with the goal of providing every person with access to water of safe quality and adequate quantity, along with basic sanitary facilities, by 1990 (WHO, 2003). It is often argued by rural water experts, the World Bank (WB) and other donor agencies that Community Participation is fundamental to the success of water supply in rural areas particularly in developing countries (Schouten and Moriarty, 2003). In Tanzania a revised NAWAPO was launched in 2002 (URT, 2002) as a starting point of a new policy framework, which is to be developed at a national scale in Tanzania. NAWAPO (URT, 2002) is based on the process of decentralization by devolution, on cost-recovery, and on the issue of ownership. Implementation of these principles has entailed significant implications for agencies of the rural water sector and the way they operate (Lou, 2008). The Government s new role is one of policy and guideline formulation, coordination, monitoring and regulation (ibid). The management and coordination of the day-to-day activities moves to the local authorities, which undertake the primary responsibility for implementation of new rural water supply schemes and sanitation infrastructure. Communities are expected to initiate demand for improvements of facilities since it is to be a demanddriven approach, and not only their participation throughout the project cycle has to be guaranteed, but users are also committed to achieve full cost recovery on ongoing operation and maintenance (Lou, 2008). This article assesses (i) the water delivery status in Dodoma Municipality (ii) the constraints faced by both customers and service providers and (iii) community participation in planning and their willingness to pay for the services provided. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. The Study Area Dodoma Municipality has a total of 40 villages, 34 deep water wells, 80 shallow water wells, 2 dams, 1 natural spring and 4 wind mills (Dodoma Municipality Profile, 2009). With a total of people only 34% access clean and safe water (Dodoma Municipality Profile, 2009). The operation of these water schemes is being done by the community themselves, through water user committees. Three wards, viz: Nzuguni, Iyumbu Ng hongonha were involved in the study. Out of these wards six streets were picked. The streets were: Nyerere Nzuguni, Mapinduzi Nzuguni, Lusinde Ng hong ona, Nyerere Ng hong ona, Malichela Iyumbu and Mwinyi Iyumbu.
3 Data Collection Different methods were used for data collection. The methods included household questionnaire survey, interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and field visits. The objective of using various methods was to triangulate the information so as to increase data reliability and validity. The details for each method are described below Household questionnaire surveys Household questionnaires were administered to households who were picked using simple random sampling technique. Simple random sampling ensures that each subject has an equal chance of being picked. A total of 84 households were picked Interviews Six street chairpersons and Ward Executive Officers with duties related to management of water projects under community management were interviewed. Street and ward leaders had worked in the respective streets/villages for more than 3 years, implying that they had vast experiences in water related issues and/or problems Focus group discussion Focus group discussion involved water management committees. In order to capture information from different groups of people, youths, adults and females took place in the discussions. Issues discussed were on challenges of water availability and ways to mitigate the problem Field visits Site visits were undertaken in each street to assess the situation on the ground regarding delivery status of water projects and constraints facing local people. Also information related to the physical features of the projects such as water points, water pipes, water tanks and wells were also assessed Data analyses The collected data were mainly qualitative in nature; this necessitated the use of qualitative data analysis techniques such as content analysis and memoing. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and cross tabulation were also used in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were derived using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version Results and Discussion 3.1. Water Delivery Status
4 4 Several sources of accessing water are in use in the study area. The major ones in order of importance include buying from wind mills (39.3%) and traditional wells (34.5%) (Table 1). Other sources were hand pumps (15.4%) and buying from DUWASA water points (10.7%). What is evident from these results is that DUWASA which has the mandate of supplying water in the municipality has not done very well. More efforts are still required so as to reach a large population and/or area coverage. At street level, access sources varied. For example, in Mapinduzi Nzuguni they relied on buying from hand pumps and buying from DUWASA water points. In Lusinde Ng hong ona and Nyerere Ng hong ona, Malichela Iyumbu and Mwinyi Iyumbu the main water access is through buying from wind mills. The problem of access to clean and safe water in Dodoma Municipality does not differ much with other areas in the country. According to Mwakalila (2008) only 50% of the rural population in Tanzania has access to a reliable water supply service. On the other hand Mtinda, (2006) argue that in Tanzania including Dodoma and Morogoro an individual use about 1 1/ 2 hours in fetching water from public tap and/or from dug wells. This previous time could have been used for doing other productive works. Table 1: Means of accessing water for households in the study area Means of accessing water Streets Average (%) M/N N/N L/Ng Ny/N Ma/I Mw/I (%) Buying from hand pumps Local wells Buying from DUWASA water points Buying from wind mill sources Source: Field Data Survey, 2011 n= number of respondents M/N=Mapinduzi Nzuguni N/N = Nyerere Nzuguni L/Ng = Lusinde Ng hong ona Ny/N = Nyerere Ng hong ona Ma/I = Malichela Iyumbu Mw/I= Mwinyi Iyumbu 3.2. Constraints of Water Projects Water projects constraints were also investigated. Findings indicate that the constraints varied from one area to another. Overall, the main constraints were lack of support such as financial and technical assistances (36.9%), unreliable pumping systems (32.1%), absence of water management committees (11.9%) and lack of transparency on revenues generated from water projects (19%) (Table 2). To address these constraints efforts and/or strategies need to be in place. DUWASA in collaboration with other NGOs dealing with supply and distribution in the area should recruit more
5 5 water technicians to provide timely services including repairs and avoiding water losses through leakages. Where possible local communities should be given short training on water management and when problems are beyond their capacity report to responsible authorities. Table 2: Constraints of water projects Constraints Unreliable pumping system Lack of support such as finance and technical assistances Street (%) M/N N/N Lusinde Ny Ma Mw Average Absence of water management committee Lack of transparency in revenue n= number of respondents M/N=Mapinduzi Nzuguni N/N = Nyerere Nzuguni L/Ng = Lusinde Ng hong ona Ny/N = Nyerere Ng hong ona Ma/I = Malichela Iyumbu Mw/I= Mwinyi Iyumbu As for the use of funds, transparency and accountability should be emphasized. There is need to have user-friendly structures and/or systems which could ensure safe use of funds realized from water projects. Water committees should among other things ensure that water projects funds are appropriately used. During this study only Nzuguni had water management committee, the remaining had water projects managed by planning and finance committees. Brikke (1993) argues that water committees are important to co-ordinate local management of new water supply systems. Before forming a water committee, it is important to ensure that their roles and responsibilities are made clear (Davis et al; 1993). When the roles and responsibilities are not clear, it creates roles confusion among water committee members, which subsequently affects their motivation to work on behalf of the community. Harvey & Reed (2004) contend that successful community management of water supply services needs on-going support such as financial and technical support and guidance even if communities are well trained and organized to operate the system. Mtinda (2006) had the views that Local governments, NGOs and private sectors are the important organs to ensure institutional support for the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services under Community Management approach. Views from focus group discussion identified differences in water service charges as a constraint. These charges are normally set by street and/or village general assembly. For example, in
6 6 Mapinduzi Nzuguni and Nyerere Nzuguni the price was Tshs. 2.5/litre while in Lusinde Ng ohng ohna and Nyerere Ng ohng ohna the price set was Tshs. 1/litre and in Malichela Iyumbu and Mwinyi Iyumbu the price set was Tshs. 2/litre. It was clear how this becomes a constraint taking into account the fact that these charges are relatively lower than the actual price currently charged by DUWASA. The current charge is between Tshs /litre Community Participation in Planning and Their Willingness to Pay Respondents were asked on whether they participated in water project planning in its initial stages; they were also probed on their willingness to pay (WTP) after the projects had taken off. Answers were limited to Yes or No. Regarding participation in planning the majority took place and the same applies to the WTP and the proportions were 86.9% (Fig. 1) and 96.4% (Fig. 2) respectively. Fig. 1: Participation of communities in project planning
7 7 Fig. 2: Willingness to pay for water services in the study area 4. Conclusions Findings from the study indicate that despite the high participation in water project planning in different forms labour and cash and high willingness to pay for water charges by the local communities the water delivery status is still low as nearly half of the population had no access to clean and safe water. The causes for this situation were mainly high price of water charges, inefficient pumps, poor leadership, and inadequate support from local government, inadequate water technicians and insufficient water supply points. In order to ensure efficient distribution of water to the needy, the study recommends increased awareness campaigns on the role of communities in managing water projects; increased cooperation among the communities, local governments, charity organizations, NGO s and donors; and the Municipality and/or DUWASA to take an active role in community water projects by providing human resources, funds and technical assistance. Acknowledgments We are thankful to The University of Dodoma for giving us the financial support to conduct this study. References Barker, F. (1998). World water demand and supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and issues
8 8 Klümper, S. (1996). Analysis of Water Supply Projects in Practical, in Cost-Benefit Analysis and Project Appraisal in Developing Countries, Colin Kirkpatrick and John Weiss (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, U.K. Lou, M. H. & Waters, R. (2008). Sustainability Assessment of National Rural Water Supply Program in Tanzania, Natural Resources Forum, 32: 4. Mensah, K. (1998). Restructuring the Delivery of Clean Water to Rural Communities in Ghana: The Institutional and Regulatory Issues. Water Policy, 1: Mtinda, E. O. (2006). Sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services under community management approach: The case of six villages in Tanzania. Department of Water and Environmental Study. Linkopings Universitet. Musonda, K. (2004), Issue Regarding Sustainability of Rural Water Supply in Zambia, Master Thesis The University of South Africa. Mwakila, W. (2008). An Assessment of Community Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation Services: The Case of Yombo Dovya and Barabara ya Mwinyi, Water Community Projects, Temeke, Tanzania. Unpublished Master Degree thesis, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague Netherlands. Schonten, T. & Moriarty, P. (2004). Scaling up the community management of rural water supply. Water lines, 23(2): United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report (2006). Beyond Scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis. URT (2002). National Water Policy. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. WHO (2003). Domestic water quantity, service level and health. 15/09/2010.
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