Outline. Municipal Wastewater Engineering. Advanced wastewater treatment. Advanced wastewater treatment. Advanced wastewater treatment

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1 epartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Municipal Wastewater Engineering (4) Prof. Ján erco, Sc. Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, SUT, SK Outline 1. What are advanced wastewater treatment processes? 2. What is the reason for nutrient removal from WW?. What processes are used for biological nitrogen removal? 4. What bioreactors and treatment technologies are applied for nitrogen removal? 5. How does it work biological phosphorous removal? 6. What bioreactors and treatment technologies are applied for phosphorous removal? 7. What treatment technologies are applied for nitrogen and phosphorous removal? 2 Advanced wastewater treatment Advanced wastewater treatment insufficient level of treatment to protect the receiving waters or to provide reusable water for industrial and / or domestic recycle additional treatment steps are added to WWTPs to provide for further organics and solids removals for removal, P, refractory and / or toxic pollutants Processes designed to produce an effluent of higher quality than normally achieved by secondary treatment processes or containing unit operations not normally found in secondary treatment covers almost all unit operations not commonly found in current wastewater treatment. 4 Advanced wastewater treatment itrification, denitrification, enhanced phosphorous removal Physical-chemical / chemical nutrient removal Air striping Chemical precipitation of phosphorous Membrane systems Municipal WW treatment 5 Advanced wastewater treatment Membrane systems Industrial WW treatment Physical-chemical or chemical removal of resistant and / or toxic pollutants Adsorption Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) Other selected processes Sand filtration, microscreening Combined chemical and biological processes 6 1

2 itrification process transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitite and/or nitrate - chemoautotrophic nitrification bacteria (itrosomonas, itrobacter) synthesis of new cells inorganic carbon / CO 2 energy yield two-step oxidation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate: itrosomonas + + H 4 + 2O 2 O + 2H + H 2O itrobacter + + 2H 4 + O 2 2O 2 + 4H + 2H 2O Total reaction / transformation 2 + O 2 2O 7 Conventional WW treatment 2O itrobacter sp. 8 Anoxic environment denitrification process the level of dissolved oxygen maintained near zero less than 0,5 mg.l -1 the reduction of nitrite and nitrate products of denitrification process nitrogen oxide or nitrogen: O O 2 O 2O 2 denitrification process - organic carbon source is necessary enitrification A red + O A oxid + energy Methanol: 5 CH OH + 6 O - 5 CO H 2 O + 6 OH CH OH + 6 O - 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + 6 OH Reduction of 62 mg O - neutraliz. cap. by 1 mmol OH - OH - + CO 2 HCO - and/or CO 2- -O - 2,5 at O 2 1 g -O - 2,86 g O 2 (16. 2,5/14) 9 Odstraňovanie nutrientov z OV 10 enitrifikácia -O - 2 1,5 at O 2 1 g -O - 2 1,71 g O 2 (16. 1,5/14) Kinetics of denitrification Monod typ Higher concentrations (1 10 mg.l -1 ) kinetics of 0-order d S O -/dt = k. X Oxic / Anoxic OUR itate OUR = f (Oxic OUR) k so T υ = 1,05 1,1 k with exogeneous substrate ph 6 9 esign / control calculations: r nitrate 0,8 r oxic Contiuously flow Batch system Odstraňovanie nutrientov z OV 11 Odstraňovanie nutrientov z OV 12 2

3 Enhanced biological phosphorus removal luxury uptake combination of anaerobic and aerobic or anoxic conditions is inevitable, bacteria Acinetobacter spp. (strain Lwoffi) accumulation of the excess phosphates in cells, the presence of short-chain volatile acids (acetates) is inevitable for the accumulation of phosphates. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal luxury uptake anaerobic environment - bacteria Acinetobacter ssp. utilise acetic acid / acetates PHB (poly-βhydroxybuterate) - reserve substances energy yield - depolymerization of polyphosphates to phosphates aerobic or anoxic conditions / environment: PHB is metabolised providing energy for the uptake of all available orthophosphate - acummulation as polyphosphate in cells of Acinetobacter ssp Enhanced biological phosphorus removal 1 C org - CO, BO phosphates Randal et al., 1992, esign and Retrofit of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Biological utrient Removal WW in USA CO 400 mg.l -1 P 6 10 mg.l mg.l assimilation of 1 kg P 111 kg of algae (C 106 H 26 O P) 18 kg CO 6 mg.l -1 P 828 mg.l -1 CO - assimilation of 1 kg 16 kg of algae 20 kg CO 0 mg.l mg.l -1 CO 16 Three-sludge systems BIOLOGICAL ITROGE C REMOVAL Q C RS RS RS C organic pollution / carbon nitrification denitrification RS return sludge Q WW flow 18

4 Two-sludge systems Pre-denitrification C Q C RS RS C organic pollution / carbon nitrification denitrification RS return sludge Q WW flow treatment efficiency: E = R/(R+1). 100 [%] Pre-denitrification system Pre-denitrification system 100 E [%] R [ - ] t ALPHA System R-- system recirkulácia Recirculation AKZ Influent vstup Effluent výstup treatment efficiency: E = [1-1/n(R+1)]. 100 [%] vratný kal R Returned sludge 2 Excess sludge prebytoèný kal 24 4

5 Modified Bardenpho Process Alternating denitrification denitrification Primary effluent Mixed liquor return Anoxic tank Aerobic tank Anoxic tank Aerobic Secondary tank clarifier Effluent Return sludge nitrification A B C Reaktor 1 Reaktor 1 Reaktor 1 Reaktor 1 Reaktor 2 Reaktor 2 Reaktor 2 Reaktor 2 mg /l Reaktor 1 H 4 - O - min Reaktor 2 O - Post-denitrification Benefits (in comparison to pre-denitrification): lower recirculation possibility to achieve higher treatment efficiency / possibility of total elimination of nitrogen pollution rawbacks: achievement of higher treatment efficiency external source of organic carbon industrial WW segregated / separated flow/stream of concentrated WW H 4 - min doesn t contain org a -H Simultaneous denitrification Carrousel bioreactor A 1 A 2 A A 4 oxic anoxic

6 CO profiles in the Carrousel bioreaktor 700 O 2 profiles in the Carrousel bioreactor CO [mg.l ] A 1 A 2 A A 4-1 O 2[mg.l ] 2 1 A1 A2 A A Length [m] Lenght [m] Oxidation ditch Intermitently aerated completely mixed bioreactor 1 1- oxic 2- anoxic - clarifier 2 4 Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) Rotating biological contactor 5 6 6

7 Combined suspended and fixed-film biomass reactors the biofilm support material - placed into the aeration tank the support material: - firmly arranged in the tank - modular plastic materials or plastic nets - kept in free motion together with activated sludge - small particles - plastic foam or other porous materials dispersed in the system two form of biomass in the reactors - different values of main parameter - SRT benefits - treatment of readily and slow biodegradable components, i.g. organics removal with nitrification Combined suspended and fixed-film biomass reactors significant improvement of the efficiency of nitrification - in comparison with simple activated sludge system a considerable improvement in activated sludge settling properties the increase of the total amount of biomass in the reactor - the decrease of activated sludge loading a combination of a rotating biological contactor partly submerged into activated sludge tank was also developed trickling filter - recirculation of wastewater contained unsettled sloughed biomass 7 8 Biological phosphorus removal in main stream BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL return sludge Luxury uptake influent AAER OX ST effluent 40 Poly P bakteria eisser identification PhoStrip P removal in side stream black clusters influent aeration tank ST effluent returned sludge recirculation of sludge free of P ST P AAE chemical sludge WW suply lime

8 BIOLOGICAL ITROGE A PHOSPHORUS An REMOVAL FA O 2 PHB CO 2, H 2 O PO 4 -P PO 4 -P 44 A 2 O Process A 2 O Process nitri/denitri Anaerobic reactor AII/O Influent An enitrification + nitrification reactor Return sludge Phoredox Secondary clarifier An p a P Effluent

9 JHB An UCT AnR An An R UCT proces University of Cape Town EASC PROCES anaerobic stage - PST Sludge Return itrate Recycle Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic Influent Effluent nitri/denitr i MLSS Return IASH PROCES denitrification of returned sludge nitri/denitri Metabolic selection of mikroorganisms the growth of some filaments (Thiothrix, Leucothrix, Sphaerotilus natans, H. hydrossis, Types 021 and 1701) in anoxic conditions slow or negligible - their metabolisms is not able to transfer electrons from substrate to nitrogen oxic zone growers

10 Metabolic selection of mikroorganisms A 2 O Process/Technology their growth depends on availability and concentration of substrate in oxic zone, i.e. in the nitrification zone, Effluent to SST some microorganism are not able utilise hydrolysis of polyphosphate in anaerobic environment as an energy source. Anaerobic reactor Returned sludge Influent from PST Final remarks the selection of the type of the reactor / technology for wastewater: raw material - i.e. nature of WW to be traded, process requirements - i.e. objectives of the WW treatment, hydraulic aspects and reaction kinetics governing the processes, capital and operational costs

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