AGRAR. Augmenting Groundwater Resources by Artificial Recharge. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria nd November 2006

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1 AGRAR Augmenting Groundwater Resources by Artificial Recharge UNESCO G-WADI MEETING ON WATER HARVESTING ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria nd November 2006

2 Project objectives BGS approached by DFID in 2000 to undertake a review of current state of knowledge on AR Phase I ( ): - Review of literature - Overview of methodologies - Assessment of physical & socio-economic factors determining effectiveness little systematic evaluation of effectiveness of AR in different physical and socio-economic contexts results often anecdotal

3 Objectives of Phase II Jul 2002 Oct 2005 Improve understanding of the factors that determine the effectiveness of AR schemes - Field-based case studies in a range of hydrogeological and societal settings - Supporting desk-based reviews Focus on low technology methods in rural India Develop and disseminate guidance

4 Partners and research sites Detailed field-based case studies - ACWADAM & Gomukh: Kolwan Valley - VIKSAT: Satlasna - TNAU: Coimbatore District Alwar Kolwa n Valley Coimbatore Kathmandu Review of AR activities in Rajasthan - Institute for Development Studies, Jaipur Explore AR potential in Kathmandu - Nepal Water Conservation Foundation Satlasana Kolwan Valley other partners ISET, BGS Coimbatore

5

6 Field-based d case studies Approach detailed physical assessment of small number of recharge structures and their catchments larger number of satellite structures for less detailed physical assessment to help gauge representativeness village-scale, socio-economic surveys to assess impacts on livelihoods of recharge activities study of management and institutional arrangements associated with design and implementation of the recharge structures Dissemination through workshops and reports

7 Water balance of a recharge pond

8 Research site instrumentation

9 Scenario modelling localised widespread

10 Impacts of fractures

11 Scenario modelling 3 Transmissivity 10 m 2 /d Storage coefficient 0.5% Boundary radius 1250 m Recharge 20 mm/d for 100 days 2.5 ground dwater level (m m) End of recharge period 100 days 130 days 160 days One month later 0.5 Two months later distance from centre of dam

12 Response with distance 6 5 groundw water level (m) m 500 m 1000 m time (days)

13 Walki river basin or Kolwan valley Deccan basalt: hydrogeologically heterogeneous rocks Various dimensions of artificial recharge: scientific, social & economic (studied under the AGRAR project).

14 Groundwater in volcanic terrain

15 Sequence of basalt lavas shows alternate units with vertical and horizontal jointing patterns. Alternate layers of horizontal and vertically jointed basalts with some degree of hydraulic continuity between units 2 & 3 3 2

16 Groundwater balance example from Deccan basalt aquifer T= 2-4 m 2 /d Sy<1% Chikhalgaon, Kolwan Valley Ave. ann. ppt mm Proportion of infiltration to rainfall. 6% Small part of infiltration converts into effective recharge Significant base flow (seasonal)

17 Pumping Natural recharge Pumping Induced infiltration Base flows Base flows cease Runoff Rainfall

18 Satlasana area, Mehsana district, Gujarat Largely representative of hydrogeological conditions in basement gneisses with associated granites and pegematites. Coarse alluvial veneer - highly permeable Recharge initiatives through watershed development programmes. Geological map (modified after Merh, 1995)

19 Satlasana area: Gujarat Moderate rainfall, 350 mm, short periods of rapid runoff with high sediment load High groundwater abstraction Moderate transmissivity & storativity Water levels in places down to 40 m below ground Mainly check dams on drainage lines as part of watershed development VIKSAT, Ahmedabad

20 Satlasana area: Gujarat

21 Satlasana groundwater level monitoring

22 Satlasana area: Gujarat 220 Bhanavas Still Well Full Reservoir Level m 50 ced Level Reduc RBL m Sensor Level m fall (mm) Rainf Jun 25-Jun 9-Jul 23-Jul 6-Aug 20-Aug 3-Sep 17-Sep 1-Oct 15-Oct 0

23 Karnampettai, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu Representative of hydrogeological conditions in banded gneisses and associated rocks with highly variable weathered profiles Little weathered or alluvial surface layer Ponds and tanks created Ponds and tanks created by impound water along stream channels for AR

24 Karnampettai, Tamil Nadu Moderate rainfall (bimodal) 530 mm, short periods of runoff High groundwater abstraction Low transmissivity with moderate storativity Water levels relatively shallow Mainly check dams on drainage Mainly check dams on drainage lines as part of watershed development

25 Distribution of observation points at Karanampettai Water level datum(m) Water level fluctuations in Karanampettai: Feb'04 - Jan' Pond NBW8,9 NBW7 NBW3 NBW2,5,6 2/6/04 3/6/04 4/2/04 5/7/04 6/4/04 7/2/04 8/6/04 9/3/04 10/1/0410/15/0410/22/0411/10/04 12/2/04 1/3/05 Dates of observation KP-PP NBW2,5,6 NBW3 NBW7 NBW8,9

26 Comparison of response of water levels mm/d Rainfall 350 mm base of dam Karnampettai rain nfall (mm) mm/d PE ~ 4 mm/d Rainfall 413 mm water leve el in dam (masl) Satlasana Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan mm/d Rainfall 1860 mm Kolwan Valley aey 20 0 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan

27 Summary of results Karnampettai Satlasana Kolwan Valley Catchment t area. km Rainfall (average). mm 728 (527) 441 (693) 1,860 (1,660) Recharge estimate. m 3 14,600 56, Depth equivalent. mm 10 (1.4% rainfall) 5 (1.1% rainfall) 12 (0.6% rainfall) % of natural recharge 23% 4-16% 13%

28 Insights from case studies Hydrogeologically complex environments: single approach not appropriate. Basic scientific ifi and social sciences understanding required on different scales. Need for good primary & secondary data as well as the capacity to interpret this data. AR structures effective at enhancing recharge sustainability? Impact on downstream users in some localities, both positive and negative Maintenance NGO-driven, little local ownership No solution without t demand management

29 MAR basic requirements Availability of water for MAR Ability to get water into the ground Available storage in aquifer Demand for recharged water

30 Conclusions MAR alone does not resolve groundwater overdraft and must be used in conjunction with demand management pricing, improved irrigation efficiency etc. - a key component in a water management toolkit. Investment in site investigation and monitoring needed to improve success, understanding of effectiveness and hence cost-benefit Legislation and regulations needed to address issues of ownership, water quality management and pollution prevention Reduce uncertainty through demonstration projects, research and dissemination of information training at all levels

31 Thank you h / /AGRAR

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