Biodiversity week from the 18th to the 26 th May 2013

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1 Biodiversity week from the 18th to the 26 th May 2013 The Santry River Overview of the ecological status of Santry River and the biodiversity of Santry woods BESCHUS Laëtitia Volunteer for Forest Friends Ireland Forest Friends Ireland

2 On the occasion of the biodiversity week 2013, Forest Friends Ireland organized an evening walk through Santry Woods (Parklands) along the Santry River on 22 nd May, For this event, a full report of the biodiversity around Santry River and Santry woods is presented. 1. Site presentation 1. The Santry river watershed The Santry River is situated in Ireland, in the Eastern river basin District (Fig.1). This basin District is a home to rich agricultural land, but is also well urbanized with the city of Dublin and the surrounding towns which form the Greater Dublin Area and its commuter belt. 40% of Ireland population is living in this district of which 90% is concentrated in the Greater Dublin. The Eastern RBD is divided into five subcatchments: Cammock, Dodder, Tolka, Liffey and Santry/Mayne/Sluice. The Santry Mayne Sluice water management unit (Fig.2) is under the authority of Fingal (74%) and Dublin (26%). Fig 1- Ireland River Basin District. The red star matchs the position of the Santry River Figure 1- The Santry Mayne Sluice Water Management Unit in orange, which included the Santry river watershed in yellow.

3 2. The Santry River characteristics This seven kilometers river flows from around Ballymun golf course until Sutton creek. Its mouth forms part of the eastern lagoon behind North Bull island (Fig.3). The watershed of Santry River is approximately 16 km². It is essentially covered upstream by pasture and urbanization with the city of Santry and industries (Claunshaugh business and technology park and airways industrial estates) are more concentrated downstream. This river is crossed by two highways (M1 and M50) and by the train railways. Figure 3- Santry River watershed and its land occupation with urban areas and industries. The red section is Santry woods where the 22 nd May evening walk took place.

4 2. The ecological status of the Santry River through Santry woods The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires monitoring the physical, chemical and biological quality elements to characterize the ecological status of a river. 1. Hydromorphology The morphology of the Santry River is considered as heavily modified. Due to the development of surrounding and immediate urban areas, the bed and the channel have been modified to prevent from flood. The channelization consists of substituting straights cuts to decrease the length of the channel. In this way, the sinuous channel becomes straight and urban development is easier. However, this channelization leads to several bad effects on the stream. First, a major impact is the increase of the flow rapidity during flood because there are no more meanders. Then, the high flow leads to the erosion of the banks which causes an enlargement of the channel (Fig.4) and thus a spread of the water height. Moreover, the riparian vegetation decreases whereas it is really essential to create habitats, shady areas and bring organic matter. So, during the year, great fluctuation of stream levels and water temperatures appeared. The bed is also eroded by the straightened and ditched stream and substrates are shifted from heterogeneous sediment to small particles such as silt and clay. On this section of Santry River, the major bed is really large and water levels are low. There are very few different runoff features and most of them are standing; that s why an important deposit of clay and mud takes place and recovers the original substrate. Finally, on a section upstream the lake, the stream is covered; there the river is totally artificial. Figure 4- The Santry River through Santry woods, upstream the lake

5 2. Water quality 1. Polluted water The rivers of Dublin City are all affected by pollution due to their location to the city at the downstream of their catchments. They receive different forms of pollution of which the main pressures are sewer overflows, misconnections of wastewater from individual houses and urban runoff. The Santry River has been noted for pollution incidents over the years since the monitoring by the EPA began in Urban point and diffuse pollution in the middle and lower point with industrial effluents and building materials are the most common causes (some of the latter once caused the main pond by the Stardust Memorial to be drained and reformed). A recent report from March 2013 showed that the existing pump station on swords road, just downstream the section, is now under capacity and regularly overflows to the Santry River, particularly during rainfall events. According to the River basin management plan , the Santry River is classified as having a moderate chemical status under the Water Framework Directive with high level of nutrients such as ammonia and phosphorus and a lack of oxygenation recorded. During fieldworks in May, the stream and the lake show a high development of algae. These primary producers are developing in a larger amount than expected. During the night, the photorespiration is occurring and it can lead to a lethal decrease of oxygen saturation and kills fishes. This process of eutrophication (Fig.5) is a sign of high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the water and bad water quality. Figure 5- Signs of eutrophication in the lake with algal blooms, in May 2013

6 2. Slight improvement of the quality from 2002 to 2010 According to reports from different local authorities and from different sources of monitoring, serious pollution had abated and an improvement of the water quality was noticed (Fig.6). Indeed, under the Water Framework Directive the status of the Santry River has changed from a bad status during several years to a moderate status in However, according to the sign of eutrophication on the river r and in the lake in May 2013, it doesn t seem that the water is still at a moderate quality status. High 5 Good 4 Moderate 3 Poor 2 Bad Figure 6- Water quality classification of the Santry river at the Station Clonshaugh Rd from 1988 to 2010, under the Water Framework Directive Moreover, since October 2006, a project to remove the existing Pump Station on Swords road and to replace it with a modern Pump Station which meets the requirements of capacity, health and safety has been proposed by Fingal County Council. The proposed Scheme will greatly reduce the number of overflows to the Santry River to less than one per year and will thus greatly improve the situation. This Pump station project is still under upgrading and the design had to be re-examined in light of the Water Framework Directive. 3. Overview of the Santry river fishery According to Fingal County Council, despite the polluted status of the river, many characteristic river plants and animals can be found in and along the rivers such as otters, trouts, kingfishers, wagtails or green figwort. However, the Santry River constitutes a non-salmonid system. The causes of this bad fish status are mainly: - The bad water quality with lots of pollution occurring through the years from diffuse or acute sources. The high level of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus leads to a proliferation of diatoms and macrophytes and then to an eutrophication. This process

7 causes a lack of oxygen (which has already been recorded) and is harmful for most of fish but particularly for sensitive fish like salmonids. - Impassable features such as weirs and dams. Because of the presence of a number of those located towards the lower end of the system, diadromous species are particularly threatened. Indeed, diadromous fish such as salmons, European eels and sea lamprey are using both fresh and sea water during their life cycle. It is apparent from surveys that sea lamprey are regularly encountered downstream of major weirs in the large rivers that they ascend. Such weirs are, frequently, the first barrier to be encountered and preclude the sea lamprey from use of a large area of catchment upstream. - Low flow conditions can exacerbate the impact of barriers, with significant numbers of Atlantic salmons being corralled downstream of obstructions that, in normal or elevated flow, they would have no difficulty in ascending. Barriers can prevent or delay spawning migration and, even where passage has been successful, the stress and energy loss to fish may impact adversely on quality and quantity of spawning. No regular fish monitoring is carried on the Santry River; however on 15 th May 2013, Inland Fisheries Ireland has proceeded to an electrical fishing of the section upstream the lake. Only five three-spined sticklebacks were found (Fig.7). Figure 7- Inland Fisheries Officers during the elctrical fishing of teh Santry river and one of the three-spined stickleback fished The lack of fish diversity is a sign of bad status and pollution. The stickleback is a species that occurs in a wide variety of waters and is not really sensitive. The main reasons of these results are the lack of habitat and food because of substrates covering by silt and because of water pollution. No recent studies have been made on the lake of the section. Few years ago, some roachs and carps were added to the lake but no monitoring has followed. In view of the poor diversity in the stream and the large blooms of algae in the lake, it doesn t seem that it contains much fish species.

8 4. Overview of the Santry woods biodiversity 1. leafy trees Alder (Alnus sp.) Apple tree (Malus sp.) Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) Elm (Ulmus sp.) Evergreen oak / English oak (Quercus robur) Hawthorn/may (Crataegus monogyna) Hazel (Corylus avellana) Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) Lime (Tilia sp.) Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) Table dogwood (Cornus controversa) Willow (Salix sp.) 2. Flowers Bluebell Buttercup Common Dog-violet (Viola riviniana) Common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) Cowslip (Primula veris) Daffodil Daisy Dandrodil

9 Ground-ivy (Glechoma hederacea) Iris Lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) Red campion (Silene dioica) Violet Water lily Wild garlic (Allium ursinum) 3. Herbaceous plants Nettle (Urtica sp.) Reeds Ribwort Horsetail (Equisetum sp.) 4. Birds Black bird (Turdus merula) Coot (Fulica atra) Heron Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) Magpie (Pica pica) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) Mute swan (Cygnus olor) Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus)

10 5. Bibliography Final programme of measures- Santry Mayne Sluice WMU. Eastern river basin district. Greater Dublin drainage. Alternative sites assessment phase two. Sites assessment and routes selection reports. May Eastern river basin district- River basin management plan: Executive summary: Dublin city. Ireland red list n 5- Amphibians, reptiles and freshwater fishes. Report on the interim classification of ecological potential and identification of measures for ireland s heavily modified water bodies. Final report, december Chapter two the water quality of rivers, streams and canals. Water quality in Ireland Mobile Monitoring Unit -Investigative Monitoring Dublin City Council. Fingal county council Santry Pump Station Scheme Public Consultation Report for Full Council Meeting Monday 11th March WFD Method statement for the classification of surface water bodies v3 (2012 classification release) Monitoring Strategy Jan Webography En.wikipedia.org

11 Compte rendu of the biodiversity week event On Wednesday 22 nd May, 2013, Forest Friends Ireland organised a walk on Santry River and Santry woods biodiversity. This walk was led by Laëtitia Beschus, a freshwater ecologist and a Forest Friends Ireland s volunteer. Twelve persons came to Santry woods for this walk and the feedbacks received at the end of the event were positive. However, people were really surprised to see how the Santry River was polluted and how the water could be in such a bad quality and so polluted. There are many algae blooms in the lake, some cut lawn was left on the side of the river and none sensitive species could be seen such as amphibians.

12 To finish, I would like to thanks Inland Fisheries for their help in getting some information and data on the Santry River. We both agreed that it could be necessary to make some water analysis and find out the pollution sources to improve Santry River quality.

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