Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department"

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance Social Assessment Samaj Vi kas Development Support Organisation Final Report July 2008

2 Social Assessment -Final Report -July 2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Acronyms Introduction Background Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Objectives Scope of the Project Social Assessment Need for Social Assessment Social Assessment Objectives Scope of Work and Key Tasks Beneficiary Assessment Stakeholder Analyses Impact Assessment Analysis and Assessment of Risks Rules for securing lands Tribal Development Plan Approach and Methodology Sampling Rationale Research Tools Organization of the Report Beneficiary Assessment Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh Location and Geographic Profile Physiographic Profile Water Resources Demographic Profile Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions Population Households Literacy Main Workers Population by Religion Birth and Death Rates Primary Data Sex Ratio. Family Type and Size Region. Caste and Religious Composition Ration Cards Literacy Occupation Land and Assets Dwelling Salient Features and Issues for the Project Rural Water and Sanitation Status Water Supply Sanitation Water Supply - Primary Information Samaj Vikas (info~samajvikas.org) Page 1-2

3 Social Assessment. Final Report. July Type of Schemes Scheme Sources Major Sources of Water Supply Distance from Water Point Treatment at Source Water Quality User Treatment and Handling Time Spent in Collecting Water Persons Engaged in Collecting Water Satisfaction and Grievances Sanitation - Primary Data Latrine Usage Drainage Solid Waste Hygiene Practices Issues Institutional and Implementation Structure Introduction Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E Secretary, RWSS SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC Panchayat Raj Institutions Tribal Related - ITDA and VTDA Implementation and Operations - RWSS Department Engineer-in-Chief Chief Engineers SEs and EEs DEEs and AEEsIAEs Manpower Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD Key strengths Issues for Consideration Stakeholder Analysis Introduction Stakeholders at Different Levels Beneficiaries1 Stakeholders Expectations Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations Impact Assessment Introduction Impacts Major Risks and Assumptions Risks Assumptions Issues of Significance and Design Elements Issues of significance Proposed Design Elements and Approach Management Unit Inclusion and Equity Samaj Vikas (info@.samaivikas.org) Page 1-3

4 Social Assessment. Final Report. July Autonomy Decentralization and Subsidiarity Effective Governance and Management Transparency and Accountability Capacity Support Capacity Building Gender Issues Convergence Monitoring and Evaluation Introduction Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks Monitoring Framework Impact Evaluation Budget Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orn) Page 1-4

5 Social Assessment. Final Report. July 2008 List of Tables.. Table 1 : Scope of Activlhes Table 2: Phases of Work Table 3: Region wise sample details Table 4: Research Tools Table 5: AP Demographic Profile Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households Table 8: Region wise Literate Population, Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, Table 10: Region wise Population by Religion, Table 11 : Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure Table 13: Region wise Family Size Table 14: Religious Composition by Region Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card Table 18: Region wise Highest Education of Male Family Members Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members Table 20: Region wise Major Occupation Table 21: HH possessing Wet Land Table 22: Region wise HH possessing Dry Land Table 23: Region wise HH Assets Table 24: Region wise HH Livestock Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House Table 26: Region wise Type of House Structure Table 27: Type of House Structure by Caste Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP Table 31: District wise Water Supply Coverage Table 32: Sanitation - Latrine Coverage Table 33: Distribution of Villages by Type of Scheme Table 34: Type of Water Supply Scheme by Source Table 35: Region wise Major Sources of Water Supply Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point Table 37: Region Wise Type of Water Treatment Table 38: Type of Water Treatment by Scheme Table 39: Region wise Quality of Drinking Water Table 40: Gender by Quality of Water Table 41: Region wise Treatment given at household level to make Water Potable Table 42: Region wise HH Drinking Water Handling Practices Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in Collecting Water Table 44: Region wise Family Members Fetching Water Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction Table 46: Overall Satisfaction by Caste Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfaction of Water Supply Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint Regarding Water Supply Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orq) Page 1-5

6 Social Assessment. Final Report -July 2008 Table 49: Caste by Lodging Complaints Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply Table 51 : Complaint Lodged Table 52: Caste by expecting better water supply Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region Table 56: Latrine Usage by Region Table 57: Gender and Usage of Latrine Table 58: Family Type and Usage of Latrine Table 59: Family Size and Usage of Latrine Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine Table 61 : Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines Table 62: Children Defecation Table 63: HH Wastewater Disposal Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater Table 66: HH Solid Waste Disposal Table 67: Washing Hands Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits Table 71 : Caste and Bathing Habits Table 72: Manpower of RWSS department Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels Table 74: Beneficiaries/Stakeholders Expectations Table 75: Project Impacts Table 76: Monitoring Framework Table 77: Mid-Tern and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks Table 78: SA Budget Samaj Vikas (info~samaivikas.org). Page 1-6

7 List of Acronyms AP APL APRWSSP BC BCC BCM BPL CDD CE DEE DRP DPSU DWSC DWSM EE E-in-C FC FGD GOAP GP GPWSC HH HNU IEC IHSL IKP ISL MP MRP MTP MVS MW SC NC NSS O&M PC PIP PRI RLA RWSS Andhra Pradesh Above Poverty Level Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Backward Class Behaviour Change Communication Billion Cubic Meters Below Poverty Level Community Driven Development Chief Engineer Deputy Executive Engineer District Resource Persons District Project Support Unit District Water and Sanitation Committee District Water and Sanitation Mission Executive Engineer Engineer-in-Chief Fully Covered Focus Group Discussions Government of Andhra Pradesh Gram Panchayat Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee Household Health and Nutrition Unit Information, Education and Communication Individual Household Sanitary Latrines Indira Kranti Patham Individual Sanitary Latrines Mandal Parishad Mandal Resource Persons Medium Term Program Multi Village Schemes Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee Not Covered Not Safe Source Operation and Management Partially Covered Project Implementation Plan Panchayat Raj Institutions Rules for Land Acquisition Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Samaj Vikas Page 1-7

8 RWSSD SA SC SE SERF' SLWM SO SPSU SSC ST SVS SWOT SWSM TDP TMC TSC UGD VWSC Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Social Assessment Scheduled Caste Superintendent Engineer Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty Solid and Liquid Waste Management Support Organizations State Project Support Unit Secondary School Certificate Scheduled Tribe Single Village Schemes Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats State Water and Sanitation Mission Tribal Development Plan Thousand Million Cubic Feet (Billion Cubic Feet) Total Sanitation Campaign Under Ground Drainage Village Water and Sanitation Committee Samaj Vikas Page 1-8

9 Social Assessment -Final Report - July Background 1 Introduction Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) formulated its (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Sector vision and policy in Key features of the Vision are: Transfer of responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS services to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Communities; and Evolution of the role of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSDnodal agency) into that of a provider of technical assistance to the PRIs. Similarly, key features of the policy are: Devolution of funds,, functions and functionaries to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs); Enforcement of full recovery of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost of sharing of capital cost (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and Improvement of the "accountability framework" by clarifying roles and responsibilities of various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance, 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural water Supply and Sanitation Project Towards realizing the sector vision, GOAP is currently preparing a Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (APRWSSP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. The project forms a part of the RWSS sector investment program and implementation action plan- Medium Term Program (MTP). The Plan would serve as a financial action plan for channeling investments and other resources for integrated rural water supply and sanitation development in the state during the program period Objectives Key objective of APRWSSP is to increase rural communities' access to reliable, sustainable and affordable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. The project aims at covering a total of 2,843 habitations over a period of five years, the breakup of which is as follows: 1878 Not Covered (NC) and 199 No Safe Source (NSS) habitations. Apart from this, 766 Partially Covered (PC) habitations will be covered with water supply during the five years of MTP. This project will also carry out some augmentations and improvements to Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Household latrine and/ or sullage drainage activities will be taken up in about 2843 habitations. Additionally, 55 Mandal headquarters will be provided with Under Ground Drainage (UGD) and Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) and 55 major Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be provided with pavements and drains. 1.3 Scope of the Project The proposed scope of activities of the APRWSSP is given below: Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-9

10 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 Table 1 : Scope of Activities Components svs SVS (PC to FC) SVS (NC to FC) SVS (NSS to FC) Total Mvs MVS (PC to FC) - common & intra village facilities MVS (NC to FC) - common facilities & intra village facilities MVS (NSS to FC) - common facilities & intra I I I I village' facilities ' Total 29 2 l l U I , U- l Tota:l 448 1, , Rain water harvesting innovative technology 1, , , , , , Environmental sanitation HHSL Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs Soak pits in GPs UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters 8, , , , , , , The APRWSSP will have the following four outcome indicators for monitoring: percentage habitations with improved drinking water and sanitation services percentage rural households with access to safe and adequate water supply throughout the year percentage rural households adopting improved hygiene and sanitation practices; and improvements in cost recovery, contributions to capital and O&M Costs, and collection efficiency 1.4 Social Assessment As part of the Project preparation, the RWSSD (nodal agency) carried out a Social Assessment (SA) study. The Key Objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are: Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-10

11 1.5 Need for Social Assessment The initial project inquiry reveals that project beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regional features. The Project needs to address the requirements of the all the sub-groups, with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and enable solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, the State Project Support Unit (SPSU) of the APRWSSP conducted this Social Assessment Social Assessment Obiectives The Key Objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The Objectives of the study are: Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Examining the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach This SA includes the following: Beneficiary assessment Stakeholder analysis Social impacts Risks analysis 1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks The key tasks performed include beneficiary assessment, stakeholder analysis and impact assessment Beneficiaw Assessment Beneficiary Assessment comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level The project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services The linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning Stakeholder Analyses Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-11

12 Identifying stakeholders at different levels Mapping Key Expectations, Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof Impact Assessment Identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub-groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions Assessing and prioritizing impacts based on their significance Suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum from positive impacts Analysis and Assessment of Risks From ascertaining and analyzing the key social risks, internal and external, to the project, measures to address them were developed. From the analysis and assessment, the elements for a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach was built duly listing issues and the suggestive measures towards building CDD approach. As a part of the assessment the following rules/ plans were be prepared: Rules for securing lands The project would require land for rehabilitation/construction activities. Drawing up plans for securing lands included the following: Documenting the practices currently commonly adopted in the state Conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice Identifjrlng issues that need to be taken into account, particularly, relative to the AP State Policy on Resettlement and the World Bank's OP Based on the above, a Resettlement Policy Framework for securing lands for the proposed project was formulated. This essentially involves developing a generic framework by which project could secure lands. Generic principles including estimating replacement values for land and structures, rehabilitation measures for livelihoods, etc. were also drawn Tribal Development Plan The project area includes Scheduled Areas, which predominantly inhabited by tribals. These areas are administered by the Integrated Tribal Development Authorities (ITDA). A separate strategy for implementing the sub-project in these areas has been developed. 1.7 Approach and Methodology The study was conducted using participatory approaches throughout. Some of the participatory tools used are PRA, women group interaction, SWOT Analysis, etc. The study identified all the stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations level. Consultation with the identified stakeholders was ensured during all stages of the assignment. Process of consultation continued till the end of study. The consultations with the RWSSD during planning enabled the study to choose proper data collection methods. The Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-12

13 consultations with beneficiaries and field level stakeholders during fieldwork gave authenticity to the study findings. The assignment was completed in two phases covering four distinct stages of work as below: Table 2: Phases of Work / Fieldwodt Phase 1 Assessment and Reporting Phase 1 Inception Stage I Draft Reporting Stage I Field Swep Stage Final Reporting Stage I Sampling Rationale During the study a multi stage stratified random sampling process was adopted to ensure participation of all groups of stakeholders and beneficiaries in providing inputs for the assessment. The following criteria are used by the RWSSD for selecting sample villages for field study. Regional Representation: Andhra Pradesh has three distinct regions, namely Coastal Andhra region, Telangana region and Rayalaseema region. The sample represents all these regions. The sample has 14 habitations fiom Telangana Region, 11 habitations fiom Coastal Andhra regions and 9 habitations fioni Rayalaseema regions. In the three regions of the state 34 habitations were identified in 3 1 Mandals of 10 districts in consultation with RWSSD. Table 3: Region wise sample details Region District Andhra Region Srikakulam West Godavan Rayalaseerna Region Chttoor Kadapa Kurnool Telangana Region Karimnagar Mahaboobnaear V Rangareddy Fluoride Affected Villages Nalgonda GRAND TOTAL No. of Mandals No. of Habitations Prakasam 14 5 I I I I - I Type of Schemes: Generally RWSSD constructs two types of water supply schemes, namely Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). SVS caters to villages within a GP whereas MVS caters villages beyond a GP. In case of MVS, villages are clustered for reasons of proximity of villages, scarcity of source, quality of source, etc. The sample has both types of schemes; i.e., 30 SVS and 4 MVS. Quality of Water: The state of Andhra Pradesh is facing water quality issues, the major issue being fluoride. Out of the sample of 34 habitations 10 are fluoride affected. Thus the sample represents the quality problems of the state. Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 1-13

14 Social Assessment - Final Report - Tulv 2008 Type of Source: The water supply schemes in Andhra Pradesh have both surface water and groundwater as sources. The sample covers both types of sources. In the sample there are 25 schemes with groundwater as source and 9 schemes with surface water as source. Tribal Coverage: Andhra Pradesh has substantial tribal population and has scheduled areas too. The sample covers the tribal areas too. There are 20 villages with tribals in the sample Research Tools The details of tools and techniques used for the assessment study are presented in table below. Table 4: Research Tools S. No. Techniques I Social Mapping Household Survey Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) 4 1 Public Consultations Tools/ Instmments Checklist Household Interview 1 gc$tlaire Checklist Checklist Respondents Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PFU Members, etc. Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PFU Members, etc. Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PRI Members, etc. District level and State level stakeholders in the final regional and state level consultations Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed during the assessment study. Required software packages (Microsoft Access, SPSS etc.) were used for carrying out the collation, data coding, analysis and generation of outputs One-to-one/ Household Survey Questionnaire The research variables were finalized during the inception stage. The final modular questionnaire for the One-to-one/ Household survey essentially has the following modules: Identification and Screening Demographic characteristics Socio-Economic Status Livelihoods Water Use Practice Sanitation Practices Personal Hygiene Practices Health Related Issues Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 1-14

15 Water Distribution practices and issues Perception on Social Issues related to WSS Willingness and Capacity to Pay Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc. Coding Information Focus Group Discussions and Stakeholder Consultations Focus Group Discussions and stakeholder consultations were also held in all the villages selected as the sample for this study. The FGDs provided some very useful information and facts about the status of water supply and sanitation services and facilities available in the village. The FGDs also helped the study team to assess the potential impacts of the project and issues and challenges related to the water supply facilities. At the end of the study three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops were held at Vijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad. After these one state level consultation/ disclosure workshop was held at Hyderabad. 1.8 Organization of the Report This report has 9 chapters. First chapter gives introduction to this report which includes background, objectives, scope of the physical activities, need for social assessment, scope of work and key tasks, and approach and methodology adopted for this study. Chapter two provides the socio-economic profile of the Andhra Pradesh that includes location, geographic, physiographic profile, and demographic profile of the state. It also presents the socio-economic details the sample villages along with the salient features and issues for the project. Third chapter deals with the rural water supply and sanitation status in Andhra Pradesh. It presents water supply coverage, sanitation, water sources, quality of water, user treatment and handling, persons engaged in collecting water, and satisfaction about the water supply. It also covers the aspects of sanitation such as latrine usage, drainage, disposal of. solid waste and issues related to water and sanitation. Fourth chapter details governance and management of water and sanitation in the state. It discusses the various state, district, Mandal and village level departments, missions, committees that deal with authority and responsibility on water supply and sanitation. It provides the institutional structures and various officials as stakeholders at different levels. Fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of stakeholders at different levels as direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project. Further, it also enlists the expectations of these stakeholders and concludes with the issues that emerged during the public consultations. Chapter six deals with the impact assessment wherein the positive and negative impacts of the project are discussed. Seventh chapter attempts to identify risks, involved in the project, which may be external or internal. It also outlines certain assumptions under which the project is being prepared and implemented. Eighth chapter deals with the significance and design elements. It discusses the matters relating to inclusion, equity, participation of stakeholders, sense of ownership, mitigation of adverse effects, tribal development, capacity building, gender issues, accountability, transparency, decentralization and coverage. The final chapter gives the monitoring and evaluation arrangements for the project. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 1-15

16 Social Assessment - Final Report -July Beneficiary Assessment 2.1 Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh Location and Geographic Profile Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest state in India both in geographical area (an area of 2, 76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's temtory) and population wise (76.21 million accounting for 7.41 % of India's population of 1028 million). Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. AP lies between 12'41' and 22" longitude and 77' and 84'40' latitude. It forms the major link between the north and the south of India and is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south and Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west. AP has the longest coastline of 972 km in India. There are three main regions in the state of AP - (1) Coastal Andhra (2) Rayalaseema and (3) Telangana. AP has 22 districts, 1104 Mandals and GPs. Telugu, the official language of Andhra Pradesh, is described by Sir C.P. Brown as the "Italian of the East" Physiographic Profile AP is endowed with a variety of physiographic features ranging from high hills, thick forests, undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. The state has the advantage of having most of the east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in abundant supplies of surface water fi-om the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau up to the Bay of Bengal. The major, medium and minor rivers that flow through the state number about 40. Of these, the most important rivers in AP are Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Thungabhadra, Vamsadhara and Nagavali. Like all the peninsular rivers, all these are rain fed rivers. Nearly 75% of its area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and their tributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada, Nagavali and Musi, as well as several streams. Godavari and Krishna are the two major perennial rivers, and with their extensive canal system, provide assured irrigation. The rainfall of AP is influenced by both the south-west, north-west and north-east monsoons. The average annual rainfall in the state is 925 mm. A majority of the rainfall in AP is contributed by south-west monsoon (68.5%) during the months June to September, followed by north-east monsoon (22.3%) during the months October to December. The remaining (9.2%) of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months. The rainfall distribution in the three regions of the state differs with the season and monsoon. The influence of the south-west monsoon is predominant in the Telangana region (764.5 mm) followed by Coastal Andhra ( mm) and Rayalaseema (378.5 mm). Where as, the north-east monsoon provides a high amount of rainfall (316.8 mm) to Coastal Andhra area followed by Rayalaseema (224.3) and Telangana (97.1 mm). There are no significant differences in the distribution of rainfall during the winter and hot weather periods among the three regions Water Resources The State's (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be BCM (3820 TMC), out of which about BCM (2200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking, Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-16

17 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1400 Cu. m, and utilisation is about 800 Cu. m. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in Andhra Pradesh is 58%. (Source: Andhra Pradesh Water Vision, Water Conservation Mission, Government of Andhra Pradesh) However, there has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years for groundwater-based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction in shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for the different districts was estimated at 8% to 11.0% of mean annual rainfall, while the groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only; this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable. Regarding water quality, Fluoride is widespread in Andhra Pradesh. It has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In about six thousand habitations (out of a total of about 72 thousand habitations in the state), fluoride content in water is high. This affected several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from this fluorosis. In the recent past, new dimensions for fluorosis (like increasing concentration levels and spreading to new areas) have emerged, constituting an enigma in the State Demographic Profile AP is the most populous state in south India, though the decadal growth rate is far less than the all India average. Some of the important demographics of AP are compared to all-india averages to ascertain the state's relative performance, as captured in the table below. Table 5: AP Demographic Profile 1 Item / Andhra Pradesh I All-India 1 1 Total population (Census 2001) (in d on) P Gude Death Rate (SRS 2006) Infant Mortality Rate (SRS 2006) Maternal Mortaltty Ratio (SRS ) Female Sex Ratio (Census 2001) (per 1000 males) Population below p o v p Schedule Caste population (in don) ( Gender Development Index (GDI) Planning Commission, Government of India, March 2002 * Sample Registration System (SRS), Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Delhi. New Samaj Vikas ) - i ( Page 2-17

18 Social Assessment - Final Report -July Socio-cultural variations in Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana regions These three regions vary in terms of history, geography, social and cultural aspects. While the Telangana was part of the princely Hyderabad State ruled by Qutub Shahis, Moghals and Nizam before the Independence, the coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were under the British rule. Before the colonial days, Srikrishnadevaraya and his dynasty ruled the Rayalaseema, and Gajapathis and others ruled the Andhra region. Geographically, Andhra area is coastal region endowed with fertile soils due to alluvial deposits of Godavari and Krishna rivers, whereas the Telangana region stands on Deccan plateau with large sections of stony terrain. The Rayalaseema is a dry region with patches of black-cotton soil, but not fertile. As mentioned above, the Andhra region gets more rainfall due to monsoons, the Telangana and Rayalaseema gets less rainfall. Linguistically, Telangana is heavily influenced by Urdu and Muslim culture, the official language of the government and the religion of the rulers respectively. To some extent there is an influence of Maharashtrian culture also. In Rayalaseema, the boarder districts of Chittoor and Ananthapur are influenced by Tamil and Kannada. The Andhra region has very little influence of other languages. The extension of Eastern Ghats provides forest cover and hill-ranges in the state, and it is mostly found in the Telangana district (25.4%) and less in Andhra (17.4%) and Rayalaseema (10.2%). These forests and hills are abodes of tribal populations of the state. Andhra Pradesh state has 33 scheduled tribes who contribute 6.60 percent to the total population. Their concentration is high in Telangana districts such as Adilabad (16.74 %), Nalgonda (10.55%), Warangal (1 4.10%), and Khammam (26.47 %). The tribal population is more only in Visakhapatnam district (14.55%) in Andhra region. In Rayalaseema districts the percentage of tribal populations is low. All these tribal groups in most of the cases have their own dialect and distinct cultural practices. They generally live in hill areas depending on the shifting cultivation, collection of forest produce, hunting and so on. There are villages in all areas exclusively inhabited by tribes mostly in scheduled areas, and in some villages there is multiethnic population mostly in non-scheduled areas. Thus, these three regions are different in several ways: forests and hills, plain terrains, tribal and non-tribal composition, fertility of soils, wet and dry lands, distinctive cultural practices etc Villages in Andhra Pradesh One distinction about the villages has already been mentioned above: tribal villages and nontribal villages with tribal populations. Besides these two categories, there are more villages without tribal populations, multi-caste villages. The tribal villages are as generally located in hills, the population in those habitations is less compared to multi-caste village or a village where tribes and non-tribes live together. Usually tribes like to be away from the non-tribes with some exceptions. The multi-caste villages are composed of families belonging to a number of castes. There can be exception in this case, where one caste may predominate a few others. In each village the number of castes ranges from 15 to 20 or more which follow certain social hierarchy. The interaction among the members of different castes is guided by the principles of hierarchy which has been traditionally followed. Though they all live generally in peace and harmony, often conflicts arise on caste line for various reasons. The higher castes live in the centre of the village, surrounded by backward castes. The backward castes together are called as Other Backward Class in the administrative language. The scheduled castes live away from the habitation of the higher and backward castes. There have been certain traditional restrictions for their living together in close proximity, which is slowly disappearing now. A village in the perception of the people is the place where they Samaj ~ ikg (info~samajvikas.ora) Page 2-18

19 1 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 live but this does not match with the administrative or government records. A village is a Panchayat, with a group of hamlets, as an administrative unit for the government. But, for the people, each hamlet is a village, and for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, in most cases, the village with which they are considered as part is their village. Thus, they are excluded in one sense, but included in another sense. This characterization of villages is applicable in all the three regions of Andhra Pradesh. 2.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions Population The region wise analysis of demographic and socio-economic variables drawn from secondary source shows some variations which need to be considered. The sex ratio (number of females for 1000 males) across the regions shows that Andhra is better compared to Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population S.No Region Population (Totals) Females per 1000 Males Males I Females I1 2 Rayalaseema 6,863,585 6,654, Telanpna 15,719,445 15,267, Total- AP 38,527,413 37,682, Source: Final Population Totals 2001, Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh I ( Andhra 15,944, ,760, / Households The number of members per household shows that it is 4 in Andhra regions, but 5 both in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households S.No Total 1 No of occupied Residential houses I No. of House holds 1 7,566,924 Total Population 31,705,092 No. of persons per House hold RIJRAI. No of occupied Residential houses 5,478,458 No. of House holds 5,773,718 Total Population 23,884,749 No. of pelsons per House hold 4 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001 Region Coastal Andhra 1 Raplaseema I Telangana 7,088, ,755,568 ( 6,154,960 2,912,837 13,517, ,164,454 2,263,499 10,381, ,524,544 30,987, ,388,522 4,569,950 21,134,484 5 Total - in AP 15,998,974 ~. 17,004,305 76,210, ,031,434 12,607,167 55,401, Literacy The literacy rates in the regions in the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana is given by gender in the below table: Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-19

20 Table 8: Reeion wise Literate Po~ulation No. of Literates in the Region Males Females Total Coastal Andhra I Ravalaseerna I Telanma Total in AP Literacy Rate 4 5 Males Females Total Literates exclude children in the age group 0-6 years Source: Final Totals, Census of lidia, 2001 issued by Directorate of census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Main Workers 9,920,292 7,614,646 17,534,938 4,248,695 2,715,307 6,964,002 9,275,801 6,159,582 15,435,383 23,444,788 16,489,535 39,934,323 - The secondary data about the main workers shows that the percentage of cultivators high in Rayalaseema, followed by Telangana and Andhra region. However, the percentage of agricultural labourers follows the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. The order of industrial workers is yet different, the highest in Telangana followed by Rayalaseema and Andhra. Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001 S.No Main Workers Category Total Workers Total Main Workers Gdtivators O/Oof Cultivators 5 1 Agricultural Labourers " 7 House-hold Industries 8 %of Household industries 9 Others I I I I I I 4,777, ,834, ,210, ,823,264 6 I % Agricultural Labourers %ofothers I I 1 I I I Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, (all percentages against main workers) Population bv Religion Coastal Andhra 14,378,432 11,866,493 2,475, , ,221,951 The secondary data on religious affiliation show that Hindu and Christian populations are more in Andhra, whereas Muslim and Buddhist populations are more in Telangana region. " Region Rayalaseema 6,441,301 5,366,353 1,592, , ,697,282 Telangana 14,074,126 11,808,027 3,329, , ,547,983 Total in AP 34,893,859 29,040,873 7,397, ,352, ,467,216 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Samaj Gkas (info@sam&ikas.org) Page 2-20

21 2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates The available secondary source data provide the details that there is a difference of 11.3 between Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) (per 100 populations for both CBR and CDR). The estimates for 2004 and 2005 show that while CDR remains the same, there is a decrease of 0.1 in 2005 in rural population. This indicates only a trend of decreasing birth rate. There is a trend of decrease in infant mortality rate also. The below Table provides the details. Table 11 : Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates S. No. Particulars 1. Crude Birth Rate I 1 per 1000 population I 2005 Rural ( Urban ( Combined / 2. 1 Crude Dearth Rate I I I 3. 1 Infant mortality Rate / ( Primary Data 2004 Rural I Urban ( Combined per 1,000 Live births Total Source: Data on Sample Registration System, Registrar General of India, Min. of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi. This chapter gives the socio-economic profile, details such as family type and size, of the households in the sampled habitations. The data obtained through secondary resources as detailed above does not match at times with the primary data collected from the sample villages, an analysis of which has been presented in the following pages. Therefore, it needs an explanation. First, the sample villages are drawn keeping in view not only the three geographical areas which are distinct from one to another on several parameters as detailed above, but also the types of villages where the program will be implemented, viz., Not Covered Villages, No Safe Source Villages and Partially Covered Villages (in terms of water supply). Second, the sample should represent the villages of hills, valleys and plain areas, apart from coastal, plateau and other terrains, and the population distribution in terms of tribal and non-tribal or multi-ethnic compositions. It is because, these features would become various constraints for the implementation of the program. Third, it is necessary, to keep in mind the quality of water also as in some parts of the state there is presence of high degree of fluoride and other toxic materials in water. As such a representation of such villages has become important. Fourth, the component of coverage of water and sanitation schemes implanted earlier has to be considered in terms of the villages not covered, partially covered etc. Given these factors of purposive element in the selection, the sampling has not been based entirely on random selection of villages in the state. Therefore, these villages sampled for the survey do not represent the state in its entirety, but they do reflect the reality in great extent. The differences between the secondary data drawn from the state level sources and primary data collected from the sampled villages that one may find in some cases here and there does not really affect the analysis and the conclusions derived for the present need Sex Ratio, Family Type and Size Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-2 1

22 The total number of males and females in the villages selected for the study consists 7,358 and 7,080 respectively. Thus the male and female are in the ratio of 51:49 and there are 962 females for 1000 males. The overall state sex ratio is 978 females to 1000 males. This picture is better than 933 female for 1000 males at all India levels. Most (81%) families in the sampled habitations are of nuclear family type, while the remaining are of joint family type. Telangana (26%) has the highest joint families, while it is Andhra region which has the lowest (8%) joint families. Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure The average family size in the sampled habitations is about 5. About 49% of the households have 3 to 5 members in the family, while a good portion (19%) of the families have 5 to 7 members. About 9% of the families have more than 7 members. Table 13: Region wise Family Size pmily Size ' Andhra I Rayalaseema I Telangana Fluoride Affected I Total More Than 7 I Total % I YO I % From the above two tables, one may notice, the prosperous Andhra region has distinctly small families, whereas the backward areas of Telangana and Rayalaseema has bigger families with joint families. This may imply that interdependency of people is higher among the poor regions Region. Caste and Religious Composition YO / Frea I % About 9 1 % of the interviewed households practice Hindu religion, about 6% belong to Islam and about 3% follow Christianity. This shows that the minorities total upto 9%, which is significant. The project will have to bring them under the project hold by giving them due representation and voice. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-22

23 ~ ~ ~ ~ The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project About 42% of the interviewed households belong to backward classes, while 26% belong to general category. There are 23% Scheduled Castes and 9% Scheduled Tribes among the interviewed households. With 32% SCs and STs and 42% backward castes, the project has to have a good policy of inclusion and equity to cater to these people. Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition Andhra 1 Rayalaseema 1 Telangana Caste % Yo O/o General SC ST BC Total As the SCs and STs live a little away from the main village where higher and lower castes live, and their population is sizable, there is a demand for an inclusive policy Ration Cards Fluoride Affected P Ration cards are intended to be an indication of the financial status of the household. Among interviewed households about 90% hold BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards, 7% have APL cards and 4% do not have any cards. Yo Freq 77' Total 1 % Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details Category I Andhra I Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I % I Yo O/o Yo Total Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card I Caste I BPL I APL I NoCard Total O/o O/o O/O OIO Freq ST BC Total In all the three regions above 90 percent of the households among the SC, ST and BC are having BPL ration card Literacy ( Among the male members of the interviewed households, about 17% are illiterates. The highest male illiteracy is in Andhra region (23%). About 40% had high school education and 20% have studied upto SSC. About 1 1 % have studied upto Intermediate and 7% upto degree level. There postgraduates (I%), diploma holders (3%) and professionals (1%) among these males. I Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-23

24 Social Assessment - Final Report -July Total Among the female members of the interviewed households, there are 36% illiterates. Female illiteracy is highest in Telangana (41%). About 42% of females have undergone high school education and 11% upto SSC. About 6% studied up to Intermediate and about 3% studied up to degree level. Among these about 1% has diplomas and 1% postgraduate degrees. Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members I Education 1 Andhra I Ravalaseema I Telaneana I Fluoride Affected 1 Total Degree PG Professional Total Occupation Among sample households, 26% practice agriculture and 19% are agricultural labourers, while 34% are doing labour work. There are 2% government employees and 4% private employees among these households. There are about 8% who are self employed, 3% who are into business and trading activity, 2% run some kind of petty shops and 1% are artisans. ~amaj ~ikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-24

25 It is interesting to note that the percentage of agricultural labour is high in Andhra region compared to the other two regions, which are backward areas. It means the affluence is not distributed uniformly, and Telangana and Rayalaseema regions are better in this regard. This fact finds corroboration with the distribution of land Land and Assets Among the interviewed households about 27% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telangana has the highest (43%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (26%), fluoride affected villages (22%) and Andhra region (1 1%). Among the sample households about 17% possesses wet land for irrigation. Telangana has the highest (23%) possession of wet land followed by Rayalaseema (20%), Andhra (12%) and fluoride affected villages (1 1%). About 1% of the households have tenancy land too. With regard to household assets, about 41% of the households have bicycles, followed by two wheelers (11%), tractors (I%), three wheelers (I%), four wheelers (1%) and carts (5%). About 41% of the households own televisions, followed by radio/ tape recorders (lo%), fridges (4%) and gas connections (20%). Among these households 21% have mobile phones, 8% have land telephones and 3 1% have cable TV connections. Gas Connection Cans Telephone Mobile Phone ' Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 2-25

26 Assets Cable Connection Andh Yo Rayalaseema O/o Telangana Yo Fluoride Affected Yo Total Freq Yo N=3000 Only 14% of the interviewed households have milch animals and about 8% have bullocks. About 4% of the households tend sheep/ goats, while 6% have poultry Dwelling About 88% of the interviewed households live in their own houses, while 7% live in rented houses (7%) and government allotted houses (5%). Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House 0 % 1 YO O/O O/O I Frea I O/O Own Rented Govt. A 3 Others Total Among the interviewed households 39% live in pucca houses and 47% live in semi-pucca houses while the remaining live in kutcha houses. Table 27: Type of House Structure by Caste I Caste (Kutcha 1 Semi-pucca 1 Pucca 1 Total I General ' SC ST BC Yo Yo Yo O/o Freq Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-26

27 Social Assessment -Final Report - July 2008 The above table makes it clear that SC, ST and BC households live in mostly in kutcha and semi-pucca houses compared to the general population. All most all the houses have electricity connection, but when asked about this only 85% answered in the affirmative and rest preferred to answer in the negative. Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection Response Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana 1 Fluoride Affected I Total Yes No Total O/Ọ % Salient Features and Issues for the Project O/O O/O 1 Frea I O/O The following salient features emerge form the secondary socio-economic profile of the state and primary data on the sample population given above: Village Structure: These are heterogeneous in form and content. First, in some cases, the villages are nucleated in the sense that there is close aggregation or crowding of the houses. In some other cases, the village is quite wide spread where the hamlets are spread out, one of them being the central or core village. The tribal villages are more scattered and the terrain is most often undulated. This feature of physical distance has implication of coverage of the water supply and sanitation provision. Hence the habitation has to be the management unit for implementation. Second, the villagers are not only divided on caste basis (Forward Castes, Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) but they also live maintaining social distance and identity of the group. Often times, the social and physical distance go together, particularly in case of SCs and STs, who generally live away from others. The state has tribal concentrations in the Scheduled Areas. There are also tribals in the non-scheduled areas. This feature has implication on not only physical coverage but also equity, participation in decision making by way of representation, articulating their fears and concerns or their points of view and maintenance of the program. Hence where there are concentrations of tribals, they need to be separately dealt with. Thirdly, there is the quality of water problem. Some of the villages have been suffering from chronic water quality problems like fluoride. Two of the districts in the state (Nalgonda and Prakasam) have become synonymous with fluoride. These villages are categorized as No Safe Source Villages (NSS). Lastly, there is the problem of chronic shortage of water in some of the villages categorized as Not Covered Villages (NC). These NC and NSS categories should be tackled on priority basis Inclusion and Equity: The project area has substantial number of minorities, SCs, STs and backward castes population. The project should have a policy of inclusion and equity to bring them under project fold by giving them due representation and voice while devising ways for their participation in the project. Family size: The villages differ in terms of the type of family, as the percentage of joint families is more than double in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions compared to Andhra region, which implies the needs of water and sanitation for these regions, would not be the same. The quantum of water per household required in Rayalaseema and Telangana would be more. Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-27

28 Dry and Wet land : The wet lands in the three regions are not qualitatively and source wise the same. In Andhra region the source is mainly surface1 canal1 tank water supply, but in Rayalaseema and Telangana the source is mainly well - open or bore well - and tanks or reservoirs. Value of these wet land greatly differ between Andhra and the other regions; they are three or four times more valuable in Andhra region. This has implication for availability and acquisition of land. Literacy: The literacy rates are low in comparison with the national averages. It is pertinent to the project that the female literacy rate is lower than the national average. This will have a bearing on the IEC campaigns and women participation in the project bearing in mind that the women are the primary mangers of the water and sanitation at household level. Poverty: Though planning commission report says only 16% of the AP population is BPL, the actual poverty levels are quite high with nearly 90% possessing BPL cards. These cards also may not be a proper indicator as some of the families have more than one card. This is an issue for the project in terms of their affordability to contribute and pay for operation and maintenance. Hence affordability surveys need to be taken up in the villages during project preparation. Supply of Electricity: Supply of water depends on the availability and quality of electricity in the villages. Ten to 25 percent of the villages are not covered by electricity. Even the villages connected by electricity, there may not be supply of electricity regularly and often it breaks down. Therefore, it implies that alternative arrangements for operation of water pumps have to be thought of. Alternatively the pumping hours and storage in the habitation needs to the thought of. Communication: Usage of television, radio, mobile phones and land phones is quite high in the sample villages. These media can be made use of for IEC and BCC campaigns. Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 2-28

29 3.1 Water Supply 3 Rural Water and Sanitation Status The current status of rural drinking water supply in Andhra Pradesh is varied. The RWSSD has categorized the habitations as per the service levels. Service level is measured in terms of Liters Per Capita per Day (lpcd). Basically, the habitations are classified into four categories as per the water supply coverage levels. Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories Category Details Fully Covered (FC) Habitations.. which are getting 40 lpcd and above supply Partially Covered Habitations which are getting a (PC) supply of 1 to 39 lpcd Not Covered (NC) Habitations which are not provided I with water supply I Fluoride and Arsenic affected. No Safe Source I Habitations with no safe source, ex. I (NSS) Remarks As per the RWSSD latest records 43.3% of the habitations are fully covered, whereas 53.3% are partially covered. In the remaining habitations, 0.6% are not covered while 2.7% have no safe sources. The details are given below: Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP I S. No. I Category I No of Habitations ( % Coverage 1 Fully Covered (FC) 2 Partially Covered (PC) 3 Not Covered (NC) 4 No Safe Source (NSS) - 6 Total These are further sub-divided into PC1 (less than 10 lpcd), PQ (10-19 lpcd), PC3 (20-29 lpcd) and PC4 (30-39 lpcd) No protected water supply Among the 22 rural districts of AP, Chittoor district has the most number of FC habitations followed by Visakhapatnam district. The most number of NC habitations are in Visakhapatnam district followed by Vizianagaram district. With regard to NSS habitations Prakasam district tops the list followed by Nalgonda district, as both districts are fluoride affected. The below table gives the district wise detailed coverage. I Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-29

30 source:-state Water and Sanitation ~ission, GOAP, The current status of rural water supply in AP indicates a certain need for dedicated and concerted effort towards the programs related to address the issues of drinking water and sanitation. The above information if translated into economic loss, the state has to bear daily losses of several millions of rupees. Assuming that one member of each household spends an hour daily to fetch water from the nearest source would translate into a loss of 1.22 million person days per day. The corresponding loss in terms of wages would translate to about Rs. 37 million assuming that only 50% of the lost hours are employable at a rate of Rs. 60 per day. With such high costs involved in fetching the water for domestic consumption, a secure, safe, reliable and continuous source of water supply could certainly go a long way to improve the socio-economic status of the rural poor. 3.2 Sanitation Similarly, the situation of sanitation in the rural areas of AP is of equal concern. As per the Total Sanitation Campaign data, the state has a total of 5.4 million Individual Household Sanitary Latrines (IHSL) against a total of 10.2 million total households. Out of these, 3.7 million belong to the BPL category and the remaining 1.6 million belong to the APL category. This means about 53% of total HHs have latrines. Among the APL 45% HHs and among BPL 58% have latrines. The TSC data gives that there are 874 rural sanitation complexes in the state and there are 64, 552 school toilets in the state. It is clear that those peoples without latrines have no other option than to defecate in the open. 1 Table 32: Sanitation - Latrine Coverage categ0?l ~otal~ouseholds Households with IHHL I Total Rural House Holds 10,150,779 5,381,630 Households Below Poverty Lie 6,521,091 3,763,039 Households Above Poverty Line 3,629,688 1,618,591 Source: Progress Report, State Water and Sanitation Mission, GOAP, 18 May 2008 O/O Coverage It can be seen from the 2001 census data that only 27% of the rural population have bathrooms within their houses. 'fie remaining 73% must be bathing near water points and/ or Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.or~ Page 3-30

31 Social Assessment -Final Report - July 2008 putting up some sort of screen while bathing in the open near their premises. When it comes to drainage, about 6% households are connected to closed drainage and 35% are connected to open drainage, while the remaining 59% do not have drainage facilities. The lack of latrine and drainage facilities are greatly contributing to the environmental degradation in and around the villages and posing direct threat to their health. This kind of sanitary situation in the rural areas presses for provision and upkeep of environmental facilities in the villages. 3.3 Water Supply - Primary Information The field data collected during the surveys, regarding water supply sources, frequency, duration, quality, satisfaction levels, etc. is presented in the tables below: Twe of Schemes Among the sampled villages, nearly 88% are SVS type and remaining 12% are MVS type. All the sampled fluoride villages have SVS schemes. Among the three regions, Rayalaseema has the most (89%) SVS schemes, while Andhra has 83% and Telangana has 78% Scheme Sources Among the sampled villages majority (71%) of the villages depend on groundwater as scheme source, while the remaining (29%) of the village schemes have surface water as source. When the type of scheme is taken into account, most (73%) of the SVS schemes have groundwater as source while the remaining (27%) of the SVS have surface water as source. Nearly half of the MVS schemes have surface water as source while the remaining half has groundwater as source. The below table explains these details by scheme and source. Table 34: Type of Water Supply Scheme by Source 1 SVS - - I MVS I Total -.--~- Source '10 (Nos) % (Nos) % (NO.~) Surface (8) 50(2) (10) Groundwater (22) 50(2) (24) Total 100 (30) 100 (4) loo(34) Maior Sources of Water Supply The sources of supply are SVS, MVS, Hand pump, Dug well, River, etc. and a combination of these. Nearly 60% (74% in Andhra, 43% in Rayalaseema, 49% in Telangana and 78% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents are dependent on SVS for their drinking water supply needs, whereas 7% (9% in Andhra, 4% in Rayalaseema and 19% in Telangana) depend on MVS. It may be noted that about 8% (3% in Andhra, 10% in Rayalaseema, 1 1 % in Telangana and 6% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents have Public Hand pump as source of water. Among those using a combination of sources, about 13% (2% in Andhra, Samaj Vikas (info@,samajvikas.org) Page 3-3 1

32 24% in Rayalaseema, 8% in Telangana and 11% in fluoride affected areas)have SVS and Public Hand pump as sources. Others have various other sources and combinations as sources. The sources of supply during summer are SVS, MVS, Hand pump, Dug well, Tank, River, Tanker, etc. and a combination of these. Nearly 50% (67% in Andhra, 44% in Rayalaseema, 29% in Telangana and 64% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents are dependent on SVS for their drinking water supply needs during summer, whereas 4% (9% in Andhra, 4% in Rayalaseema and 9% in Telangana) depend on MVS. It may be noted that about 16% (4% in Andhra, 2 1 % in Rayalaseema, 20% in Telangana and 14% in fluoride affected areas) of the respondents have Public Hand pump as source of water during summer. Among those using a combination of sources, about 7% (1 0% in Rayalaseema, 9% in Telangana and 8% in fluoride affected areas) have SVS and Public Hand pump as sources. It may be noted that during summer, 1% people turns to tanks for water while another l%(mostly in fluoride affected villages, 3%) get water through tankers Distance from Water Point About (68%) of the villages households have a water point within 50m distance, while 14% have it at within 100m. About 7% have within 200mm and 10% have within 500m. There are about 1% households which have water point at more than 500m. The below table gives these details. Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Distance Yo YO O/o Less than 50 m m Fluoride Affected O/o Total Freq O/O Treatment at Source More than half (56%) of the schemes have chlorination as treatment, while 29% have no treatment at all. It may be noted that 12% of the schemes have slow sand filtration and one scheme has defluoridation as treatment. There are schemes with slow sand filtration in Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-32

33 Andhra (33%), Rayalaseema (1 1%) and fluoride affected villages (10%). Most (67%) of the schemes in Andhra region have chlorination while Rayalaseema has 56%, Telangana has 33% and fluoride villages have 70%. I Total ,lo ( If the type of scheme is taken into account, 50% of the MVS type have chlorination while remaining have no treatment. With regard to SVS, 57% have chlorination, 13% have slow sand filtration while 27% have not treatment Water Quality As per their perceptions, about 76% of the villagers terms the water quality as good while about 24% term it as bad. Gender 1 Total I / I There is a marginal difference between sexes on the quality of water. Slightly higher percentage of women feels that the quality of water is good. Thus women who deal with water more than men have different opinion on the quality of water. Samaj Vikas (F) Page 3-33

34 3.3.7 User Treatment and Handling When enquired about the treatment given at the user level, i.e., at the household level, about 85% of the respondent households do not give any further treatment to the water supplied to them. About 10% of the households filter the water using cloth and about 2% boil the water they drink. Among the respondent households, about 31% have a customized vessel with a tap for storing drinking water. About 64% use a lid to cover drinking water, while 5% of the households use a ladle to draw water from the pot/ vessel for dirking. 1 Total Time Spent in Collecting Water About 39% of the households spend about half an hour to collect water for their household use and another 38% of the households spend upto one hour to collect the same. About 21% of the' households spend upto 2 hours to collect water, another 1% spend upto 3 hours and about 1% spend more than 3 hours to collect water from the nearest water point. Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in Collecting Water Time spent Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected % O/O Yo Oh Less than 1/2 hr OO /2-1 hr hr I 2-3hr More than 3 hr Total Persons Engaped in Collecting Water Total Freq ~-~~~~ It is predominantly (57%) females who fetch water for the household, whereas about 5% of the males collect water. There are households (38%) where both the male and female members are involved in collecting water. O/O Samaj Vikas - ( Page 3-34

35 Table 44: Region wise Family Members Fetching Water 1 Andhra I Rayalaseerna Telangana Fluoride Affected Total O/O YO Freq I O/O I / 528 There is a marked variation in the three regions with regard to who are engaged in collecting water. In Andhra region, it is women who are involved more, but in Telangana and Rayalaseema it is both male and female Satisfaction and Grievances Among the contacted households about 55% of the households are satisfied with the water supply system while 29% are dissatisfied. About 4% of the respondents are highly satisfied while 11% have not responded. In Andhra region most (68%) are satisfied with water supply while in the fluoride affected villages many (48%) are not satisfied. In Rayalaseema region many (1 7%) are unable to give an opinion. Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction The caste wise analysis shows that higher castes are more satisfied than SC, ST and BC households in all the regions. The latter are more dissatisfied than the higher castes. This has a serious implication on inclusive policy of these groups. Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfaction of Water Supply Gender Highly Satisfied Satisfied Not Satisfied Don't Know/ Can't Say Male Female Total Total Gender wise analysis on overall satisfaction shows clear difference between men and women. Women are more dissatisfied than the men. This is an important issue to be considered. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orq) Page 3-35

36 ~ ~- The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 When asked about how many of the respondent households have lodged complaints with regard to water supply related problems, about 82% answered in the negative and about 18% said that they did lodge complaints. In Telangana region about 22% of the respondents have lodged complaints and fluoride affected villages are the next with 20% lodging complaints. Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint Regarding Water Supply Response Yes Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total No Total ( 100 ( 100 I General BC Total It appears that higher caste lodged more number of complaints than the SC and ST castes. And also it is done slightly more by women, as the following table indicates. Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply 1 Gender I Good I Bad 1 Total O/O O/O 940 Freq Male Female 1 Total ( 100 ( 3000 Most (46%) of the complaints are lodged with the Gram Panchayat Office. About 40% of the households among those who have lodged complaints have filed their complaints with the Sarpanch, about 10% with their respective ward members and about 3% with the RWSSD engineer. Table 51: Complaint Lodged 1 Com~laintlodeedwith I Frea I O/o I Ward Member Total 1 1 Table 52: Caste by expecting better water supply caste I Ex~ect 1 Do not Emect / Total O/O.- I %.. I Frea - -- ~ 1 General SC Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-36

37 BC Total The SC, ST and BC households say that they want a better water supply more than the higher castes. Men want slightly better water supply than women as the following table shows. Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply I &nder I Good I Bad I Total I / Male Female Total r OI I I I O I O/O I O/O I Frea I Sanitation - Primary Data The overall coverage of latrines among the sampled households is about 35%. Rayalaseema suffers the most with only 30% having latrines, while 45% in Andhra regions have latrines. Telangana has about 36% coverage while the fluoride affected village have about 35%. Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine Andhm Rayalaseema Response O/O Oh Have Latrine Do not Have Latrine Total Telangana Yo Fluoride Affected YO Total Freq O/O Among those who have latrines, most (93%) have connected these to either leach pits or septic tanks, while the remaining (7%) have let the effluents into open grounds. Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region Andhra 1 Rayalaseema Telangana I Fluoride Affected Connection % 1 YO YO YO Own Leach pit Septic Tank ( ( Let in Open Ground ( Total ( Latrine Usage Total Freq 1 % Among those who have latrines, only 28% are using these latrines, while remaining (72%) are not using them. The reasons given for not using latrines are many. While smell is the major deterrent, the villagers fear that the pit might get filled fast and emptying it is a problem for them. Another reason cited is that the toilet requires a lot of water to keep it clean, while cleaning toilet itself is considered a job of low esteem. The other deterrents are that they go to fields before defecation and defecate in the fields itself during work. Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 3-37

38 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 The analysis of gender and usage of latrine shows that more women use latrine than men. So, it implies that women certainly favour latrine than men. Further, the family type and usage shows that nuclear families tend to use latrine slightly more than joint families. But size seems to matter more than the family type. As the family size becomes bigger, there can be more women members. Hence, the larger families use latrine more than the smaller families. Table 59: Familv Size and Usage of Latrine The analysis of family size and use of latrine shows that bigger families use more than the smaller families. Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine Caste Using ( Notusing ( Total O/o ---- ST BC Total O/o It appears that the higher castes and scheduled castes are using latrines more than the Backward class communities. STs seldom use latrine because their houses are scattered on hills and slopes and surrounded by bushes and forests. It may also due to some cultural practices. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-38

39 Among those who do not have latrines all most all (99.7%) defecates in the open fields, while a miniscule portion (0.35) uses public latrines., Table 61: Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines Response Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total oh,- I O/O.- YO YO / Frea 1 % Public Latrine Fields Total Of those households who have children, about 21% make their children defecate in the latrines. About 10% of these households make children defecate in the house itself, while 46% make them defecate just outside the house and about 23% make them defecate into the drains. Table 62: Children Defecation One dominant reason why children do not use latrine is that the latrines are made only in keeping the adults in view. If child friendly latrines are made, perhaps children prefer the latrines Drainage About 38% of the interviewed households let their household wastewater into the drains. About 52% have soak pits for disposing the household wastewater, whereas 10% let it into open. Among those who have access to drains 59% are in fluoride affected villages, 52% are in Andhra region, 45% are in Telangana regions, while only 3% in Rayalaseema have access to drains. About 96% of the Rayalaseema households use soak pits and about 25% of Telangana households let their wastewater into the open. Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater Caste Drain Soak Pit Op en General O/O O/O O/O Total O/O 1 Freq Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-39

40 1 1, 13 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Caste BC Total Caste wise analysis of disposal wastewater shows that the proportion of SC and ST that let the wastewater to open area is more than others. The SCs use soak pits less than others. It is due to the fact of their location and congestion, lack of enough space for their dwelling. Of those household, who have access to drains, inform that the wastewater in the drain is disposed into irrigation canal networks (48%), nallahsl rivulets (24%), tanks and ponds (21%) and into open fields (8%). Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater 1 Final Disposal Into Andhra 1 Rayalaseema I Telangana I Fluoride Affected I Total Nallah Tank Irrigation Canal Pond Rivulet % 1 O/o O/o OO O/O Freo -- 1 OA , - Above facts inform that in Rayalaseema region the wastewater goes into nallahs and open space only, which informs the fact first of all that there are no irrigation canals unlike the Andhra region, and there are also no tanks unlike Telangana region Solid Waste Most (46%) the interviewed households throw the garbage outside on the road. Throwing garbage on the road is predominant in Andhra region (89%), while in the other regions it is about 38% on the average. About 26% of households throw the garbage in front of their houses. This practice is mostly in Telangana (44%) followed by fluoride affected villages (28%). About 14% use dust bins and another 14% put their garbage in their compost pits. Using composts pits are used mostly in Rayalaseema (3 1%) followed by Telangana (16%). Table 66: HH Solid Waste Dis~osal ] Disposal into ( Andhra Rayalaseema I Telangana 1 Fluoride Affected Total YO 1 % YO O/O I Freq I % In Bins Outside on Road In Front of House In Compost Pit Total The use of compost pits in Rayalaseema and Telangana speak the fact that these are dry areas, where agriculture requires manure from the dung of cattle. In Andhra region, there is wet agriculture where chemical fertilizers are used in large quantities. The solid waste is not used for agriculture purpose. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-40

41 3.4.4 Hvniene Practices Hand washing after defecation and before eating is practiced by about 88% of the respondents. About 8% of the respondents wash their hands before and after eating while 4% wash their hands after defecation. The respondents wash their hands with several agents like soap (88%), only with water (7%), mud (2%) and ash (3%). Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands Agent Andhra Rayalaseema O/o Yo Soap Mud Ash Only with Water Total Telangana Yo Fluoride Affected O/o Freq Total Yo About 78% of the respondents bathe daily, while 19% bathe once in two days. About 3% of the respondents bathe twice a week, while about 1% bathe once in a week. The main reasons cited is lack of water and time and fuel for heating water. Some cite the reason that they amve late from work in the evenings and do not feel like having a bath as they would like to rest. Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits 1 Res~onse 1 Andhra I Ravalaseema I Telaneana I Fluoride Affected / Total I " O/o Yo Yo O/o Freq I O/o I Dailv I Once in Two Days Twice a Week Week1 y Once Total Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits 1 Gender Daily I Once in Two Days 1 Twice a Week I Weekly Once I Total Yo I % I % I O/o I Male Female Total Gender analysis of bathing habits indicates that women bath more regularly than men. It is the cultural norm that women are supposed to maintain cleanliness, and socialize the children towards clean habits Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orq) Page 3-4 1

42 Table 71: Caste and Bathing Habits Caste Daily Once in Two Days Yo O/o General SC ST BC Total Twice a Week Yo Weekly Once Yo 0.OO % Total Freq Caste wise analysis of bathing habits indicates that STs have good bathing habits compared to other communities. 3.5 Issues The rural water supply and sanitation programs face a number of challenges which include deterioration of water quality, depleting water table, over-exploitation of water resources, pollution of drinking water sources due to indiscriminate disposal of solid waste and effluent from municipalities and industries and limited financial and human resources. The presence of high fluoride in groundwater sources poses a potential health risk to the population of 21 districts affected by its presence. Bacteriological pollution of water sources due to environmental degradation is not uncommon, ten districts of the state has biological contamination. Several blocks in the state are water stressed due to over exploitation of water sources, making even supply of drinking water difficult. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in AP faces the following issues. Coverage: Nearly 3% of the habitations do not have safe sources and some are not covered. Still a good number (1 8%) of people have to trek distanced of above loom to more than 500 m to fetch water. Nearly 60% of the people are spending more than half an hour to more than three hours in collecting water. Latrine coverage is less than 50% and about less than half of those who have latrines are using them. Women Participation: It is predominantly females who fetch water. The survey shows that in 57% households only females fetch water and 38% household both males and females fetch water. This is an issue where the project needs to make sure that female opinion is given adequate importance and their participation is ensured. Grievance Redressal: Most of the people file their complaints and put forth their grievances with the Gram Panchayat office and with the Sarpanch. There is no proper grievance redressal system in the villages with regard to water and sanitation issues. This is an issue for the project to establish a proper grievance redressal system. Low Latrine Usage: While about 65% of the household do not have latrines, only 28% of those who are having are using them. Nearly 56% of the children are made to defecate inside or outside the house. This poses a serious threat to the health of the family and community. This is a matter of concern for the project to raise awareness levels to put the existing latrines to use and build for all. Community Sanitation: With nearly 72% of the people throwing garbage in front of their house or on the road, sanitary conditions in the villages are poor. This requires Information Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 3-42

43 Education and Communications campaigns for Behaviour Change Communication using local media and local methods. Hygiene Behaviour: With nearly 22% of the people not bathing daily, this is a matter of concern for the project. Again this requires Information Education and Communications campaigns for Behaviour Change Communication using local media and local methods. Institutional: Establishing interdepartmental coordination from state to village level; especially between RWSSD, Rural Development, Health, Education, etc. in order to ensure that the installed infrastructure is used properly and good hygiene behaviour sets in. Financial: Coordination with the local groups to contribute for the capital cost (in the form of money or labor) of construction and O&M is required. The project need to take care of this issue to build and develop a sense of ownership. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 3-43

44 4 Institutional and Implementation Structure 4.1 Introduction In Andhra Pradesh, rural water supply and sanitation policy making and monitoring and evaluation (governance and management related) are dealt with by different institutions. At the state level The Principal Secretary, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department, GOAP and the State Water and sanitation Mission and at the district level the District Water and Sanitation Mission provides governance and management. As the PRIs too are involved in provision of water and sanitation, at the state level The Secretary, Panchayat Raj, at district level the Zilla Parishad, at Mandal level the Mandal Parishad and at village level Gram Panchayat provides the governance and management. In the tribal areas, the ITDA at area level and VTDA at village level, provides governance and management inputs and support. The implementation and operations are dealt with by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department. During 2007, the RWSSD was separated from the Panchayat Raj Department creating a department exclusively to look after the RWSS related implementation and operations. These institutional and implementation arrangements are detailed in the following subsections. 4.2 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E Secretary, RWSS The Secretary to Government, RWSS is responsible for overall planning and issuance of policy guidelines and government orders for the RWSS sector. Besides being responsible for overall monitoring of the progress (both physical and financial) in the RWSS sector and evaluation, the Secretary is responsible for budget appraisal and allocation of funds to the RWSS sector. At present, the Secretary accords administrative sanction for RWSS works costing above Rs. 10 lakh SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC The State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) is the apex body at the state level responsible for formulation of policies and guidelines and overall implementation and monitoring of the schemes undertaken under Swajaladhara and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). The SWSM is headed by the Secretary of the RWSSD, Government of Andhra Pradesh and assisted by a Program Director. The key functions of the SWSM are as below: Assistance to the GOAP in improving the quality of RWSS Provision of overall policy guidance in sector reforms and assisting GOAP in identification and implementation of sector strategies Coordination with various departments of GOAP, GO1 and other sector partners Monitoring, evaluation and implementation of sector plans Overall management of pilot projects Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 4-44

45 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 Internal and external resource management to support financing requirements of the sector Coordination with institutions and personnel at the district, Mandal and village 1 Gram Panchayat levels The Secretary, RWSS as the head of the SWSM is responsible for issuing Policy guidelines and Government Orders, Overall monitoring, Funding budgets, borrowing and Administrative approval of works under Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWS) program. The Project Director, SWSM is responsible for issue of Policy guidelines, Approval of schemes, Periodic review of implementation, Coordination with other departments, Monitoring & Evaluation of physical & financial progress, Integration & operation of capacity development programs and Resource management for future financing requirements. The SWSM is supported by two committees; the Apex Committee and the Executive Committee. The Apex Committee is headed by the Chief Secretary. The Secretaries to GOAP of Rural Water Supply, Rural Development, Panchayat Raj, Education, Health, Finance, Planning and Information & Public Relations departments function as members of the apex committee. The Apex Committee meets every quarter to provide guidance on policy related issues in the RWSS sector. The Executive Committee provides necessary technical advice and assistance to the Apex Committee. The Committee is headed by the Secretary, RWSS and the Joint Secretary, RWSS functions as its member Secretary. The members of the committee include Chief Engineers from the departments of: Rural Water Supply, Rural Development, Panchayat Raj Department, Education, Health, Finance, Planning and Information & Public Relations District Water and Sanitation Mission At the district level, the District Water & Sanitation Mission (DWSM) and District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are the principal bodies for execution of projects under Swajaladhara and TSC. The DWSC is headed by the District Collector and convened by the Superintending Engineer (SE), RWSSD. The Mandal Water & Sanitation Committee and Village Water & Sanitation Committees are principal bodies at the Mandal and village levels respectively for implementation and super-vision of programs under Swajaladhara and TSC. The District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) is a Committee of the Zilla Parishad DWSM. The DWSM meets as often as possible but not less than four times a year. It considers and takes note of all schemes under Swajaladhara which have been technically scrutinized and approved by the DWSC. It reviews the implementation, progress of Swajaladhara and the Total Sanitation Campaign (where it has been launched) in the district District Water Supply & Sanitation Committee The DWSC is headed by the District Collector. DWSC will have District level officers such as the Superintending Engineer of RWSS, District Education Officer, District Health Officer, Project Director DRDA, District Panchayat Raj Officer, District Social Welfare Officer, and District Information & Public Relations Officer. In addition 3 members who shall be experts and from reputed NGOs and women's groups, may be co-opted into the Committee as Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 4-45

46 members with the prior approval of the SWSM. The Superintending Engineer, RWSS functions as the Member Secretaly of the DWSC. In most districts, the DWSC is assisted by a District Support Unit (DSU). In the districts surveyed, the DSU is managed by a DEE, RWSS. The functions of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) are as follows: a Formulation, management and monitoring of Swajaladhara and TSC projects Scrutiny and approval of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat Selection of agencies andl NGOs and enter into agreements for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision a Sensitizing public representatives, officials and the general public about the Swajaladhara principles a Engaging Institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign; and Interaction with SWSM, State Government and the Government of India District Support Unit The DSU is formed of District Resource Persons (DRPs) from various specialized fields such as IEC, capacity building and Management Information Systems. The DRPs are employed from the private sector in the districts which were surveyed. The functions of the District Support Unit (DSU) are as follows: Implement IEC strategies as decided by the DWSC including conducting workshops and orientations a Capacity building of all relevant stakeholders a Maintain databases consisting of baseline information on sanitation aspects of the district including household latrines, school latrines and their usage a Prepare financial management systems and controls a Promote establishment of rural sanitaly marts and production centers a Coordinate with NGOs and Support Organizations (SOs) imparting IEC activities a Prepare Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and assist DWSC in implementing the same Information procured during field visits seem to suggest that the average establishment cost of a DSU is about Rs. 35,000 - Rs. 40,000 per month. A majority of the funds are spent for payments of salaries to the DRPs. The funds for DSU are currently being channeled through funds earmarked for IEC and capacity building for TSC Mandal Water Supply & Sanitation Committee The Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee (MWSC) is the arm of the Water & Sanitation Mission at the Mandal level. The MWSC is chaired by the President of the Mandal Parishad (MP). The DEE RWSS functions as the co-chairman of the MWSC. The members of the MWSC include Mandal Development Officer, Mandal Revenue Officer, Mandal Executive Officer, Sub-Inspector of Police at the Mandal level, AEE RWSS, AEE Panchayat Raj, AEE Mandal Parishad, Mandal Education Officer, Medical Officer and Members from women's association. The Mandal Resource Persons (MRPs) assist the MWSC in discharging the following mandated duties and functions: a Management and monitoring of Swajaladhara and TSC projects at the Mandal level Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.orq) Page 4-46

47 Scrutiny of the schemes submitted by the Gram Panchayat and forwarding them to the DW SC Cooperation with NGOs for social mobilization, capacity development, communication, project management and supervision Sensitizing the public representatives, officials and the general public about the Swajaladhara principles Guidance and support to institutions for imparting training for capacity development of all stakeholders, and undertaking communication campaign As per the guidelines, MRPs should possess professional skills in the areas of social science and community mobilization. In the Mandals surveyed, the MRPs are employed from the private sector, mostly fresh graduates. The MRPs receive an entitlement of Rs. 4,000 to Rs. 4,500 per month. Some of the key issues highlighted during field visits were that the MRPs are facing difficulties in delivering up to their expectations due to poor participation from the community Village Water & Sanitation Committee At the village level, the Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) play an important role in implementation of reform projects under Swajaladhara and TSC. The VWSC is chaired by the Sarpanch (the elected head of the Gram Panchayat). The members of the VWSC include GP level Panchayat Secretary, Members from women's groups, Members from the youth clubs, Village Development Officer and Treasurer (elected in the Gram Sabha). The VWSCs are responsible for execution of the following key functions: Ensuring GPs to take up Swajaladhara implementation in each Gram Sabha meeting Ensuring community participation and decision making in all phases of scheme activities Organizing community contributions towards capital costs, both in cash and kind (land, labour or materials) Opening and managing bank account for depositing community cash contributions, O&M funds and management of project funds Signing of various agreements with the DWSC Planning, designing, and implementing all drinking water and sanitation activities Procuring construction materials/goods and selection of contractors (where necessary) and supervision of construction activities Commissioning and takeover of completed water supply and sanitation works through a joint inspection with DWSC Collection of funds through tariff charges and deposit same for O&M of water supply and sanitation works for proper managing and financing of O&M of the services on a sustainable basis; and empowering of women for day to day operation and repairs of the scheme Creating and promoting integration of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in the Panchayat; and Participation in communication and development activities in other villages Panchayat Rai Institutions Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 4-47

48 The state of Andhra Pradesh stood second in introducing the Panchayat Raj system in India in order to establish democratic institutions at the grass root level. The Gram Panchayats (GP) stand at the base of the three-tier structure of local governance with the Mandal Parishad at the intermediate level and the Zilla Parishad at the district level. Along with 22 Zilla Parishads and 1095 Mandal Parishads, there are Gram Panchayats in AP covering a population of more than 55 million people. It is necessary to highlight the lack of a clear definition of what a GP is in Andhra Pradesh. The population of a GP varies from 300 to more than 3,000. This does, in fact, raise a question on the economic viability of smaller GPs. The responsibilities of GP include: a) Implementing land reform measures, including consolidation of land holdings and cooperative management of community lands; b) Implementing programs related to agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industry, preprimary and primary education, health and sanitation, women, children, destitute people and people with disabilities; c) Resource planning by preparing an inventory of human and natural resources and other assets at the village level; d) Preparing and prioritizing plans/ programs to harness these resources to meet local needs and aspirations; and e) Disseminating technology to increase farm and related production; expanding services like health, veterinary and sanitation services in their jurisdiction. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment and the consequent Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act 1994 assigns local bodies the responsibility of providing safe drinking water supply and sanitation. Under the AP Panchayat Raj Act, O&M of water supply installations is the responsibility of Gram Panchayats. The Act also empowers the Gram Panchayat to collect house tax (10% of which is intended for use in water supply) from its constituents. In reality, most of the Gram Panchayats have financial constraints in taking over the responsibility of O&M. The Act, at the gram panchayat level, provides for the constitution of 'beneficiary committees' for the execution of works of the GP and 'functional committees' for agriculture, public health, water supply, sanitation, family planning, education and communication. Under this act VWSCs are formed. The functions of the VWSCs are given in the above subsection. VWSC is a committee of the Gram Panchayat. Mandal Parishads co-ordinate rural developn~ent activities within their jurisdiction and consolidate panchayat plans into a Mandal Parishad plan. At Mandal level MWSC are formed. The functions of the MWSC are given in the above sub-section. The MWSC is a committee of the Mandal Parishad. The Zilla Parishad organizes data collection and consolidation of Mandal Parishad plans, allocation of funds and approval of Mandal Parishad budgets. According to the Panchayat Raj Act, the ZP will have seven standing committees, which have since been formed. The chairman of ZP will be the chairman of four committees, the vice-chairman of ZP of one committee and two women members of two committees. At the district level DWSM and DWSC are bodies which exclusively work on water and sanitation issues. The DWSM has the representation of the district level officers including the District Panchayat Officer. The DWSC is constituted at the district level, as a registered society, under the overall supervision, control and guidance of Zilla Parishad. The present status of functional devolution in AP shows that its position is lowest among a few important states. Out of 29 items specified in the 1 lth schedule, it transferred functions in respect of sixteen (16) subjects of which five (05) subjects are with funds (agriculture, drinking water supply, minor irrigation tanks, social forestry, primary and secondary Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.orq) Page 4-48

49 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 education and khadi and village industries) and only two subjects are with functionaries (drinking water supply and minor irrigation tanks). Thirteen (13) functions still remain to be transferred; twenty-four (24) subjects with funds; and twenty-seven (27) subjects with functionaries. By contrast, in Karnataka all the 29 subjects1 departments have been transferred to panchayats with funds, functions and functionaries. Kerala comes next, followed by West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh (Report of the Tenth Five Year Plan Working Group 2001) Tribal Related - ITDA and VTDA Integrated Tribal Development Authoritv Andhra Pradesh has identified ten areas having concentration of tribals in contiguous areas. Special Development Agencies like Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) have been created for overall tribal development in these areas. Objective is to ensure an integrated approach towards implementation of developmental programs for tribals in the (tribal) sub plan areas. The Project Officers of ITDAs are vested with both development as well as regulatory responsibilities with the administrative control over all other line departmental officers including the revenue and tribal department personnel in the district. This way, all the three streams - revenue, development and law and order, are all streamlined, with a single line administration in Tribal Sub Plan areas. Further, all developmental programs in the sub plan area need to be approved by ITDAs. Andhra Pradesh has 10 ITDAs covering the TSP areas in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad, Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool and Nellore districts. The ITDA is the nodal agency for integrating all welfare and developmental programs for tribal development. The ITDA functions under the umbrella of the Tribal Welfare Commissionerate at Hyderabad. The institutional and implementation arrangements in these areas are detailed in the Tribal Development Plan Village Tribal Development Agency In Andhra Pradesh, the State Government has enacted Act 7 of 1998 extending Panchayat Raj to scheduled areas. Relevant Rules under the Act are yet to be issued. Meanwhile, in the tribal areas of the State, community based organizations viz. Village Tribal Development Agency (VTDA) has been promoted by ITDAs. The VTDAs are actively involved in planning, implementing and monitoring various tribal development activities at habitation level. Tribal Welfare Department has found VTDA as a viable and functional structure in carrying out Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (PESA Act) effectively in tribal areas. The Tribal Welfare Department attempted to integrate the existing PR structure with the new community based movements. In order to ensure a proper integration, it was ordered that the Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat shall be the president of the VTDA and the secretary of the VTDA should be a woman selected from among the SHG members of the village. Government has also issued instructions that all works up to a maximum cost of Rs lakh each shall be entrusted to VTDAs on nomination basis. The involvement of VTDA in the developmental activities in the Scheduled Areas is detailed in the Tribal Development Plan. Samaj Vikas (F) Page 4-49

50 Social Assessment - Final Report -July Implementation and Operations - RWSS Department The Engineer-in-Chief (ENC), RWSS department and the Chief Engineers (CE) are the key personnel at the state level responsible for program management and implementation in the RWSS sector. The officials at the state level are responsible for according administrative and technical (based on size) approvals for projects and monitoring and evaluation of works being undertaken. The overall functions of the state level institutions are: Provision of policy guidelines for the RWSS sector Overall planning, implementation and monitoring of schemes/ works in the sector Coordination with institutions and personnel at the district, Mandal and village levels for implementation and monitoring of sector programs The Engineer-in-Chief (EnC) is responsible for overall control of works in the RWSS sector in the state. The EnC is responsible for according administrative sanction for RWSS works up to Rs. 10 lakh. The EnC is empowered to accord technical sanction for works above Rs. 50 lakh Chief Engineers The Chief Engineers (CEs) are responsible for planning and implementation of RWSS works within their mandated geographical constituencies or work areas. At present, the RWSS works in the state are being looked after by 3 CEs - 2 in charge of sector works in their geographical constituencies and the third in charge of Communication and Capacity Development. The CEs are in charge of reviewing proposals and forwarding them for administrative sanction to the E-n-C and / or the Secretary, RWSS. The CEs are empowered to accord technical sanction of works for up to Rs. 50 lakh. The CEs take up Monthly review of works and Achievement of physical targets. The CE, CCDU does Planning & implementation of capacity building programs and Monitoring performance of staff SEs and EEs The Superintending Engineers (SE) and Executive Engineers (EE) - in hierarchical order - are responsible for implementation of the sector programs at the district level. The officials at the district level play an important role in monitoring and evaluation, besides executing the projects. The SEs are in charge of implementation and monitoring of RWSS schemes in a district. The SE is assisted by two EEs (on an average) who in turn execute responsibilities in their respective sub-divisions. The SEs are in charge of preparation of budgets for the entire district and responsible for preparation of annual administrative reports of the progress made in the district. The SE is vested with powers to accord technical sanction for RWSS works in their respective districts where the project cost is under Rs. 50 lakh. The EEs are responsible for implementation and monitoring of RWSS works in their respective sub-divisions in a district. They are entrusted with responsibilities of preparation of budgets, monitoring of works, accord technical sanction of works up to Rs. 10 lakh and monitoring of works. Samaj Vikas (infocilsamaivikas.org) Page 4-50

51 4.3.4 DEEs and AEEs/AEs The Deputy Executive Engineer (DEE) and Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE)/ Assistant Engineer (AE), RWSS function as representatives of the RWSS department at the Mandal level. There are no official representatives of the RWSS department at the village level. The AEE/ AE extend technical support to the GPs in execution of their responsibilities towards operations and maintenance of SVS and intra village facilities of MVS. The DEE is in charge of about 2-3 Mandals in the district. The DEEs report to the EEs and SEs at the sub-divisional and district levels. The DEEs are assisted by AEEs/ AEs who are in charge of RWSS works in GPs. The DEEs are in charge of monthly review and overall control of works undertaken at the GP level. They are in charge of preparation of budgets for their respective Mandals which are compiled at the district level by the EE/ SE. The DEEs are vested with powers for accordance of technical sanction for works up to Rs. 2 lakhs. The AEEs/ AEs provide the necessary technical support to GPs in implementation of schemes at the GP level. The AEEs/ AEs interact with the community and GP on a regular basis and monitor the ongoing works. They are in charge of preparation of line estimates should projects be conceptualized for implementation. They also facilitate preparation of detailed project reports. They function as Technical advisor to GP and have Technical sanction powers for works upto Rs lakh Manpower The existing manpower details of RWSS department across various levels are presented in the table below: 4.4 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD Key strengths The present institutional structure of the RWSSD is well laid out from the state to village level reaching both MVS and SVS schemes. Samaj Vikas (info@,samajvikas.org) Page 4-5 1

52 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 Presently the state has an extensive network of rural water supply infrastructure through SVS & MVS and sanitation infrastructure through household sanitary latrines, community latrines, school sanitation infrastructure. Initiation of devolution of O&M responsibility to the ZPs and GPs. The O&M of the common facilities of the MVS are under the control of the ZP and O&M of the SVS and intra village facilities of the MVS are under the control of the GPs. Since the introduction of the Sector Reforms Program (SRP) and Swajaladhara programs, concepts of Demand Driven participation and decentralization is taking place. The competent and experienced technical human resource pool, whose preference is to serve the sector, is available with the RWSSD. High design standards and reasonable construction quality. Formation of Water & Sanitation Missions - at state and district levels - to adopt demand driven approach in the sector. Key weaknesses RWSSD has not been able to achieve good coverage in terms of water supply and sanitation. For example, only 43% of habitations are Fully Covered by RWS schemes and NSS habitations are still to be covered; rural household sanitation coverage is only 53%. Vacant positions in the RWSSD makes it weak, duly considering the fact that there are nearly 57% of the habitations are either under covered or have problems. Another fact is that some of the present staff have given preference to PR, but are in RWSSD as positions were not available in PR. The current institutional structure of the RWSSD does not fully subscribe to the principles of the demand driven approach that the state is contemplating to scale up. Structural changes to the RWSSD need to be undertaken so as to ensure that operational linkages between the RWSSD and the Water & Sanitation Missions (WSMs), at the state, district, Mandal and village levels, are fortified. Such fortification is a requirement for scaling up and sustaining demand driven approaches in the RWSS sector in the state. The current system of administrative sanction and technical sanction results in long process time and often time delays in execution. More and more decentralization is required - both for functions as well as decisions. The current procedural bottlenecks and delays in drawing up the schemes, sanctioning of schemes, funds flow and procurement methods are delaying schemes. The fund-flow through the RWSS department shows limited decentralization in case of capital works. The transfer of funds to the ZP and GP for O&M of MVS and SVS are positive trends that indicate devolution of responsibilities to the lower levels in government. However, the RWSS sector should move towards adopting a more decentralized fund flow structure similar to reform programs like Swajaladhara and TSC. Capacities of personnel at the district, Mandal and village levels need to be significantly augmented to promote such devolution of responsibilities. 4.5 Issues for Consideration Presently, Top-down (supply driven) approach is followed in scheme designing, implementation and O&M phases. Presently, RWSSD is solely responsible for all activities starting from project conceptualization, planning, designing, implementation to O&M phase. In these phases, only limited inputs are taken from actual users and other stakeholders in Samaj Vikas m o r g ) Page 4-52

53 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 terms of demand, technology choice, siting of infrastructure facilities, etc. Some of the key institutional issues, contributing to service and performance, are identified during field visits and stakeholder discussions are given below for consideration by APRWSSP. Staff strength: During the bifurcation of the Panchayat Raj (PR) department into RWSSD and PR, majority of the staff preferred to remain in PR. This situation has resulted in vacant positions in the RWSSD. Recently the senior positions in RWSSD have been filled through promotions. Some positions at the AEIAEE, DEE level still remain vacant. Technical Support: There are sizable number (1953) of NSS habitations in the state. The technologies adopted for fluoride affected villages are not working satisfactorily mainly due to operation and maintenance reasons. There is a requirement for building capacity of the department in terms of innovation in new, simple and community friendly technologies. Change in Roles: At present, the role of RWSSD is that of a provider of water and sanitation assets. In view of decentralization and devolution of roles and responsibilities pertaining to planning, implementation and O&M of water supply to ZPs and GPs, the RWSSD role will shift to that of facilitator and provider of technical support to the ZPs and GPs. RWSSD is not geared up to such a cultural shift and thus there is a need for preparing the personnel for this transformation. Conflicting Roles: Governance, policy making and execution roles have converged at present into the RWSS department. There is need for separation of the governance aspect from the project execution roles and responsibilities. Community Participation: Limited participation of the community, in planning, implementation and O&M of RWSS facilities, is a key issue to be tackled in the RWSS sector. The limited community involvement is partly because of the supply driven approach and partly due to lack of awareness among users about the benefits that could accrue from active involvement. Significant IEC efforts need to be effectively channeled to improve community participation. Operation and Maintenance: This is one area, where both the RWSSD and VWSC are not faring well. Lack of role clarity and funds are the main problems. Clear scheme specific guidelines regarding O&M need to be developed at the time of sub-project preparation supported by funding sources. Weak PRIs: Though the PIUs have been given the mandate for water supply and sanitation, there are financially and technically weak. They are not in a position to operate and maintain the water supply schemes in a proper manner. When compared to the GP, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the Village Organizations (VOs) in the villages are active and financially strong. Limited Capacity: There is limited technical capacity in the community and in PRIs to effectively take over and manage RWSS services, as there has been no role for them historically. The plans of GOAP to scale up demand-driven approaches in the state would require the support of substantial IEC activities at the village level to promote awareness and build capacities of people to handle RWSS facilities and inculcate a sense of ownership. The capacity of the community and users need to be substantially augmented so as to enable their effective participation in planning, design, implementation, monitoring & evaluation, financial management and O&M of the RWSS facilities. In the Scheduled Areas roles of ITDA and VTDA need to be considered keeping in mind the Provisions of PESA Act. Samaj Vikas (infoosamaivikas.org) Page 4-53

54 5 Stakeholder Analysis 5.1 Introduction Water and sanitation projects implemented under various different programs in the past have focused mostly on achieving targets. Water supply projects were focusing on covering more villages and bringing them under the fold of FC category, while sanitation mostly focused on building latrines. This approach has led to more focus on technical outputs with little focus on sustainable outcomes or impact of the project on the beneficiaries. Although the ultimate focus of all these projects is to benefit the people. Though there were efforts to involve the beneficiaries in the projects, these efforts did not bear much hit and the sustainability of these projects (particularly Operation and Maintenance) has suffered due to limited involvement of community in managing and owning the projects. Thus keeping in mind the importance of stakeholder participation and involvement in the project, a detailed stakeholder consultation and analysis was carried out as one of the important components of the Social Assessment study with an aim to support the project in evolving an effective project implementation plan and strategy. Such consultations were carried out with various stakeholders at Village, Mandal, District and State level. A list of all the stakeholders identified at different level is presented below in two categories, viz. direct beneficiaries and indirect beneficiaries. 5.2 Stakeholders at Different Levels The project direct and indirect stakeholders at different levels. i.e., Habitation, Gram Panchayat, Mandal, District, State and Country level are given below: Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels Direct Beneficiaries Habitation Level *All Middle Class and the Poor, Women, All water and Sanitation facilities users; Users of water for drinking, bathing, toilet, washing clothes, for cattle, and users of sanitation facilities like drainage, washing platforms, dustbins, etc.) ~Tribals in Scheduled Areas and Non-Scheduled Areas *Scheduled Caste groups *Village Water and Sanitation Committee *SHG groups involved in sanitation, health and nutrition *Labourers/ Daily Wage Earners (including women) Ward Members *Waterman/ Operator/ Sanitation Workers Gram Panc hayat Level *Sarpanch, Ex-Sarpanches and PRI Members Village Secretary *Panchayat Executive Officer I Indirect Beneficiaries *CommunityLevel Institutions like Youth Clubs, Mahila Mandals, etc. *Traders and Retailers of Sanitation Materials.Angmwa& Workers and Auxi]iaryNurses cum Midwives *Local Petty, Labour and O&M Contractors.Tradesmen (wenten; Masons, etc.) Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level *Local NGO functionaries *Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials *Plumbers and other Tradesmen Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 5-54

55 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 Direct Beneficiaries Mandal Level ~Mandal Parishad Development Officers.Panchayat Raj Extension Officer RWSSD Engineers District Level.RWSSD Superintending Engineers and Executive Engineer.SC and ST Development Corporations ICDS Functionaries.Health Department Functionaries State Level ORWSSD Chief Engineer APRWSSP PD and SPSU Team Engineer in Chief, PR.Tribal Welfare Department.Tribal Welfare Engineering Department 0APRWSSP Technical Support Agencies (from government and non-government sector).development Support Organizations, NGOs.Government of India Departments (Rural Development, Water Supply, Tribal Development, etc.) I Indirect Beneficiaries Contractors Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials.Mechanics, Electricians, Plumbers and other Tradesmen, Transporters Government Development and Employment Programs at Village Level NGO Functionaries.Local MLAs Media Contractors Traders of Water Supply and Sanitation Materials.Mechanics, Electricians, Plumbers and other Tradesmen, Transporters.Government Development Programs ONGO Functionaries.Local MPs and MLAs.Media *Health Department oapard and other Training Institutions Women & Child Development Department Contractors.Pipes, Pumps and Motors, Cement, Steel, Chlorinators, etc. Manufacturers and Suppliers, Water Supply Contractors.Sanitation Material Manufacturers Transporters.Government Development Programs (IKP, etc.).media Groups (Print & Electronic) World Bank Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 5-55

56 - The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment Final Report - July Beneficiaries1 Stakeholders Expectations Table 74: BeneficiarieslStakeholders Expectations p k e holden Expectations Women as Sub- Group All Users Better quality of water *Enhanced quantityand equitable distribution Good capacity Over Head Service Reservoir (OHSR) Water available at an appointed time *House service *Better management and faster repairs *Provision of good quality and safe sanitary facilities *Safe disposal of wastewater Government support and subsidy *Reduction in time spent in fetching water *Tie savings and productive use of time *Wants water for domestic purposes and also for cattle purposes as well. *Wants good qualitywater at appropriate timings for reasonable durations. *OHSRs with adequate water storage to tide over the scheduled and unscheduled power cuts *BCs to all those who want to have them *Adequate number of stand posts as per the requirement of villagers Good qualitysanitation facilities easy on maintenance. *Building drainage systems, provision of dust bins, etc., in the village *Identification of BPL families and provision of support in building individual sanitation latrines *Proper O&M of the water supply and upkeep of sanitation systems *Availability of extension services: subsidized individual sanitary latrines, sanitation technical know-how, awareness generation on sanitation, health and nutrition, etc. *Awareness generation among the water users *Poor and marginalized sections expect their inclusion in VWSC Issues/ Concerns *Poor quality of water *Low quantity of water *Limited access and Inequitable distribution of water *Increase in time spent in fetching water *Poor storage capacity *Unreliable water supply *Continuing open defecation in the villages Improper location of sanitary facilities *Lack of privacy *Higher Tariff *Health concerns for self and children Poor quality of water *Low quantity of water *Limited access and Inequitable distribution of water *Poor storage capacity Unreliable water supply *Continuing open defecation in the villages Higher Tariff Samaj Vikas (info@#samaivikas.org) Page 5-56

57 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 / Stakeholders WSC Members Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes groups Gram Panchayat Expectations Augmentation or new sustainable water supply and sanitation systems in the villages.contracting of pettyworks to village level institutions.handing over of scheme in good working condition to WCSC.Entrusting Operation and Maintenance works to local level institutions.design the system for equitable water supply and sanitation facilities.consultation with and consent of WCSC and villages regarding siting of facilities.training of WCSC members and other skilled persons on O&M aspects of the water supply and sanitation systems..sensitization of WESC to the needs and requirements of the villagers.wvsc should be entrusted with the responsibilityof collecting water tariff from users.they want to be consulted and participate in decision making, implementation and operation and maintenance. They want to be included and part of the WCSC so that they can take care of their interests..they want their requirements, needs and preferences be taking into account while designing the systems..they look forward to get some work in the subproject either as skilled or unskilled labour.they want to be trained in activities related to the operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities - ~ They want some petty works be given to them as contracts..they want the Government and RWSSD to protect their interests during water distribution Sufficient and timely funds Improved delivery of services Capacities will be increased.enhanced people's participation.exposure to the technical and financial management..better organizational capacities utilization of resources.better co-ordination with other stakeholders - Issues/ Concerns.Rich villagers, PRI members, WVSC members, etc. are nursing ambitions to control and influence the overall decision making, implementation and functioning of the subproject through representation in the WVSC.GP may not allow WCSC to exercise control over the subproject.differential tariff may create division in the village..exclusion from the decision-making Lited access to services.limited technical and managerial skills.exploitative practices and dominance of rich and forward communities..lack of funds and staff.cited functional devolution - dependent GP and RWSSD in many aspects.lack of co-ordination between various departments.limited understanding of the project.limited experience in operation and maintenance of the systems and cost. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 5-57

58 1 Stakeholden Expectations i Improved delivery expectations.the Sarpanch and Ward members expect RWSSD staff to consult them on regular basis before undertaking any activity in the village.they expect that the WCSC should work under the overall direction of Gram Panchayat They. expect - RWSSD to take up awareness generation among the GP members xpect the RWSSD to extend subsidy for all villagers Expects control over MVS and inter GP facilities.expects financial support from project Expects involvement of MP in project Capacity building of MP Zilla Parishad.Expects control over MVS and inter GP facilities.expects financial support from project.expects involvement of MP in project.expects ~ush sanitation agenda through the project.expects to realize district water and sanitation targets and goals through project Capacity building of ZP AEE/ DEE, RWSSD.Would be involved in supporting the technical aspects.rwssd shall be the project implementation agency.strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance.stress on augmentation of sources through ground water recharge measures.expects training in Implementation and 08rM I Issues/ Concerns WCSC may sideline GP.RWSSD might focus on WCSC Weak Mandal Parishad.No clarityof role in the project Lack of funds and staff.limited functional devolution - dependent on RWSSD in many aspects.lack of co-ordination between various departments.limited understanding of the project.rwssd might focus on GPs and WCSCs GP cannot maintain SVS and MVS.Do not have adequate technical resources.nan availabilityof technical resources at the panchayat level due to low salaries.whether GP is capable of operation and maintenance of the project- technically & financially. ~Abilityof people to contribute for the project.more house service connections may lead to acceleration of over exploitation of ground - water..failure of sources to provide water due to recurrent drought conditions Limited financial and technical powerj Samaj Vikas (inf~@~samaivikas.org) Page 5-58

59 1 Stakeholdeo EE/ SE, RWSSD SWSM Contractors Expectations *Sustenance of the operations *Increase in financial viability *RWSSD shall be the project implementation agency *The professional and technical know how of the staff shall be utiid for the new project. *Training in Procurement, Planning and Implementation Strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance *Stress on augmentation of sources through ground water recharge measures *Provision of adequate funds for complete augmentation or new water and sanitation systems *The RWSSD expects more field level manpower support like Assistant Engineers and Site Engineers, Community Communicators, etc. *Support of Development Support Organisation and NGOs in forming and strengthening WISCs *Adequate fund flow from government for regular and timely O W Training in Procurement and Planning *Sustenance of the operations *Expects to provide policy based support to project *Expects to meet targets on both water and sanitation *Expects to demonstrate new simple and community friendly technologies *The professional and technical know how of the staff shall be utiid for the new project. *Capacity building measures to change any limitation in their capacities and their attitudes or mind sets Strong IEC capacity building to ensure that people will take care of the maintenance *Expects projects to start early *Expects that contract packages will be of attractive size *Expects to have price escalation clause in the contracts *Expects to have sound procurement systems in place Emects no trouble from community Issues/ Concerns GP cannot maintain MVS *Institutional set up of the ~ro~osed project *Whether people are capable to take care of the operation and maintenance of the project - technically as well as financially. *Failure of sources to ~rovide water due to recurrent drought conditions Political Pressure *Do not have adequate technical resources Sufficiency of project funds *Failure of sources to provide water due to recurrent drought conditions *Political Pressure *Rising expectations *Institutional set up of the proposed project *Abilityof people to contribute for the project Community participation *Cost contributions Subsidies for latrines *Institutional set up of the proposed project - - Project capacitybuilding program might focus on external agencies for capacity building *BCC efforts might not succeed *Preference certain sections of contractors Price escalation clause *Delay in payments *Delays in land acquisition Profit margins Samaj Vikas (m) Page 5-59

60 Social Assessment - Final Report - Julv 2008 Stakeholders Laboured Daily Wage E amen Local Skilled Labour/ Tradesmen Society for Elimination of Rural Pove~ (SERP)/ Indira Kranti Patham OKP) Other Departments Expectations.Expects that land will be made available before entering site.expects tirnelypayments and reasonable profit margins.sub-project to create more wage earning opportunity.some work during operation and maintenance too..contractors will not bring outside/ migrant labour for sub-project works..scope for employment/ work during implementation and O&M..Masons expect their engagement in latrines construction, drainage construction, etc..the IKP Health and Nutrition Unit 0 functionaries want to participate in the sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the project..the HNUexpects to implement the awareness creation and motivation programs for sanitation in the villages..the HNUexpects that the project allots these funds them to carryout these programs.the ICDS functionaries too wants to participate in the project at Gram Panchayat and Mandal level The Education Department wants to participate in the project by engaging their Mandal Literacy Officers in the campaigns for sanitation promotion.the Tribal Welfare Department wants participate in the project in the areas where there is substantial tribal population and try convergence of their programs.the Ground Water Department wants to participate in the project for measuring water levels and water quality in the project villages on a regular basis. Issues/ Concerns Availability of skilled labour.interference from community Contractors may bring migrant labour.skills required to find work Contractors may bring migrant labour.skills required to find work.project institution and implementation arrangements.funds for participation Coordination at secretary level.skilled personnel for participation.project institution and implementation arrangements.funds for participation Coordination at secretary level.skilled personnel for participation Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations The following issues have emerged during the consultations held in the villages, the three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops and the state level consultation/ disclosure workshop. There were enquiries as to how the GPs will be prioritized to take up sub-projects. Villagers were curious to know how the project would prioritize the GPs for implementation There were complaints of frequent drying up of groundwater sources due to shallow bore wells Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 5-60

61 There were requests that the water supply systems be built in a robust manner; as the villagers have apprehensions based on their experiences of OHSR leaking, pipes being buried at shallow depths and thereby leaking and bursting, frequently burning motors, etc, People were complaining of wastage of water from public taps during supply hours as there were no taps or valves to control the flow. Villagers were complaining of irregular cleaning of OHSRs There were complaints that chlorination of water is not done though the systems have provision for chlorination. There were requests that the drainage systems be built-in a technically correct manner as their experience shows that the flow is not proper and accumulation of wastewater at different places in the system Villagers apprehend that the subsidy for building latrines may not reach the real BPL and the needy households. Many latrines built were not used or put to alternate use The villagers apprehend that the VWSC may be dominated by the rich, powerful and forward community members and may serve only their interests The villagers apprehend that improper siting of facilities could lead to inter-village/ inter-community conflicts and may vitiate the village atmosphere During the discussion it was noticed that the villagers in general have some kind of low awareness about sanitation, but are not adequately motivated to practice. This is not on the top of their agenda. Presently in the villages, there are no convergence of activities related to water, sanitation, health, hygiene, nutrition, education, etc. Villagers request such convergence to save their time. Presently in most villages, the VWSC is not actively functional Land for regional schemes could be prove to be a hindrance in implementing the project. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 5-61

62 6.1 Introduction 6 Impact Assessment During the public consultation and focus group discussions in the villages the stakeholders perceived that the project many not have sizable negative impacts on them due to the nature, type and size of the works. However, the following social impacts could possibly arise out of the proposed projects. 6.2 Impacts The project impacts are listed below: Table 75: Pro'ect Im acts pk-positive Impacts I Negative Impacts 1 Women as Sub-group All Users.Availability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all Reduced drudgery of carrying water from long distances.reduced disease burden due to reduction in water borne and water related d' iseases.reduced health expenses and thereby savings.productive use of time.less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions.improved safety Opportunities - - for social interaction Improvements in quality of life and dignity Availability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all.health and Environmental improvements Reduced health expenses and thereby savings.productive use of time.improvements in income patterns.reduced nuisance of open defecation due to increased coverage of individual sanitary latrines.less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions I.Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems.spread of AIDS at construction sites Surface water pollution and groundwater pollution Higher Tariffs Control by Male members of the WSC/ GP.Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems.spread of AIDS at construction sites.surface water pollution and groundwater pollution.higher - Tariffs.Deprivation and Displacement due to acquisition of private residential or agricultural or commercial land.social issues such as, social disruption in the area of Samaj Vikas (infok4samaivikas.org) Page 6-62

63 The World Bank Supported Andha Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 F~take holder Groups I Positive Impacts I Negative Impacts VWSC Members Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes Groups Improved public safety *Better infrastructure facilities *Improved access to services *Oppodties for social interaction *Improved community participation and sense of ownership Capacity Building Improvements in quality of life and human dignity *Increase in the number of members *Representation of all section of people in the VWSC Timely and regular meeting of WISCs Well defined norms and procedures for empowering VWSC *Increase in the level of involvement of WISC members for generating 10% contribution (financial& non-financial) from villagers Active involvement of WISC members in community mobilization for operation &maintenance of water and sanitation systems *Reduced incidence of conflicts over the distribution and use of water Well maintained records and books related to accounts Reduced influence or control bv the rich and ~owerful ~vailability of quality water for a duration required and at a time wanted by all *Scope for having water points near their houses *Reduced drudgeryof canying water from long distances *Reduced disease burden due to reduction in water borne and water related d lseases ' Reduced health expenses and thereby savings *Productive use of time construction, social unrest issues on construction sites and regional labour issues *Chances of VWSC overruling the villagers needs and views of the villagers *VWSC might become another bureaucratic setup for the villagers *VWSC might overlook PRI and may land in troubles *Health Hazards, due to stagnation of water leading to mosquito breeding and public health problems.spread of AIDS at construction sites *Surface water pollution and groundwater pollution Higher Tariffs Control by rich and forward caste members of the VWSU GP I 1 *Less suffering during monsoons and adverse climatic conditions I I Improved safety Oppodties for social interaction Capacity building Improvements in quality of life and dignity Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 6-63

64 Stake holder Groups Gram Panchayat Mandal Paris had Zilla Parishad AEE/ DEE, RWSSD EE/ SE, RWSSD CE/ EiC, RWSSD Positive Impacts Opportun;tyfor provision of reliable water and sanitation services Winning the confidence of the people.scope for capacity building.scope for revenue generation Opportunity to handle finances.opportunity for provision of reliable water and sanitation services Wming the confidence of the people.scope for capacity building.scope for revenue generation.opportunity for provision of reliable water and sanitation services Wming the confidence of the people.scope for capacity building.scope for revenue generation.opportunityto handle finances.financial support from project.can Complete the district sanitation agenda through the project.expects to realize district water and sanitation targets and goals through project.opportunityto provide water and sanitation services to rural areas Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvement Opportunity to prepare projects in a technologically sound manner Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvements.increase in financial powers Opportunity to prepare projects in a technologically sound manner Opportunities for skill development and capacity improvements.increase in financial powers.project funds for complete augmentation or new water and sanitation systems Negative Impacts.Inabilityto maintain the schemes due to poor technical and financial position Contributions may not come up.threat of WCSC sidelining the PRI Competition with SHGs and VOs Possibility of water and sanitation revenue being used for other purposes.gp may sideline MP as MP's role is not clear.mvs may become a maintenance problem Conflicts may arise within MVS villages Lited functional devolution - dependent on RWSSD in many aspects.rwssd might focus on GPs and WCSCs GPs and WCSCs may sideline GP.MVS may become a maintenance problem Conflicts may arise within MVS villages.mayget sidelined with the induction of consultants at every stage Unable to collect community contributions.institutional set up new but yet procedural.failure of pilots.political pressure in selection and implementation Project funds may not suffice to cover all NC and NSS.Failure of sources to provide water due to recurrent drought conditions.political Pressure Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 6-64

65 - The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 pkeholder Gmups I Positive Impacts I Negative Impacts SWSM CCDU Contractors I~b~urers/ Daily Wage Earners Local Skilled Labour/ Tradesmen Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SEW)/ Indira Kranti Patharn (IKP) Other Departments I *Sustainable water and sanitation operations *Policies benefiting people can be made *Meet all state water and sanitation goals *Demonstrate new simple and community friendly technologies Capacity building measures will be taken up by CCDU *IEC material can be - prepared - by CCDU *Earlyand timelystart of projects *Price escalation clauses in the contracts Community cooperating in the villages *Land acquisition done before project start Timely payments and reasonable profit margins *Employment Opportunities during implementation and sometimes during maintenance. 1 *Likely Increased wages *Opportunities for working with skilled persons and learning new skills Likely. equal wages for women A *Employment Opportunities during implementation and sometimes during maintenance. Likely Increased wages Likely e~ual waees for women. * " *Opportunity to participate in the sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the project. e~unds from CaDacitv buildine of SERP ~ersonnel *Opportunity to participate in the water, sanitation, health and hygiene and nutrition related activities of the - project.. 1 *Funds from project *SWSM may have only a minor role to play. RWSSD may dominate and sideline SWSM Communityparticipation may not be effective Subsidies for latrines may result in unused latrines CCDU may have only a minor role to play. RWSSD may dominate and sideline CCDU ( *These functions might be outsourced BCC efforts might not succeed *Improper procurement systems Delay in payments *Delays in land acquisition *Low Profit margins *Skilled labour unavailable *Interference from community *Migrant labour brought in by the contractors Possibility of contacting HIV AIDS Clashes and social unrest Possibility of using - child labour *Possibilityof not paying equal wages to women *Migrant labour brought in by the contractors Possibility of contacting HN AIDS Clashes and social unrest *Possibility of not paying equal wages to women *SEW may not be involved *Funds maynot be transferred *Differences with RWSSD may crop up SEW may not be involved Funds may not be transferred Differences with RWSSD Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 6-65

66 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 Stakeholder Groups 1 Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 6-66

67 7.1 Risks 7 Major Risks and Assumptions The project may not get support from the beneficiaries (especially from poor and backward communities) if proper measures are not initiated towards capital cost contributions. The project may face conflict between those who take up house service connection and those who depend on public stand posts, if equity and inclusion issues are not addressed during the design stage. The project may face strong opposition from those who in elevated areas in the villages with the fear that they may not get enough water with proper pressure. The project may face serious objections from the villagers if the petty works are not given to the village contractors/ institutions The operation and maintenance may land in difficulties, if the operation and maintenance is given to outside private contractors, instead of local organizations1 contractors. The project may face opposition from interest groups if the project tries to fill up the VWSC with influential people instead of including representatives from all sections of the village. The project may not achieve its objectives within the stipulated time period if more time is consumed in redefining systems and addressing policy level issues for effective convergence of various government departments. The wastewater generated due to good water supply can cause environmental pollution if not tackled early and properly. The leech pit toilets can cause groundwater contamination, if proper measures are not taken to prevent this. 7.2 Assumptions It is assumed that the land acquisition will be done with in reasonable time, but it may get delayed thereby further delaying the project implementation process if the land acquisition process is not completed on time. It is assumed that safe and sustainable sources will be identified for sustainable water supply, but in practice it is very difficult to find safe and sustainable sources, unless measures are taken to prevent and avoid over exploitation of these sources. It is assumed that villagers in fluoride affected villages will use the treated water, but they may go back to their old sources if supply fails. It is assumed that the VWSC will initiate measures towards prevention of open defecation, but the villagers may not obey these measures, if the VWSC does not gain their confidence. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 7-67

68 Social Assessment - Final Report -July Issues of Significance and Design Elements 8.1 Issues of significance The issues which are significant for the project are listed below. These issues need to be addressed during the course of project cycle at an appropriate phase. The approaches for this are given under the design elements in this chapter. These issues are detailed in the following paragraphs. 1. Management Unit 2. Inclusion and Equity 2.1. Regional Consideration - Region and Quality 2.2. Participation of SCI ST, Women, Poor, etc. 3. Autonomy 4. Decentralization and Subsidiarity 5. Effective Governance and Management 6. Transparency and Accountability 7. Capacity Support 8. Capacity Building 9. Gender Issues 10. Convergence 8.2 Proposed Design Elements and Approach The design elements and approach attempt addressing significant project issues. The following issues are addressed during the project design by incorporation of the suggested elements in the project design itself Management Unit The villages in AP are heterogeneous in form and content. First, in some cases, the villages are nucleated in the sense that there is close aggregation or crowding of the houses. In some other cases, the village is quite wide spread where the hamlets are spread out, one of them being the central or core village. The tribal villages are more scattered and the terrain is most often undulated. This feature of physical distance has implication of coverage of the water supply and sanitation provision. Second, the villagers are not only divided on caste basis (Forward Castes, Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) but they also live maintaining social distance and identity of the group. Often times, the social and physical distance go together, particularly in case of SCs and STs, who generally live away from others. This feature has implication not only physical coverage but also equity, participation in decision making by way of representation, articulating their fears and concerns or their points of view and maintenance of the program. Hence the habitation has to be the management unit for implementation Inclusion and Equitv Selection of villages for sub-projects is the major issues before the project. The selection has to be in such a way that the unserved are served and the most marginalized population of the state gets the maximum benefit out of the investments proposed under the project. Keeping Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 8-68

69 ...- ~ The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 this in view, the village selection criteria need to be developed for the project. The criteria given below is based on previous experiences and feedback from various stakeholders. The following criteria is proposed. Region: Select villages in proportion to the population fiom the three regions; i.e., Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. The selection criteria should even out the regional imbalances in the water supply and sanitation provision in the state. Quality: The villages which have quality problems such as Brackish, Fluoride, etc. need to be given preference. For these villages more time need to be allotted for investigations and design. It would be better if few pilots are taken up in these villages to test the technology that is going to be used. Participation: The biggest challenge before the project is, how to include and equitably benefit the most marginalized sections of the populations (belonging to diverse socioeconomic background e.g. ST, SC, landless, women, poor, the unserved, etc.) in the subproject. The project will have Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committees (GPWSC) at the GP level. There will be participation of all SC, ST, Women, poor, etc. in the GPWSC through membership. They will participate in the decision making process. STs in the Scheduled Areas will participate through the VTDAs. Prioritization: The project will prioritize the implementation of sub-projects on need basis. The NC category will be given first priority and the NSS category second priority. PC habitation will be the next priority. Improvements to FC category will be the last priority Autonomy The project adopts self selection and a demand driven approach duly giving autonomy to the GPs. In case of SVS, the GPs are independent in decision making regarding planning, implementation and O&M of the sub-projects Decentralization and Subsidiarity Another important issue that the project would like to address is with regard to establishment of a decentralized governance mechanisms in implementation of the project. The basic idea behind this is to adopt a need based implementation mechanism instead of going for a topdown approach of implementing a project. The advantage in this is to design and implement a program based on exact requirements of people. Hence, several studies have been carried out for establishment of a need based implementation mechanism. Apart form this, the following are some of the initiatives that the project is taking up while implementing the project: The project proposes initiating a bottom-up planning process. The whole idea in this is to first start with village level planning. These village level plans will be scrutinized by the DWSM and will be sent for approval to SWSM. As a result of this bottom-up planning process, the exact needs of people can be identified based on which the project can plan appropriate initiatives to fulfill those needs. As part of decentralization process, the project initiated a mechanism that the sub-projects will be handed over to GPWSC for operation and maintenance. The idea is to give greater control to people in management of their water and sanitation systems. Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 8-69

70 Under the project the GPs will have complete control and independence in decision making in case of SVS. In case of MVS, the ZP will have control over the common facilities of the MVS and the GPs will have control over the inter GP facilities. MP will give technical advice to the GPs with regard to planning, implementation and O&M. The powers of the SE have been hiked to Rs. 30 Lakh, so that the decision making with regard to contract awards can be completed at the district level itself. In case of villages under ITDA, the Project Officer of the ITDA will have the powers to sanction schemes, appoint consultants and NGOs and to monitor and review the progress, etc Effective Governance and Management In order to separate the governance function form the operation function, the SWSM is separate form the SPSU at the state level. In the same manner, the DWSM is separate form the DPSU at the district level. The SE, RWSSD at the district level will guide the implementation with the assistance of the EE, RWSSD. This functional separation will aid in effective governance and management Transparencv and Accountabilih The project operational structure has been designed in line with maintaining a transparent and accountable system starting from state level to village1 sub-project level. A four tier project operational structure viz. State level, District level, Mandal Level and Village level has been proposed for project implementation. At the State level the project is being implemented by SWSM setup under RWSSD to coordinate and support the overall implementation of the project. At District Level the DWSM is in charge of implementation. This is headed by an SE assisted by EEs. Apart from state and district level setup, Support Organizations will be appointed to support in planning, design and implementation of the sub-projects. At the Mandal level the MWSC headed by the Deputy Executive Engineer will be responsible for the implementation of the project. At the GP level GPWSC is the implementing agency. GPWSC will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the sub-project. At all levels, there is stakeholder engagement and at the village level the implementation and maintenance responsibility is vested with the GPWSC. In order to establish an accountable and transparent mechanism, in particular at the village level, greater emphasis has been given to establish a participatory community based M&E system that provides timely and necessary information for achieving the same. Therefore, during the inception, the project has established baseline status and set up output, process, outcome and impact indicators so that the progress against the same can be measured from time to time. This would help in setting up an accountability mechanism and provides platform for maintaining transparency within and outside the project with regard to achievement of necessary project outputs. Through establishment of an effective M&E system, the project would also like to assess utilization of funds vis-a-vis quality of activities undertaken under the project and make mid-course corrections when needed. Keeping in mind the importance of establishment of M&E system, the project is developing a fully computerized M&E system for implementation. Samaj Vikas (infoosamaivikas.org) Page 8-70

71 Social Assessment - Final Report -July 2008 In order to achieve transparency and accountability each GPWSC at the sub-project level prepares Village Water & Sanitation Plan (VWSP). This will be supported by the SO. The plan is prepared using PRA approaches. This plan will form an attachment to a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the three principal actors; GPWSC, GP and ZP. Once approved by signatures, this will not only be the basis for implementation but also would enable comparative assessments in future. The elements of such a plan will include: Community Mobilization: This includes (i) Social Mobilization details relating to GPWSC formation as well as registration and opening of the bank account, and (ii) Socio-economic survey for social mapping, (iii) water sources mapping and (iv) superimposing social map on water resources map, on a top0 sheet, to depict the existing situation and identity gaps (if any) and (v) computing situational index. Community Contribution Mobilization Plan: This details the household wise cash and labour shares Detailed Technical Project Report (DPR): This DPR details the choices considered and the discussions thereof as well as the cost particulars related to water supply Operation and Management (O&M) Plan: This includes likely staff, income and expenses for O&M. Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Plan: This details the objectives, inputs, scheduling and the likely outputs. Results of the baseline Healthy Home Surveys will also be an integral part of this module. Women Development Initiatives (WDI): This will spell out how women have been mobilized, the process of their deciding on the choice of activities, financing mechanism, expected outputs and the NGO support. Environmental Management Plan: This outlines the measures to address the environmental issues including those related to sanitation. Capacity Building Initiatives: This will include the programs planned, class room1 lecture mode as well as field based, likely participants, scheduling, NGO support implementation arrangements, the post-implementation follow-up, etc. Implementation Schedule: This includes schedule for delivery of inputs and services, schedule for monitoring progress, success indicators and capacity enhancements. Community Monitoring: Besides implementation, benefits likely to accrue to different sub-groups as well as to the community as a whole will be monitored by the community. Simple indicators, as identified and articulated by the community themselves, will be used for the purpose. Mutual Obligations and Responsibilities: The obligations and responsibilities, on the part of the three signatories, GPWSC, GP and ZPED, will be detailed out in respect of each of the activity in the schemes cycle. VWSP approved by the Women's committee and GPWSC will be submitted to GP for further processing. In case of MVS, it would comprise essentially two-tier setup: (i) all in-gp activities will be in the hands of the individual GPWSC; and (ii) an apex body (Scheme Level Committee) comprising representatives of different GPWSCs will bear the responsibility of common or inter-gp activities. These activities will be taken up by the ZP. Alternatives towards inviting private sector participation in operation and maintenance of common facilities will be explored. Samaj Vikas (info0samaivikas.org) Page 8-71

72 8.2.7 Capacity Support The project has planned for provision of capacity support to the GPWSCs by appointing Support Organizations (SOs). These SOs will do assist the GPWSCs in VWSP preparation including community mobilization and contribution and collection. The SO will be present during the planning and implementation phase and into the initial O&M phase. The SO will assist the GPWSC throughout these phases. SO provides the basic orientation and training to the GPWSC and community as well on project related issues. Apart from the NGO, the RWSSD will be guiding and advising the GPWSC in all the project matters Capacity Building The project has planned for various capacity building initiatives for effective implementation of the project in order to achieve the designed project outcomes. The project will take up the following capacity building measures at the community level. Orientation and Sensitization of GPWSC and other key community members about the project. Participatory Planning skills and ability to assess own problems and priorities Formation, Functioning and Management of GPWSC Technical skills for community members in taking up operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems Community mobilization skills for generation of community contribution Negotiation skills for negotiating project benefits, services and access Conflict Resolution skills for resolving inter and intra stakeholders' conflicts and personal differences Advocacy skills for creating demand for services The appointed SOs will provide support at villagel sub-project level on community mobilization, skill building, facilitation of linkages between community with various government departments, etc Gender Issues It is a well know fact that women are chief mangers of water and sanitation at the household level. The project needs to ensure full participation of women in the sub-project activities at the village level and in project activities at district and state level. The measures initiated are: o One-third of the GPWSC members should be women o The support organizations appointed should deploy at least one-third women staff. o The women committee of the GP should approve the VWSP o The petty contracts arising out of the sub-project should considered entrusting to SHGs on community contract basis o While selecting community members for training at lease one-third of them should be women. o During O&M, women groups should be considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc. Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 8-72

73 Samai Vikas Paee 8-73 The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Convergence Specific emphasis has been laid in this project to achieve inter departmental coordination so that an integrated development approach can be adopted under the project by effective channelisation of funds and resources. The plans that have already been made in this regard are as follows: Taking support of Revenue department for acquisition of lands (wherever necessary) and also take the support of same department to provide lands to landless encroachers in lieu of displacing them. Taking support of Panchayat Raj department for effective engagement of PRIs in both schedule and non-schedule areas especially in terms of mobilizing community, developing community level, monitoring and supervision, etc. Taking support of Health department for involvement their field staff in sanitation and hygiene awareness campaigns. Taking the support of the SERP program functionaries in mobilizing people for promoting individual sanitary latrines and creating awareness about health, hygiene and nutrition. The project aims to channelise support from Groundwater department, Water resources department, etc.

74 Social Assessment -Final Report - July Introduction 9 Monitoring and Evaluation The APRWSSP has a commitment for community participation in each of the sub-projects taken up by the GPWSCs. Participation of community is ensured through a number of mechanisms such as: The GPWSCs and community members are involved in the sub-project planning The preparation and implementation of the sub-projects will be done with the active involvement of GPWSCs and community members. APRWSSP has developed a community monitoring system, which will require the GPWSCs and Community members to monitor the identified indicators for project performance. The GPWSCs will participate in the Grievance Redressal Mechanism All project information will be displayed at the Village level. At the GPWSC level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the representatives of GPWSCs, project stakeholders and SO will monitor the progress of the implementation and report to DWSM. At the District level, DWSM will monitor the implementation and submit quarterly progress reports to SWSM. At the state level, the SWSM will monitor overall implementation. Both at DWSM and SWSM levels the respective specialists will be overall responsible for monitoring and implementing the Social Assessment (SA) recommendations. 9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks Incorporation and implementation of the Design Elements will be monitored at four levels, At the GPWSC level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the representatives of GPWSCs and SO would be monitoring the progress of the implementation and report to DWSM. At the Mandal Parishad level the MWSC will support the GPWSC and SO in monitoring the incorporation and implementation of the Design Elements. At the District level, DWSM will monitor these and submit quarterly progress report to SWSM. At the state level the respective specialists will be overall responsible for monitoring and implementing the Design Elements. Project Monitoring and Evaluation framework has been designed to facilitate: (i) learning and process enhancement (through process monitoring by participatory methods, involving group self-ratings, reviews, score cards, satisfaction surveys, etc); and (ii) impact evaluation (involving use of appropriate baseline and controls). The SPSU, through its dedicated M&E unit which would include one M&E expert, will have overall responsibility for planning and coordinating M&E activities. In this role, the SPSU will coordinate M&E activities of the three sets of entities that will undertake the bulk of the data collection and analysis work: (i) the implementing departmentslagencies at the state and district levels; (ii) an external M&E agency (to be engaged as consultants for the duration of the project); and (iii) beneficiaries, primarily GPWSCs and various project-supported interest groups. The process of participatory M&E by beneficiaries will be facilitated by SOs, by the external M&E agency and SPSUI DPSU as appropriate. The SPSU will have overall responsibility for developing systems and procedures for appropriate analysis and Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.or& - " ~&#Wf'ii. ;

75 presentation of the collected M&E data to ensure appropriate use of the indicators for project management and learning. M&E activities would include: baseline study; regular performance tracking of inputs and outputs by concerned implementing agencies; concurrent performance monitoring (on a sample basis) by external M&E agency; systematic ("panel data" type) analysis of project impacts through repeated monitoring of the same sample set of households through project lifetime; mid-term and final impact evaluations; and continuous participatory M&E by beneficiary groups at various levels. Reports from these M&E activities will be generated in agreed format according to a set schedule Monitoring Framework Two types of monitoring is proposed. Internal Monitoring: This is done at three levels. At the GPWSC level, at DWSM level and at SWSM level. As a part of participatory monitoring, the Representative of GPWSCs, NGO and stakeholders will monitor the progress of the implementation and report to GPWSC. At the District level, the DWSM will monitor the progress of implementation and will submit quarterly progress reports to SWSM. The officers responsible for monitoring the progress at the district level are the SE/ EE. At the state level, the SWSM will monitor the implementation of the SA recommendations and giving directions. External Monitoring: SPSU appoints consultants to monitor implementation. These consultants will submit quarterly progress reports to SPSU. SPSU will send auditors for social and environmental evaluation to sample GPWSCs. A Monitoring Framework comprising tasks to be monitored, outputs expected, processes to be adopted, responsible person1 agency and correspondingly the user of the information generated is given in the below table: Samaj Vikas (info@,samaivikas.org) Page 9-75

76 ~ appointed - The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Social Assessment Final Report -July 2008 Table 76: Monitoring Framework Key Tasks to be Monitored Monitoring Outputs Habitation as Management Unit Policies made in this regard by GOAP.Prioritization of Habitations based on Region, Govemment Orders issued in this Quality & Participation regard by GOAP Formation of GPWSG Guidelines issued in this regard by One-third women members in GPWSC GOAP Autonomy to GPs in case of SVS Grculation of these Policies, Separation of Governance and Operations functions Govemment Orders and Guidelines to Hike in financial vowers of SEs and EEs Districts. Capacity Support by Appointing SOs I SOs and functioning in all.~ SOs to have one third women staff districts Preparation of W P Approved and submitted WlrSPs Approval of WVSP by Women Committee of GP 1 Women Committee Approval Signing of Tripartite Agreements between GPWSC, Signed Agreements GP and ZP Capacity Building of GPWSC One third trainees to be women Entrustment of petty work to SHGs on community contract basis Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc Convergence with Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Health, Rural Development (SERP), Groundwater and Water resources departments. I Empowered GPWSC members Empowered women in the habitation Financially strong SHGs Enhanced SHG capacity Empowered Women -- Participation of Departments in project activities on a regular basis Responsibility Principal Secretary, RWS SWSM User of Information State Level Principal Secretaq, RWS 1 - PD, APRWSSP SWSM Engineer-in-Chief, RWS.mu PD, APRWSSP Engineer-in-Chief, RWS World Bank Social, Technical Financial Experts of SPSU DWSW DWSC GP GPWSC --.mu DWSW DWSC.SO DWSW DWSC.mc GPWSC District Collector Superintending Engineer DWSM.1 DWSC District Level District Collector Superintending Engineer DWSW DWSC Executive Engineer Social, Technical and Financial Experts of DPSU Mandal & Village Level.mc AE/AEE, RWSSD Social, Technical and Financial Experts of SO GPWSC GP Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 9-76

77 9.2.2 Impact Evaluation This is to be done by consultants appointed by SWSM at the end of completion of each batch of sub-projects. The purpose is to evaluate whether the project has achieved the expected outputs and outcomes planned for. An External agency will carry out the evaluations. There will be two evaluations, mid-tern and end-term. The evaluation framework is given in the below table: Samaj Vikas (info0samaivikas.org) Page 9-77

78 -- The World Bank Supported Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Table 77: Mid-Term and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks 1 Objective I Tasks and outputs to be evaluated ( Process of Evaluation ( Responsibility..--- ~ - ( Mid-Term Evaluation - Time Frame: At the end of the Pla~ing Phase - 8" Month 1 Tasks Rapid Assessment Exercise SWSM (visit to sample villages, Policies made with regard to Project SPSU - State FGDs or one to one Government Orders issued interaction with GPWSC and Guidelines issued Women members Process of appointment of SOs Interaction with village/ GP, Motivation and Awareness Generation for the project To assess the progress and any mid terms corrections to be made with regard to the following tasks: Habitation as Management Unit Prioritization of Habitations based on Region, Quality & Participation Formation of GPWSG One-third women members in GPWSC Autonomy to GPs in case of SVS Separation of Governmce and Operations functions Hike in financial powers of SEs and EEs Capacity Support by Appointing SOs SOs to have one thud women staff Preparation of WlrSP Approval of W15P by Women Gmmittee of GP Signing of Tripartite Agreements between GPWSC, GP and ZP Adherence to Government Policies Im~lernentation of Government Orders Use of Government Guidelines Process of formation of GPWSC Process of preparation of VWSP Tripartite agreement between GPWSC, GP and ZP Outputs: Policies, Government Orders, Guidelines, WVSPs, Agreements End Term Evaluation - Time Frame: at the end of the Implementation Phase - 20th month To assess and measure achievements against the expected outputs of the below tasks: Capacity Building of GPWSC One thud trainees to be women Entrustment of petty works to SHGs on community contract basis Women groups considered for tariff collection, maintenance, etc Convergence with Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Health, Rural Development (SERP), Groundwater and Water resources departments. Tasks Evaluation of capacity of GPWSC and women members and participation of other departments Process and effectiveness of these measures Kind of skills and training programs people opted for, Work and contract opportunities created for women groups and availed of Specific oppoxtunities for women and tribals Outputs: Training Needs Assessment, Capacity Building Plans, Modules, Contracts with SHGs/ Women groups, Benefits of Convergence Manda, and state level project officials and key stakeholders FGDs with stakeholders at all levels Interaction with project officials Review of projea information/ data base and documents Comparing with base line data (output level changes).suggestion for future come of action M&E Expert to prpare - a detail TOR for appointment of an e~emd agency for he same task SWM SPSU- State M&E Expert - Needs to prepare a detail for appointment of an external agency for the same task Samaj Vikas (info@samaivikas.org) Page 9-78

Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance Social Assessment, Tribal Development

More information

Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department

Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance Study on Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

More information

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: AB2796 Project Name. Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project Region

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: AB2796 Project Name. Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Report No.: AB2796 Project Name Andhra

More information

Government of Andhra Pradesh

Government of Andhra Pradesh Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department VOL. 1 Andhra

More information

Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department. Government of Andhra Pradesh

Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department. Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department Government of Andhra Pradesh The World Bank Assisted Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Baseline, Rapid Demand and Impact Assessment of

More information

RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT

RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT Rural Water Supply General Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department is the nodal agency in the State for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities

More information

CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY IN ANDHRA PRADESH

CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY IN ANDHRA PRADESH CHAPTER II DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY IN ANDHRA PRADESH 42 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY IN ANDHRA PRADESH Introduction Bovines play a very important role in the development of rural economy of India. This is particularly

More information

Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) correlation between road improvements and GDP per capita growth is extensive. Executiive Summary Rural roads provide basic inputs for all-round

More information

Integrated Domestic Water Management. Workshop Date: 5 th June Venue: TARA Gram Orcha

Integrated Domestic Water Management. Workshop Date: 5 th June Venue: TARA Gram Orcha Integrated Domestic Water Management Workshop Date: 5 th June Venue: TARA Gram Orcha INTRODUCTION Water forms the very basis of life It covers 71% - Earth's surface 3 % - fresh water 69 % - in glaciers

More information

Towards Nirmal Bihar

Towards Nirmal Bihar Contents Background Situation Analysis Effort made Key results/ achievement Future plan Towards Nirmal Bihar (An agenda of Mission Manav Vikas) Moving from contracting mode to community empowerment- An

More information

SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS

SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS CHAPTER - V SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS 46 SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS In this chapter an attempt is made to present socio, demographic and economic profile of sample

More information

Lao People s Democratic Republic

Lao People s Democratic Republic Climate Change Country Profile: Lao People s Democratic Republic 1. Country description 1.1 Geography Area: 236 800 km 2 Borders China, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar Consists of northern region

More information

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Project Name Region Country Sector(s) Theme(s) Lending Instrument Project ID Borrower(s)

More information

Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Program. Arun Dobhal Swajal, Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Program. Arun Dobhal Swajal, Uttarakhand Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Program Arun Dobhal Swajal, Uttarakhand Past Scenario in the WATSAN Sector in Uttarakhand Build-forget-rebuild syndrome in WATSAN sector. Inadequate

More information

Amita Shah. Gujarat Institute of Development Research Gota, Ahmedabad

Amita Shah. Gujarat Institute of Development Research Gota, Ahmedabad Patterns, Processes of Reproduction and Policy Implications for Poverty in Remote Rural Areas in India: A Case Study of Southern Orissa Amita Shah Gujarat Institute of Development Research Gota, Ahmedabad

More information

Learning and Insights

Learning and Insights Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Regulation Acts in Selected States in India Learning and Insights Seema Ravandale Mtech T&D CTARA, IITBombay 11 Jan 2011 Objectives The objectives of the study were

More information

ITC initiated a community-led water conservation initiative in Munger district of Bihar, titled- Water

ITC initiated a community-led water conservation initiative in Munger district of Bihar, titled- Water Request for Proposal on Assessment of Impact of Ahar Pynes (Traditional Water Harvesting Structures) Rehabilitation in Bihar Last date for submission of proposals: 15 th February, 2019 I. Introduction

More information

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE

PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) CONCEPT STAGE Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Project Name Region Country Sector(s) Lending Instrument Project ID Borrower(s) Implementing

More information

Project Implementation Plan (PIP)

Project Implementation Plan (PIP) Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project (World Bank Assistance) Project Implementation Plan (PIP) August 2009 Volume - I GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department

More information

Rural Drinking Water Service Levels: A Study of Andhra Pradesh, South India

Rural Drinking Water Service Levels: A Study of Andhra Pradesh, South India Rural Drinking Water Service Levels: A Study of Andhra Pradesh, South India Snehalatha M., Busenna P., Ratna Reddy V., Anitha V. Abstract Water for all at all times is a policy objective for the Government

More information

Institutional Change : Scaling Up Rural Water Supply Program

Institutional Change : Scaling Up Rural Water Supply Program Institutional Change : Scaling Up Rural Water Supply Program Indian Experience Presentation at Water Week by Rakesh Behari, Joint Secretary, Govt. of India Indian Scenario State subject devolved to Panchayati

More information

Authors Snehalatha M., Busenna P., Ratna Reddy V., Anitha V.

Authors Snehalatha M., Busenna P., Ratna Reddy V., Anitha V. 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum 2011 Uganda Rural Water Supply in the 21st Century: Myths of the Past, Visions for the Future Topic: Sustainable Rural Water Supplies Long Paper Rural Drinking Water

More information

OBJECTIVES: Several objectives have been incorporated to fulfill its original dimension:

OBJECTIVES: Several objectives have been incorporated to fulfill its original dimension: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 Volume 4 Issue 12 December. 2015 PP.49-54 Socio Economic Status of Bengutia Village, Birbhum

More information

Context: Public works programs in India

Context: Public works programs in India Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS): Indian Experience A.Murali Director NREGS Andhra Pradesh India Context: Public works programs in India In India, PWP s are mostly used

More information

Government of Andhra Pradesh

Government of Andhra Pradesh EXPRESSION OF INTEREST Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), Andhra Pradesh Date of Issue: 15 May 2015 Closing Date: 31 May 2015 Expression

More information

Journey from fringe to centre asserting rights and dignity: experiences of WASH intervention in India

Journey from fringe to centre asserting rights and dignity: experiences of WASH intervention in India 36th WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 2013 DELIVERING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SERVICES IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT Journey from fringe to centre asserting rights and dignity: experiences

More information

Safe Water Network is recognized as a National Key Resource Center by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation KNOWLEDGE PARTNER GRANT PARTNER

Safe Water Network is recognized as a National Key Resource Center by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation KNOWLEDGE PARTNER GRANT PARTNER Safe Water Network is recognized as a National Key Resource Center by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation KNOWLEDGE PARTNER GRANT PARTNER 1 Dream of Har Ghar Jal will be realized by 2030:

More information

Status, Quality and Management of Groundwater in India

Status, Quality and Management of Groundwater in India International Journal of Information and Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume 3, Number 7 (2013), pp. 717-722 International Research Publications House http://www. irphouse.com /ijict.htm Status,

More information

INITIATIVES OF THE MINISTRY UNDER MGNREGA FOR ADDRESSING THE DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION & DROUGHT(DLDD) CHALLENGE

INITIATIVES OF THE MINISTRY UNDER MGNREGA FOR ADDRESSING THE DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION & DROUGHT(DLDD) CHALLENGE INITIATIVES OF THE MINISTRY UNDER MGNREGA FOR ADDRESSING THE DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION & DROUGHT(DLDD) CHALLENGE Presented by G.N. Sharma, Irrigation & Soil Engineering Expert, MGNREGA Division,

More information

Economic Analysis of Tribal Farm in Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra, India

Economic Analysis of Tribal Farm in Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra, India International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.247

More information

COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PROJECT SRI LANKA

COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PROJECT SRI LANKA COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PROJECT SRI LANKA Sri Lanka PROFILE OF SRI LANKA Sri Lanka : An island nation Land Area : 64,740 sq km Total population : 20.9 million Rural population : 16.4 million

More information

Flagship Program. August Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Flagship Program. August Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Flagship Program August 2015 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on 25 th December 2000. It is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), with the

More information

L/C/TF Number(s) Closing Date (Original) Total Project Cost (USD) IDA Nov ,000,000.00

L/C/TF Number(s) Closing Date (Original) Total Project Cost (USD) IDA Nov ,000,000.00 Public Disclosure Authorized Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) 1. Project Data Report Number : ICRR0021262 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Project ID P101650 Country India Project

More information

G.O.Rt. No.1292 Dated: Read the following

G.O.Rt. No.1292 Dated: Read the following GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH ABSTRACT PR &RD(RWS&S) Dept. Study and preparation of effective O&M plans for Drinking Water Supply Schemes -Functioning of Rural Water Supply Schemes in O&M Policy Recommendations

More information

CHAPTER-III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

CHAPTER-III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA CHAPTER-III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 3.1 Introduction An attempt is made in this chapter to give a brief profile of the State of Andhra Pradesh and the profile of the sample district chosen, i.e. West

More information

Community Contracting in Rural Water and Sanitation Swajal, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal

Community Contracting in Rural Water and Sanitation Swajal, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Community Contracting in Rural Water and Sanitation Swajal, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Background Many areas of Uttar Pradesh suffer from water scarcity. The rural water supply system includes traditional

More information

Background. Grant Milne. Series 1, Note No. 3

Background. Grant Milne. Series 1, Note No. 3 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized India: Karnataka Watershed Development Sujala Project Innovation in participatory watershed

More information

A Brief excerpt from NBA Guideline Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM)

A Brief excerpt from NBA Guideline Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) A Brief excerpt from NBA Guideline 2012 Bihar State Water and Sanitation Mission (BSWSM) Priorities of NBA Provision of IHHL of both BPL and Identified APL households (SC/STs, Small/Marginal farmers, landless

More information

Pro-Poor Interventions in Irrigated Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh

Pro-Poor Interventions in Irrigated Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh Pro-Poor Interventions in Irrigated Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh C. Sithapathi Rao * IRRIGATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest State in India with a geographical area of 2.75

More information

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA. Dr Shikha Tripathi

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA. Dr Shikha Tripathi RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Dr Shikha Tripathi INDIA- THE HARD FACTS.. India - the home of more than ONE BILLION people has the largest number of POOR in the world has the largest number of illiterates

More information

Adilabad District Profile:

Adilabad District Profile: Adilabad District Profile: Adilabad is spread over an area of 16,20,000 ha with nearly 45% of the area under forests. While gross cropped area is 5,40,000 ha, the net sown area is 34.8% of the total geographical

More information

Stakeholder Consultations in Irrigation. The case of Andhra Pradesh

Stakeholder Consultations in Irrigation. The case of Andhra Pradesh Stakeholder Consultations in Irrigation The case of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Population 85 Million. land Area : 28 million ha. 73% of population rural based. Area under cultivation 13.04 m.ha. Irrigated

More information

Investing in rural people in India

Investing in rural people in India IFAD/Susan Beccio Investing in rural people in India India s population of approximately 1.3 billion people is composed of several ethnic groups, speaking over 1,000 languages and adherent to six major

More information

CHAPTER 4 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 4 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION 88 CHAPTER 4 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION 4.1 GENERAL For the purpose of evaluating the impact of tank restoration on livelihoods, three restored tanks in two districts of Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur in Tamil

More information

SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES, and RUDAL DEVELOPMENT. 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities

SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES, and RUDAL DEVELOPMENT. 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities Pehur High Level Canal Extension Project (RRP PAK 47024) SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES, and RUDAL DEVELOPMENT Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities

More information

Measuring Disparities in Access to Sanitation in India: Findings from National Sample Survey. Aditya Bhol Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi

Measuring Disparities in Access to Sanitation in India: Findings from National Sample Survey. Aditya Bhol Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi Measuring Disparities in Access to Sanitation in India: Findings from National Sample Survey Aditya Bhol Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi Key Discussion Points Latest urban sanitation statistics in

More information

SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): WATER AND OTHER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): WATER AND OTHER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Country Partnership Strategy: Bhutan, 2014 2018 SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): WATER AND OTHER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Sector Road Map 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. The

More information

Exploratory study of Doha Model as a water harvesting structure

Exploratory study of Doha Model as a water harvesting structure Exploratory study of Doha Model as a water harvesting structure Shashank Deora Abstract Maharashtra has a known history of farmer suicides fuelled by different reasons. A less than expected return from

More information

Gender and social inclusive WASH planning and policy in Nepal

Gender and social inclusive WASH planning and policy in Nepal 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, 2015 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SERVICES BEYOND 2015: IMPROVING ACCESS AND SUSTAINABILITY Gender and social inclusive WASH planning and

More information

Can WASH Services be improved by TAPping? Insights from WASHCost (India) Project 1

Can WASH Services be improved by TAPping? Insights from WASHCost (India) Project 1 IRC Symposium 2010 Pumps, Pipes and Promises Can WASH Services be improved by TAPping? Insights from WASHCost (India) Project 1 MV.Ramachandrudu and M.Snehalatha Abstract WASHCost (India) Project researches

More information

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Flagship Program September 2015 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2 October, 2014. Key aim of the mission is to achieve universal sanitation coverage and also to put

More information

URBAN- RUALCONDITIONS-CONCEPT, DISPARITY AND DISTRBUTION

URBAN- RUALCONDITIONS-CONCEPT, DISPARITY AND DISTRBUTION Foundation Course Semester 4 246 URBAN- RUALCONDITIONS-CONCEPT, DISPARITY AND DISTRBUTION Unit structure 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Objectives Introduction The Concept-Rural, Urban, Tribal

More information

Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation 31-December :45 IST

Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation 31-December :45 IST 1 of 8 02/01/2015 12:33 PM Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation 31-December-2014 12:45 IST Nationwide Monitoring of use of Toilets will be launched from

More information

National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Scheme: At A Glance

National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Scheme: At A Glance National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Scheme: At A Glance (1) Background: MoEF was operating four centrally sponsored afforestation schemes during the 9 th Plan, i.e. Integrated Afforestation and Eco-development

More information

FILE COP DRAFT TRIBAL STRATEGY. E411 Volume 4 INDIA. Proposed. Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project (P )

FILE COP DRAFT TRIBAL STRATEGY. E411 Volume 4 INDIA. Proposed. Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project (P ) FILE COP Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized INDIA Proposed E411 Volume 4 Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project (P0040610)

More information

POPULATION PRESSURE AND RESPONSES IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS: A STUDY IN ALMORA DISTRICT. Estelar THESIS. Submitted by

POPULATION PRESSURE AND RESPONSES IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS: A STUDY IN ALMORA DISTRICT. Estelar THESIS. Submitted by POPULATION PRESSURE AND RESPONSES IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS: A STUDY IN ALMORA DISTRICT THESIS Submitted to KUMAON UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In GEOGRAPHY

More information

Analysis of social aspects of beneficiaries of Indira kranthi patham programme in Andhra Pradesh

Analysis of social aspects of beneficiaries of Indira kranthi patham programme in Andhra Pradesh Analysis of social aspects of beneficiaries of Indira kranthi patham programme in Andhra Pradesh ABSTRACT T. Saidanna and A. Sailaja* Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,

More information

Country Paper on Integrated Water Resources Management in Nepal

Country Paper on Integrated Water Resources Management in Nepal The First General Meeting of the Network of Asian River Basin Organization (NARBO) in Batu-Malang, Indonesia (February 24-26, 2004) Country Paper on Integrated Water Resources Management in Nepal Presented

More information

Deatiled Project Report Vamanapuram IWMP 1

Deatiled Project Report Vamanapuram IWMP 1 METHODOLOGY Watershed Development Strategy Watershed is a geo-hydrological and biological unit draining through a common point called outlet. It is a dynamic system of living and non-living things. It

More information

Guidelines for engagement of SWACHCHHATA DOOT UNDER TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC) (2011)

Guidelines for engagement of SWACHCHHATA DOOT UNDER TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC) (2011) Guidelines for engagement of SWACHCHHATA DOOT UNDER TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC) (2011) Government of India Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation Central Rural Sanitation Programme Contents 1. BACKGROUND:...

More information

Multiple uses of rural household water supplies for livelihood in Ethiopia

Multiple uses of rural household water supplies for livelihood in Ethiopia Loughborough University Institutional Repository Multiple uses of rural household water supplies for livelihood in Ethiopia This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository

More information

Tata Trusts. Impacting quality of life of poor communities

Tata Trusts. Impacting quality of life of poor communities Tata Trusts Impacting quality of life of poor communities Tata Trusts Sir Ratan Tata Trust, 1919 Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, 1932 Other Allied Trusts: 7 of them Annual investment

More information

Inclusive Economies: States of India

Inclusive Economies: States of India Inclusive Economies: States of India Version: August 19, 2017 By Chris Benner with: Gabriela Giusta and Bidisha Chaudhuri Outline Background & Evolution of the Inclusive Economies framework Sub-national

More information

Baseline Survey WASH Telethon Project

Baseline Survey WASH Telethon Project Terms of Reference Baseline Survey WASH Telethon Project Name of Organization: Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) Introduction Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) is an independent humanitarian organization working for

More information

Somalia programme. Terms of Reference (TOR) End of project evaluation

Somalia programme. Terms of Reference (TOR) End of project evaluation Somalia programme Terms of Reference (TOR) End of project evaluation Integrated WASH and Livelihoods Response in Bay and Gedo Regions, South Central Somalia 2015 BACKGROUND: Oxfam has worked in Somalia

More information

A Study on Farm Households Coping Strategies Against the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Study in Cuddalore District

A Study on Farm Households Coping Strategies Against the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Study in Cuddalore District INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ECONOMICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Vol. 3, No. 1, January-June 2011: 151-156 A Study on Farm Households Coping Strategies Against the Impact of Climate Change

More information

Chapter - III. Rural Sanitation Scenario in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh is one of the biggest states in India 1 and is playing a vital role in

Chapter - III. Rural Sanitation Scenario in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh is one of the biggest states in India 1 and is playing a vital role in Chapter - III Rural Sanitation Scenario in Andhra Pradesh Introduction Andhra Pradesh is one of the biggest states in India 1 and is playing a vital role in the country s socio, economic and political

More information

IMPO P RT R AN A C N E C E O F G RO R UN U D N W

IMPO P RT R AN A C N E C E O F G RO R UN U D N W Introduction IMPORTANCE OF GROUNDWATER Global Groundwater Situation ACWADAM s database Sources for presentation CGWB, various publications FAO-database Various United Nations publications. UN World Water

More information

FP045: Ground Water Recharge and Solar Micro Irrigation to Ensure Food Security and Enhance Resilience in Vulnerable Tribal Areas of Odisha

FP045: Ground Water Recharge and Solar Micro Irrigation to Ensure Food Security and Enhance Resilience in Vulnerable Tribal Areas of Odisha FP045: Ground Water Recharge and Solar Micro Irrigation to Ensure Food Security and Enhance Resilience in Vulnerable Tribal Areas of Odisha India NABARD B.16/02 Annexure 6 (A) Action Plan for Gender and

More information

Khammam District Profile

Khammam District Profile Khammam District Profile Khammam is spread over an area of 15,81,000 ha with nearly 48% of the area under forests, highest among the 8 NAIP districts. While gross cropped area is 4,79,000 ha, the net sown

More information

UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN UTTARANCHAL: AN APPRAISAL OF CURRENT STATUS AT THE DISTRICT SCALE INTRODUCTION

UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN UTTARANCHAL: AN APPRAISAL OF CURRENT STATUS AT THE DISTRICT SCALE INTRODUCTION UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN UTTARANCHAL: AN APPRAISAL OF CURRENT STATUS AT THE DISTRICT SCALE V. N. Sharda and P.R. Ojasvi* INTRODUCTION The study on water as a natural resource is inclusive

More information

SRI Cultivation in Andhra Pradesh: Positive Evidence on Yield and GHG Effects but Problems of Adoption D. Narasimha Reddy* and M.

SRI Cultivation in Andhra Pradesh: Positive Evidence on Yield and GHG Effects but Problems of Adoption D. Narasimha Reddy* and M. SRI Cultivation in Andhra Pradesh: Positive Evidence on Yield and GHG Effects but Problems of Adoption D. Narasimha Reddy* and M. Venkatanarayana* *S.R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD, Hyderabad 1 Outline of the

More information

Labour Market Performance and the Challenges of Creating Employment in India

Labour Market Performance and the Challenges of Creating Employment in India Labour Market Performance and the Challenges of Creating Employment in India Presentation at the Expert Group Meeting on The Challenges of Building Employment for a Sustainable Recovery International Labour

More information

Incentivising Sustainability Through Performance Awards

Incentivising Sustainability Through Performance Awards Government of Punjab Pakistan Sustainable Rural Water Supplies Incentivising Sustainability Through Performance Awards Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering Department Sequence of Presentation

More information

2-4 April 2019 Taets Art and Event Park, Amsterdam CLICK TO KNOW MORE

2-4 April 2019 Taets Art and Event Park, Amsterdam CLICK TO KNOW MORE Co-Host Host 2-4 April 2019 Taets Art and Event Park, Amsterdam CLICK TO KNOW MORE Government of Andhra Pradesh Groundwater and Water Audit Department MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES Real Time Water Resources

More information

ROLES AND EFFORTS OF THE IRRIGATION SECTOR IN MYANMAR AGRICULTURE PRACTICE

ROLES AND EFFORTS OF THE IRRIGATION SECTOR IN MYANMAR AGRICULTURE PRACTICE ROLES AND EFFORTS OF THE IRRIGATION SECTOR IN MYANMAR AGRICULTURE PRACTICE Mu Mu Than 1 ABSTRACT Agriculture has always been the dominant sector in Myanmar economy. Agriculture sector contributes 22.1%

More information

Environmental and Social Systems Assessment (ESSA) Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin FINAL REPORT November 4, 2015 Prepared by The World Bank

Environmental and Social Systems Assessment (ESSA) Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin FINAL REPORT November 4, 2015 Prepared by The World Bank Environmental and Social Systems Assessment (ESSA) Public Disclosure Authorized Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin E4842 Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT November 4, 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized

More information

NREGA - A Review of Decent Work and Green Jobs In Kaimur District in Bihar

NREGA - A Review of Decent Work and Green Jobs In Kaimur District in Bihar NREGA - A Review of Decent Work and Green Jobs In Kaimur District in Bihar by Mukesh C. Gupta Senior Specialist, Employment Intensive Investments ILO Subregional Office for South Asia New Delhi Decent

More information

Employment and Livelihood Security through MGNREGA: A Case of a Rightbased Social Protection Floor in India. ILO, Amman May 2014

Employment and Livelihood Security through MGNREGA: A Case of a Rightbased Social Protection Floor in India. ILO, Amman May 2014 Employment and Livelihood Security through MGNREGA: A Case of a Rightbased Social Protection Floor in India ILO, Amman May 2014 Flow India: A Few Basic Facts Why Rural Public Works Programmes MGNREGA:

More information

Watershed Success Stories from Andhra Pradesh

Watershed Success Stories from Andhra Pradesh While there's life, there's hope! Watershed Success Stories from Andhra Pradesh Dr Suvarna Chandrappagari Special Commissioner, RD, GOAP Page 1 Action is the foundational key to all success STABILIZING

More information

Gender Participation and Role of Women in Livestock Management Practices in Bundelkhand Region of Central India

Gender Participation and Role of Women in Livestock Management Practices in Bundelkhand Region of Central India Gender Participation and Role of Women in Livestock Management Practices in Bundelkhand Region of Central India Seema Mishra*, Satyawati Sharma, Padma Vasudevan, R. K. Bhatt, Sadhna Pandey, Maharaj Singh,

More information

CSP Baseline Assessment

CSP Baseline Assessment CSP Baseline Assessment The CSP should include baseline information related to sanitation and sanitation related services in the city. It is required that all information cited will refer to the source

More information

IMPROVING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN NORTHERN INDIA AN ECONOMIC WIN WIN FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RAINWATER HARVESTING

IMPROVING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN NORTHERN INDIA AN ECONOMIC WIN WIN FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RAINWATER HARVESTING IMPROVING WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN NORTHERN INDIA AN ECONOMIC WIN WIN FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RAINWATER HARVESTING ACCESS TO WATER AND INCREASED BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY IS A KEY ECONOMIC

More information

NEED FOR GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN AURANGABAD CITY, MAHARASHTRA ABSTRACT

NEED FOR GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN AURANGABAD CITY, MAHARASHTRA ABSTRACT NEED FOR GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN AURANGABAD CITY, MAHARASHTRA S.M.Deshpande Junior Geologist, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005 ABSTRACT Aurangabad

More information

B. Articles. Identification of Predominant Farming Systems and their Economics in Telangana Region of Andhra Pradesh

B. Articles. Identification of Predominant Farming Systems and their Economics in Telangana Region of Andhra Pradesh B. Articles Identification of Predominant Farming Systems and their Economics in Telangana Region of Andhra Pradesh V. RAJENDRA PRASAD, M. MALLA REDDY AND M. V. RAMANA* Introduction Telangana is one of

More information

Reflections on Beneficiary Assessments of WASH projects in Nepal and Ethiopia

Reflections on Beneficiary Assessments of WASH projects in Nepal and Ethiopia Reflections on Beneficiary Assessments of WASH projects in Nepal and Ethiopia Capitalisation of experience workshop Beneficiary Assessment Bern, Switzerland Riff Fullan 30 September 2013 Water Resources

More information

Community Driven Environmental Health Project (CDEHP) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Research Analysis

Community Driven Environmental Health Project (CDEHP) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Research Analysis Community Driven Environmental Health Project (CDEHP) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan An Australian aid initiative implemented by International Rescue Committee on behalf of the Australian Government

More information

ROLE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING IN ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND

ROLE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING IN ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2017, pp. 991 998 Article ID: IJCIET_08_03_100 Available online at http://www.ia aeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtyp

More information

Pilot Scheme to Improve the Resilience of Rural Communities to Climate Change in Yemen (IRRCCC) Concept Note

Pilot Scheme to Improve the Resilience of Rural Communities to Climate Change in Yemen (IRRCCC) Concept Note Republic of Yemen Pilot Scheme to Improve the Resilience of Rural Communities to Climate Change in Yemen (IRRCCC) Concept Note Pilot Program for Climate Resilience - Yemen - Strategic Program for Climate

More information

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Strategic Framework

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Strategic Framework Government of Southern Sudan Ministry i of Water Resources & Irrigation Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Strategic Framework 2011-2015 2015 South Sudan Summit-Safari Safari Park Hotel and Casino Presented

More information

5.0 SUMMARY. 5.1 Introduction:

5.0 SUMMARY. 5.1 Introduction: 5.0 SUMMARY 5.1 Introduction: Even after 61 years of democratic governance where the marginalised sections of the society are being given reservations for their development, women have been excluded through

More information

A study on Participatory Community Biodiversity Management practices of Malayali tribes of KolliHills in South India Introduction

A study on Participatory Community Biodiversity Management practices of Malayali tribes of KolliHills in South India Introduction A study on Participatory Community Biodiversity Management practices of Malayali tribes of KolliHills in South India Introduction India is rich in biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. India

More information

2011 OU International Water Conference Role of Advocacy and Capacity Building to Achieve Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance

2011 OU International Water Conference Role of Advocacy and Capacity Building to Achieve Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance 2011 OU International Water Conference Role of Advocacy and Capacity Building to Achieve Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance A.N. Singh, Director Communication &Capacity Development

More information

RIVER BASIN PENNAR [ INDIA

RIVER BASIN PENNAR [ INDIA RIVER BASIN PENNAR [ INDIA ] SCHEDULE A ASSESSMENT OF RIVER BASINS ORGANISATIONS (RBOs) IN SOUTH ASIA Sr. Details No. 1 Physical Features - General Information 1.1 Name of River basin (also indicate regional

More information

09. The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)

09. The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) 09. The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) The National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) is a dynamic instrument of introducing major changes in the Agricultural Research and Extension

More information

Creating Demand for Sanitation in Rural Haryana at Scale. Dr. Puran Singh State Project Coordinator NBA Development & Panchayats Department, Haryana

Creating Demand for Sanitation in Rural Haryana at Scale. Dr. Puran Singh State Project Coordinator NBA Development & Panchayats Department, Haryana Creating Demand for Sanitation in Rural Haryana at Scale Dr. Puran Singh State Project Coordinator NBA Development & Panchayats Department, Haryana Haryana : A place where hundred years old tradition has

More information

ASSESSMENT OF TEAM PERFORMANCE AS PERCEIVED BY TRIBAL FARMERS IN CASHEW ORCHARD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA

ASSESSMENT OF TEAM PERFORMANCE AS PERCEIVED BY TRIBAL FARMERS IN CASHEW ORCHARD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA ASSESSMENT OF TEAM PERFORMANCE AS PERCEIVED BY TRIBAL FARMERS IN CASHEW ORCHARD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA Sreenivasa Rao, Illuri Deputy Director of Extension ANGR Agricultural University Rajendranagar

More information

CHAPTER III SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND GUNTUR DISTRICT

CHAPTER III SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND GUNTUR DISTRICT 93 CHAPTER III SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND GUNTUR DISTRICT The economy of any nation depends entirely upon the socio-economic characteristic features of its people, which are the consequent

More information

Rural Water Conservation Programmes in Hilly Region of Uttarakhand (India) - An Evaluative Study

Rural Water Conservation Programmes in Hilly Region of Uttarakhand (India) - An Evaluative Study Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences (2016) Volume 7 No 4, 587-592 Rural Water Conservation Programmes in Hilly Region of Uttarakhand (India) - An Evaluative Study Dr. Deepak Paliwal

More information

Annual Outcome Survey Report

Annual Outcome Survey Report International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) & Government of Maharashtra Assisted Annual Outcome Survey Report 2010-11 Prepared By: Programme Management Unit CONVERGENCE

More information