Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of aquatic products

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of aquatic products Patrik Henriksson 1,2 1 Department of System Ecology, Stockholm University, Sweden 2 Beijer Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) In food production systems Mankind s energy use has been increasing faster than the global population increase since 1970 About 60% of worldwide biomass production is used by humans This, however, does only meet 64% of human needs, the rest is derives from fossil energy 19% of these fossil fuels are in the U.S. used for food production, in China 25% If available sources of renewable energy were expanded to cover 20-26% of the world s land area, they would only cover half of our current need of fossil fuels

3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) In food production systems Five calories of human energy for each calorie consumed in an average diet in developed countries Equals 770 liters of combusted oil per year Protein sources are more energy demand to produce Very few food products make an energy surplus, some extensive carp farms have 1:1 energy return Energy consumption in capture fisheries have increased six-fold during the last two centuries Greenhouse gas emissions due to food consumption increased by 48 percent in China between 1990 and 2006 Proximal environmental concerns are driving aquaculture in developed countries towards closed systems, ecosystem services are being replaced by energy intensive human processes

4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Cradle to grave approach. Takes all production stages including waste management into account Traditionally developed in the 1970s for manufactured products, later applied to food products Provide information that could improve efficiency and environmental performance as well as providing consumers with information on how products are being produced Impact categories: Energy use, global warming potential, ozone depletion, biotic resources, abiotic resources, acidification, water use, eutrophication, ecotoxicological impacts, photochemical oxidant formation and human work environment ISO 14040, and LCA software, PAS2050, Water Footprint

5 Flow chart of the production processes in fisheries with the energy consuming steps identified Labor Environmental implications Energy Labor Equipment and infrastructure Fishing phase Fuel Machine oil etc. Market Processing Energy Labor Packaging material +10% +25% Consumption Waste treatment

6 Flow chart of the production process in aquaculture with the energy consuming steps identified Agriculture Capture fisheries Feed Energy Hatchery Labor Labor Wild stocking Environmental implications Fertilizers Byproducts from animal production etc. Energy & labor Energy Labor Processing of fish meal Equipment and infrastructure Market Aquaculture production phase Consumption Processing Nutrients Energy Chemicals Energy Labor Packaging material Waste treatment

7 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Cumulative energy demand for production of 1 tonne of Milkfish in extensive farming, Philippines

8 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Allocation kg CO2 eq.? kg CO2 eq.?

9 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Allocation 1. Wherever possible, allocation should be avoided by: Data Market -Increasing the level of detail Alloca&on factor availability Sta&c oriented -Expanding the system 2. Weight Environmental loads Good should be partitioned Yes between No the Value system s different products Average and functions No in a way Yes that reflects the underlying physical relationships Mortality Average No No 3. Allocation by other relationships, such as economic Energe&c value content, or system kcal expansion Average Yes No System expansion Poor Some&mes Some&mes

10 Allocation of finprint Weight

11 Allocation of finprint Energetic content, calories 99% 1%

12 Finprint, basis for allocation Value 1% 99% Carbon neutral?

13 Life Cycle Assessment difficulties: Co-product allocation Danish fisheries used 0.14 liter of diesel per kg landed mixed fish The difference between Norway lobster and mussels are a factor of 500 when system expansion is applied, 120 when mass allocation is applied and 50 according to economical allocation. From: Thrane 2006

14 Labour The annual productivity of one employee in different production systems

15 Industrial energy inputs in salmon and carp aquaculture Atlantic salmon J input/output Carp 1-9 J input/output Figure A: Source of industrial energy inputs to produce Atlantic salmon in intensive cage culture Figure B: Source of industrial energy inputs to produce silver and bighead carps in semiintensive pond culture From: Tyedmers 2000

16 Environmental impacts from different farming methods of one tonne of salmon

17 Food produc)on system EROI J input / J output Carp extensive pond culture % % Chicken (U.S.) 25% Milkfish extensive 24% Milkfish intensive 16% Commercially caught pink salmon (B.C.) 14% Milkfish semi-intensive 14% Pangasius intensive small scale tidal fed 14% Commercially caught chum salmon (B.C.) 13% Tilapia extensive pond culture (Indonesia) 13% Atlantic salmon marine net-pen culture (B.C.) 11% Commercially caught sockeye salmon (B.C.) 11% Mussel longline culture (Scandinavia) 10-15% Turkey (U.S.) 10% Atlantic salmon marine bag culture (B.C.) 9.3% Gillnet fishery for salmon (B.C.) 9.0% Troll fishery for salmon (B.C.) 8.9% Commercially caught chinook salmon (B.C.) 8.7% Global fisheries 8.0% Commercially caught coho salmon (B.C.) 7.4% Milk (U.S.) 7.1% Swine (U.S.) 7.1% Beef pasture based (U.S.) 5.0% Catfish intensive pond culture (U.S.) 4.0% Atlantic salmon land-based saltwater flow-through culture (B.C.) 3.1% Eggs (U.S.) 2.5% Beef feedlot (U.S.) 2.5% Tilapia intensive cage culture (Zimbabwe) 2.5% Pangasius intensive large scale pump fed 2.1% Lamb (U.S.) 1.8% Shrimp intensive culture (Thailand) 1.4% Arctic char land-based freshwater recirculating culture (N.S.) 0.01%

18 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Conclusion Quantification leads to generalizations The outcome of a LCA is highly influenced by the practitioner s aim, ambition and methodology No one right way for allocating Labor is not included in most LCA studies Great tool, if interpreted correctly Energy intensive systems are more sensitive to increasing oil prices

19 Thanks