AP Environmental Science II. Unit 2-2: Alternative Energy
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1 NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-2, Alternative Energy AP Environmental Science II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental Science II Unit 2-2: Alternative Energy REQUIRED READING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET (BOTKIN & KELLER): CHAPTER 16, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT (PG ) CHAPTER 17, NUCLEAR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (PG ) Additional resources available at Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Part Description Grade Out of NOTES & SG 2-2-1: Solar Energy NOTES & SG 2-2-2: Hydroelectric/Tidal Energy NOTES & SG 2-2-3: Wind Energy NOTES & SG 2-2-4: Geothermal Energy NOTES & SG 2-2-: Biofuels & Synthetic Fuels NOTES & SG 2-2-6: Nuclear Energy TOTAL 30
2 NOTES & SG 2-2-1: Solar Energy Solar 1. Which of the following terms refers to a centralized collection device used to generate power from the Sun? a) power tower b) alternative energy c) fuel cell d) biofuel e) renewable energy 2. Which of the following terms refers to energy produced from any source other than fossil fuels? a) power tower b) alternative energy c) fuel cell d) biofuel e) renewable energy 2
3 3. One of the principal advantages of photovoltaic cells is that they: a) convert 80-90% of solar energy into electricity b) are made from Earth-friendly materials c) can be used for power in remote locations d) can be produced inexpensively, although costs are rising e) do emit CO 2, but they do not emit the SO 2 that leads to acid rain 4. Use of overhangs that block sunlight in summer but allow the sunlight in winter to warm up the building is an example of: a) solar pond technology b) passive solar energy c) Greek and Roman temple architecture d) photovoltaics e) power tower systems. Direct conversion of electricity using sunlight, without using an intermediate fluid medium, is accomplished by: a) solar collectors b) power towers c) passive solar systems d) thermal conversion e) photovoltaic cells 6. Photovoltaic systems utilize solar energy by: a) heating water with solar radiation b) mirrors focus sunlight on a central collector unit c) generating electricity directly from sunlight d) heating water which runs a steam turbine e) electrolyzing water into its component hydrogen and oxygen 7. Power tower systems generate electricity by: a) mirrors that focus sunlight on a central collector and generator b) producing hydrogen from water c) an array of cells transform sunlight directly into electricity d) mirrors that heat oil which circulates and drives a turbine generator e) heating water for pools and household use 8. What are the major limitations on widespread reliance on solar energy? 9. Passive solar is one general class of solar energy systems. Name three other solar systems. discussed in the Environmental Science text that utilize solar energy. 3
4 NOTES & SG 2-2-2: Hydroelectric/Tidal Energy Hydroelectric/Tidal 1. The future growth of large-scale hydropower plants in the developed world probably will be limited because: a) the release of impounded water alters streamflow patterns b) most economical sites are already used c) reservoirs eventually fill with sediment d) the addition of reservoirs means that more water is lost to evaporation e) all of the above 2. Which of the following statements describe pump storage in generating electricity? a) off-peak energy is used to store water in an elevated reservoir, and that water is used to generate hydroelectricity during peak hours b) generating electricity by impounding ocean water during different tides c) hydroelectricity from many small reservoirs d) taking advantage of temperature contrasts between shallow groundwater and the surface e) storing pumps until they are needed later 3. What one factor, more than others, determines the suitability of tidal power for a coastal site? a) the cost of building the plant b) sediment supply and transport c) the frequency of tides d) the strength of tides e) size and frequency of storm events 4
5 4. Tidal power systems are designed to generate electricity during: I. high tides II. low tides III. rising and falling tides a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and III e) II and III. According to the Environmental Science text, where will future development of hydroelectric potential in the United States occur?
6 NOTES & SG 2-2-3: Wind Energy Wind 1. Wind power is a clean energy source, but according to its detractors in some locations, it is associated with: a) thermal b) aesthetic degradation c) air d) particulate e) water 2. Wind velocity increases over mountains because of: a) turbulence b) horizontal convergence of the wind c) decreasing pressure with increasing temperature d) vertical convergence of the wind e) decreasing moisture content with increasing temperature 4. Wind power is used for all of the following except: a) to pump water b) to grind grain c) to propel ships d) to generate electricity e) all of the above utilize wind power. What factors would make one site more suitable for generating wind power than another site? 6
7 NOTES & SG 2-2-4: Geothermal Energy Geothermal 1. Heating and cooling buildings by exchange with shallow groundwater systems is considered a form of energy. a) solar b) kinetic c) tidal d) potential e) geothermal 2. What is deep-earth, high-density geothermal energy? a) a thermal spring b) a form of solar energy c) the rate of temperature increase with depth in the Earth d) heat derived from a geothermal power plant e) useful conversion of natural heat from the interior of the Earth 3. Groundwater geothermal systems and heat pumps operate by taking advantage of: a) hot, shallow water b) water colder than the surrounding environment c) relative temperature differences d) shallow magma bodies e) geopressured water 7
8 4. Which of the following is a good use of low-temperature geothermal sources? a) generating electricity for individual homes b) heating swimming pools c) powering cars and trucks d) agricultural pest control e) low-t geothermal energy cannot be utilized economically. Which of the following is not among the potential adverse environmental impacts of generating geothermal energy? a) emission of gases b) thermal water pollution c) disturbance of land d) depletion of 23 U resources e) onsite noise pollution 6. List three potential economic uses of low-temperature geothermal sources. 7. List the potential adverse impacts associated with generating geothermal energy. 8
9 NOTES & SG 2-2-: Biofuels & Synthetic Fuels Biofuels/Synthetic Fuels 1. Which of the following is the greatest environmental impact of using biofuels? a) destruction of ozone in the stratosphere b) accumulation of large volumes of waste material c) acid rain d) air pollution e) creation of toxic byproducts 2. The primary sources of biofuel in India, an example of a developing country, are: a) wood and coal b) oil and coal c) methanol and cattle dung d) nuclear and wood e) wood and cattle dung 3. All the following materials are generally considered examples of biofuels except: a) wood b) coal c) cattle dung d) peat e) methane 4. List the primary sources of biofuels in North America. 9
10 NOTES & SG 2-2-6: Nuclear Energy Nuclear 1. Which of the terms below refers to the process in which a nuclear fuel, such as Uranium, is split into smaller particles plus energy? a) curie b) fission c) becquerel d) breeder reactor e) radiation absorbed dose 2. Which of the following is the most common fuel for nuclear fission? a) radium b) magnesium c) hydrogen d) sodium e) uranium 3. No new commercial nuclear reactors have been built in the United States in a number of years. This is because: a) current technology is insufficient for sustained nuclear reactions b) the products of nuclear fusion can be used to make nuclear weapons c) at current energy prices, nuclear energy is not economical d) the supply of fuel-grade uranium is nearly exhausted e) of the political sentiment and uncertainty over reactor safety 10
11 4. Exactly how does a commercial nuclear power plant convert the energy of atomic nuclei into electricity? a) the heat produced by radioactive decay boils water, which drives a turbine generator b) thermoelectric cells in the core convert heat into electricity c) alpha decay emits electrons, which are collected by the control rods d) beta decay eliminates protons in the atomic nuclei, which creates a net negative charge e) spontaneous decay of radioisotopes creates a strong magnetic field. The half-life of carbon-14 is 70 years. A woolly mammoth tusk was discovered, and laboratory analysis shows that it has one-eighth as much carbon-14 as modern organic material does. How old is the tusk? a) 8,3 years b) 11,140 years c) 16,710 years d) 44,60 years e) 89,120 years 6. Which of the following countries leads all nations in the use of nuclear energy? a) France b) Belgium c) Sweden d) Russia e) United States 7. What role does water serve within the core of a commercial nuclear reactor? a) water is the fuel b) water speeds the nuclear reactions, making chain reactions possible c) water amplifies the nuclear radiations d) water acts as both a moderator and a coolant e) water reacts chemically with high-energy particles, rendering them inert 8. Isotopes are atoms of an element that: a) vary in atomic number b) have a higher number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus than other elements c) have a different number of electrons than other elements d) have the same atomic number but vary in the atomic mass number e) have a different number of protons in the nucleus 9. What role does nuclear energy play in debates about acid rain and global warming? 10. What is meant by 'half life' of a radioactive atom? 11. Differentiate between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. 11
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