ENERGY To be or not to be sustainable?

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1 ENERGY To be or not to be sustainable? AESc 210: Globalization Spring 2018

2 OUR AGENDA Physical concepts of energy Renewable and non-renewable energy types Issues with non-renewables Issues with renewables What s next?

3 PHYSICAL CONCEPTS of ENERGY It s an abstract entity and comes in many forms. Best understood by its properties. We usually think of energy in terms of the work it can do (for us). Transforming energy from one form to another (more useful) form is a major engineering activity.

4 SOME COMMON FORMS of ENERGY Mechanical: kinetic and potential solids, liquids, gases Electrical: magnetic, electrical inductors, capacitors Thermal: internal energy your body temperature is a measure Nuclear: atomic fission,fusion Chemical: reaction types

5 SOME PROPERTIES of ENERGY The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. Systems tend toward uniformity Left to themselves, systems tend toward uniformity of temperature, pressure, and density. Energy conversion processes are irreversible Some of the input energy is not converted to the desired output energy form. Usually it is lost in the form of heat.

6 SOME ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES Coal -> electricity Water at height -> electricity Gasoline -> motion Wind -> electricity Electricity -> light Electricity -> motion Electricity -> heat

7 Some ENERGY sources Biomass Coal Geothermal energy Hydropower Natural Gas Nuclear energy Oil Solar energy Tidal energy Wind energy

8 RENEWABLE, NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY Biomass Coal Geothermal energy Hydropower Natural Gas Nuclear energy Oil (petroleum) Solar energy Tidal energy Wind energy

9 Some pros and cons of NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES Biomass Coal Natural gas Oil (petroleum)

10 PETROLEUM RESERVES Hubbert s Peak (1956) Peak oil depletion scenarios graph which depicts cumulative published depletion studies by ASPO and other depletion analysts.

11 NATURAL GAS The Economist, May 15, 2012 An unconventional bonanza o o o o o Natural gas is a flexible fuel, capable of heating homes, fueling industrial boilers and providing feedstock for the petrochemicals industry, where it is turned into plastics, fertilizer and other chemicals. It is a portable fuel for transportation. Shale has rapidly transformed America s energy outlook. Discoveries of vast reserves of conventional gas from traditional wells have pushed up known reserves around the world. Global reserves have been steadily increasing for at least 30 years shale and other unconventional as well as new conventional gas finds have increased reserves to 200 years or more. Biggest advances have been in power generation, the combined-cycle gas turbine, makes it cheaper to generate electricity from gas, but the process releases up to 50% less carbon dioxide than does coal.

12 Climate Change over the Past Millennium

13 Some political-economic aspects of fossil fuels Coal in US: big investment in current mining and transportation setup; fewer workers. Oil: major political issues in the middle east, where huge amounts of high quality oil are produced by OPEC. Natural gas: fracking of shale deposits. Subsidies in the form of write-offs keeps prices low.

14 Some political and economic aspects of biomass-based fuels Ethanol: uses corn as the biomass source. Redirects corn from food uses and thus drives up food prices. Hardest on poorest segment. Benefits mid-west corn growers big time. If switch-grass could be used cost-effectively it would make some sense. Managed forests have some potential.

15 Some pros and cons of RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES Bioenergy Geothermal energy Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind energy

16 WIND ENERGY Winds are not very predictable although there are areas where winds are relatively constant and intense. Gaining in popularity because of the low ecological impact.

17 ENERGY from BIOMASS First generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology. Second generation biofuels are made from non-food crops, e.g., cellulose. Third generation biofuels are made from algae. Algae is a lowinput, high-yield feedstock to produce biofuels. It produces 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans.

18 GEOTHERMAL U.S. has the greatest geothermal energy production The earth is a virtually infinite heat source. Temperature is constant, predictable as f(temp). Water is an abundant working fluid to transport energy. Access varies with geography and location.

19 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Huge capital investment, ecological changes in local area, limited by sources of water.

20 NUCLEAR ENERGY The most common method today is nuclear fission. All utility-scale reactors heat water to The Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Uranium is produce steam, which is then converted mined, enriched, and manufactured into into mechanical work for the purpose of nuclear fuel, (1) which is delivered to a generating electricity or propulsion. nuclear power plant. The spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3) for geological disposition. In reprocessing 95% of spent fuel can be recycled to usage in a power plant (4). Proven track record, large capital investment, complex infrastructure, security concerns.

21 SOLAR ENERGY Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for 99.97% of the available renewable energy. There is more energy absorbed in one hour of sunlight than the world used in one year.

22 SOLAR AVAILABILITY The colors in the map show the local solar irradiance averaged over three years from 1991 to 1993 (24 hours a day) taking into account the cloud coverage. Solar power systems covering the areas defined by the dark disks could provide more than the world's total primary energy demand in 2006 (assuming a conversion efficiency of 8%).

23 U.S. POWER PRODUCTION MAP Power is generated close to population centers now.

24 Biomass Resource Map: US

25 Geothermal Resource Map: US

26 Solar Resource Map: US

27 Wind Resource Map: US

28 Solar vs Ethanol Federal budget: Solar <$100M Ethanol $2B (subsidy) Area devoted to ethanol (corn):125,000 sq mi If that area were devoted to solar, we could satisfy the total electricity needs of the USA!

29 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Alternatives to Petroleum? Conservation / Efficiency--not enough Hydroelectric --not enough Biomass--not enough Wind--not enough Wave & Tide--not enough Natural Gas fracking?, sequestration?, cost? Gas Hydrates--sequestration?, cost? Clean Coal --sequestration?, cost? Nuclear Fission --radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost? Nuclear Fusion --too difficult?, cost? Geothermal HDR--cost?, enough? Solar terrestrial --cost?

30 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Alternatives to Coal and Petroleum? Conservation and efficiency increases: not enough Biomass: not enough Geothermal: not enough Tidal: not enough Wind: not enough Solar: cost and political pushback

31 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Alternatives to Petroleum? Natural gas: Clean coal: fracking, sequestration, cost sequestration, cost Nuclear fission: radioactive waste, terrorism, cost

32 Energy-Engineering Challenges Photovoltaics --drop cost by 100 fold. Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to methanol. Direct photoconversion of light + water to produce H 2. Thermochemical processes with catalysts to generate H 2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures lower than 900 C. Fuel cells --drop the cost by x + low temp start. Batteries and supercapacitors--improve by x for automotive and distributed generation applications. H 2 storage --light weight materials for pressure tanks and LH 2 vessels, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system Power cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) to rewire the electrical transmission grid, and enable worldwide electrical energy transport; and also to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere --particularly in the windings of electric motors and generators LED lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights Super hard and tough coatings that will enable vastly lower cost of deep drilling, to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining. Lubricants to reduce friction more effectively Thermoelectric materials to capture waste heat CO 2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt and having no waste streams.

33 SUMMARY The changing global environment demands more energy. More people, higher living aspirations. Do MORE with LESS! Efficiency gains will be made. Affordable renewable energy is the key to a successful future. Major competition for limited energy could lead to disaster. Politics and engineering are keys to transitioning successfully to renewable, sustainable energy.

34 THE RAW POWER OF NATURE

35 Thomas Edison I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait 'til oil and coal run out before we tackle that. ( )

36

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