of Toxic Substances C~ntfd Technology Clearinghouse Unit 0 Printed on recycled paper

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2 f of Toxic Substances C~ntfd Technology Clearinghouse Unit 0 Printed on recycled paper

3 CALIFORNIA DEPARlMENT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL 0 FFlCE OF POLL UTlON PREVENTION AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY CLEARINGHOUSE UNIT MAY, 1993

4 This document was prepared by Melissa Salinas under the direction of James T. Allen, Ph.D., Kim Wilhelm, P.E., and David Hartley, M.P.H., of the Department of Toxic Substances Control, Technology Clearinghouse Unit. Robert Ludwig, Daniel Garza, Mary Pride, and Kathryn Barwick provided extensive critical comment, review, and guidance during the development of this Handbook. The Department expresses appreciation to Azita Yazdani and Marci Ray of Pollution Prevention International for preparation of the Waste Audit Study: Ceramic Products Industry, and Javad Ghaffari of the City of Palo Alto for his review of this document. The mention of commercial products or services and their sources or use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as actual or implied endorsement of such products or services

5 //////// T INTRODUCTION... 1 SECTION 7; Ceramic Products Industry Checklist... 2 SOURCE REDUCTION... 2 OPERATING PRACTICES... 2 Inventory Control... 2 Spill Control... 4 Waste Segregation... 5 Proper Storage & Handling... 6 MA TERlA L SUBSTITUTION... 8 PROCESS MODIFICATION... 9 RECYCLING & REUSE PERSONNEL PRACTICES SECTION 2: Evaluation of Waste Minimization and Waste Management Options SECTION 3: Profitability Work Sheet APPENDIX A TABLES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION OPPORTUNITIES ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS FURTHER INFORMATION... 28

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7 1 The focus of environmental waste management is shifting from end-of-the-pipe to preventing the generation of waste throughout an entire manufacturing process. The waste management hierarchy can help you plan and achieve your goal of waste minimization. Waste minimization includes source reduction and recycling, the first two elements of the preferred waste management hierarchy; source reduction, recycling, treatment, and residuals disposal. A waste minimization plan can involve simple and easily implemented strategies, or complex, state-of-the-art technologies. The extent to which you implement a hazardous waste minimization program depends upon your business's operations and procedures. Waste minimization can help you achieve compliance with regulatory requirements by reducing or eliminating the amount of waste generated. In some instances it might even allow small quantity generators to drop out of the regulatory loop altogether. The implementation of waste minimization strategies may also help reduce the fines or fees assessed by publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) by reducing your loads on their pretreatment systems. This assessment manual was developed by the Technology Clearinghouse Unit of the Department of Toxic Substances Control to assist industries producing stone, clay, glass, and concrete products in evaluating their shops for waste minimization opportunities. The manual contains three sections. Section 1 is a checklist to help you evaluate your shop for waste minimization opportunities. Section 2 is comprised of tables listing the waste minimization options from the checklist and four areas for evaluation: 0 Waste Minimization Hierarchy Implementation Potential Type of Option Cost of the Option Each of these areas have different point values which are explained in Section 2. The total scores of the options will allow you to prioritize the options. Section 3 is an economics worksheet to help you decide which options are most cost effective for implementation. 1

8 S The preferred answers are in bold print and some helpful hints are in the right column. Source reduction is any action that eliminates the use of a hazardous material and focuses on preventing wastes from being generated. There are several ways to incorporate source reduction into your business practices and processes; for example, good operating practices, material substitution, and process modification. Good Improving operating practices is often very simple and is usually the least expensive way to minimize hazardous waste generation. Controlling inventory and spills and segregating and properly storing wastes are all relatively simple ways of making a significant change in the amount of waste generated. 1. Are raw material containers inspected before being accepted? 0 Yes 0 NO 2. Are raw material containers dated as received? 0 Yes 0 NO 3. Do you have a policy controlling access to hazardous materials to eliminate misuse? 0 Yes No J Inspecting containers before accepting them can prevent receiving leaking or damaged containers which can lead to a hazardous spill J This is important for keeping track of the shelf life of a material and it can prevent obsolete materials from becoming hazardous waste. J Control access to hazardous materials to eliminate misuse. The use of materials for other than their intended purposes may generate unnecessary hazardous waste. If yes, what method is used (i.e., sign-out sheet, stock room attendant, or limited access)? 2

9 4. Is waste generated because 4 When hazardous materials remain on the materials have exceeded their shelf shelf too long they become obsolete and a life? hazardous waste. [7 Yes No 5. Do you use a first-in, first-out materials management policy? 0 Yes No 4 When materials are used in the order that they are received, this can prevent them from becoming obsolete and a hazardous waste. 6. Is an inventory done to identify the location and quantity of materials onsite? Yes 0 NO 7. Is inventory control used to assure that materials in a container are completely used Prior to opening a new container? 0 Yes 0 NO 9 Overstocking of perishable hazardous materials can contribute to hazardous waste. By keeping track of material quantities and locations, you can control the amount of material ordered, stored, and distributed more efficiently. 9 When several containers are open at the same time, they may become old or obsolete before all of the materials are used. Also, materials have a greater chance of becoming contaminated or spilled. 8. Do you purchase raw materials in container sizes to match the job size? Routine inspections can reduce hazardous spills by identifying potential problems such as leaking or improperly stored containers. Yes 0 No 9. If a material becomes outdated Or obsolete, have you considered finding a buyerlmarket for this material? 0 Yes 0 NO 4 Finding a legitimate buyer/market will prevent you having to dispose of this material as a hazardous waste. J Waste exchange organizations facilitate the transfer of wastes between industries such that one generator s waste material might be another firm s input material. The California Waste Exchange is administered by the Department of Toxic Substances Control. 3

10 10. Will supplier accept returned material? u Yes u No J Occasionally, suppliers will accept obsolete materials. Each individual supplier should be consulted about its own policy. Spill Control 1. Do you have a prepared plan to respond to hazardous spills? J You are required by law to have a prepared plan to respond to hazardous spills. A prompt response also helps to minimize 0 Yes 0 NO health risks to workers, reduce adverse environmental effects, and reduce potential liability. 2. Is spill containment provided? J Hazardous wastes and raw materials should be stored in covered containers on a n Yes i-1 NO concrete floor with curbs for spill containment. 3. Do you prevent wastes from entering storm drains or sanitary sewers? 0 Yes 0 NO J Use a static rinse method rather than washing wastes down the drain. 5. DO YOU Store hazardous materials in a locked area? 0 Yes 0 NO 6. Are hazardous materials stored in covered containers? El Yes 0 NO J Locked or controlled access minimizes the risk of spills and can prevent employees from wasting raw materials. J Covered containers prevent evaporation, contamination by foreign particles, and the frequency of spills. 4

11 7. Is there heavy traffic through the material storage area? Yes 0 No J Heavy traffic through the storage area can cause a higher rate of spills and dispersement of materials. if yes, can traffic through the storage area be reduced? Yes NO 8. Does the company provide a formal inspection program for delivery, handling, and storage areas? 0 Yes NO J Routine inspections can reduce hazardous spills by identifying potential problems such as damaged containers or improper storage of wastes. I. Do you segregate your waste streams? [7 Yes NO J Segregating wastes will aid in recycling materials and eliminate the mixing of nonhazardous and hazardous wastes. Wastes that have been mixed are more difficult and costly to manage, treat, or dispose. 2. Are your hazardous waste containers properly labeled? 0 Yes 0 NO 3. Do you use solvents? 0 Yes 0 NO If yes, do you separate solvent wastes to promote reuse or recycling? J Proper labeling is a requirement of Federal law. Properly labeled containers can decrease the likelihood of mixing incompatible wastes that might cause an explosion or mixing hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. J Alternatives to solvent use should be researched. J Separating solvent wastes could make reuse or recycling more cost effective and/or possible. Yes 0 NO 5

12 4. Do you have a wastewater treatment system? J By handling your wastewater onsite you could save on disposal fees and benefit by reusing water. Check with your regional 0 Yes 0 NO DTSC office for permit requirements. Proper If hazardous wastes or raw materials are stored improperly, additional hazardous wastes may be generated. Ideal storage of both hazardous waste and raw materials should include covered containers and a locked, covered indoor area with a concrete floor and curbs for spill containment. Frequent inspection of the storage area and containers will help to prevent leaking containers or improper storage. Some of these suggestions are also required by law. 1. Are hazardous materials storage areas covered? Yes 0 NO 2. Do you store flammable materials outdoors? 0 Yes 0 NO J Hazardous materials are best protected in covered areas. Uncovered storage areas allow rainwater to contaminate raw materials. Sunlight can degrade or change the character of raw materials. Absorbed heat can raise pressure inside containers, creating a potentially dangerous situation. J Reduce fire danger by storing flammable materials in an outdoor, covered, and secured storage facility. Check the local fire code for more information. 3. Are hazardous materials stored separately from nonhazardous materials? J Nonhazardous materials should be stored separately from hazardous materials to prevent mixing in the event of a spill or leak. Yes 0 No 4. Are containers reusable after the handling process? Yes 0 No 5. Are empty containers returned to the supplier? Yes 0 No d Undamaged bags may be reusable. Ask your suppliers. Also, inquire about soluble bags. J Some suppliers may accept empty containers. Be sure to check with your suppliers. 6

13 TABLE 1 : How do you store y hazardous wastes? rids (Check the boxes that apply to your storage area(s).) Storage Hazardous Wastes Raw Materials Comments Indoors Outdoors Some fire departments recommend storing flammable wastes outdoors to reduce fire danger. Also remember to follow the other storage requirements as well. Covered Diked Concrete Surface Asphalt Surface I I A covered storage area is important because rainwater can increase your waste volumes or contaminate raw materials. Also, exposure to sunlight can change the characteristics of raw materials or dangerously raise the pressure inside sealed containers. You should keep individual containers covered to prevent evaporation and spills. A diked concrete pad will contain spills better than asphalt or dirt and allow for easier clean-up. Storage of materials on dirt surfaces should be avoided. In addition to potential ground contamination, moisture collecting under drums can lead to corrosion and failure of the drum. For facilities with limited space, combination palletkontainment systems are available. Without secure storage facilities, any unauthorized persons may enter the area and deposit waste, cause spills or possibly harm themselves. 7

14 Material substitution reduces or eliminates a hazardous waste stream by eliminating the hazardous material at the source. Several potential material substitution alternatives are applicable to the ceramic industry. Some of these are substitutions for cleaning solvents, coatings, enamels, and finishes. 1. Have nonhazardous material alternatives been researched? El Yes I7 NO 2. Have you considered substituting aqueous cleaners for petroleum-based solvents/cleaners? 0 Yes NO 3. Are biodegradable, film-free detergents a possible substitution for cleaning solvents? Yes 0 NO 4. Are chemicals used that will be banned or heavily regulated in the near future? Yes 0 No 5. Have you considered waterbased finishes? 0 Yes NO J Substitution of nonhazardous materials for hazardous materials can reduce or eliminate a hazardous waste stream. However, nonhazardous alternatives should be fully investigated before making a final decision. J Some aqueous cleaners are nonflammable and do not give off toxic fumes. J Use of biodegradable cleaners could eliminate hazardous wastes such as solvent contaminated rags, waste cleaning solvent, and empty solvent containers. Biodegradable cleaners have two significant environmental benefits over solvents: they will not contribute to photochemical smog as high volatile organic compounds (VOCs) do, and they do not present a respiratory hazard to workers. J Some chemicals, like those that deplete the ozone, will be banned in the near future. Alternatives to these types of chemicals should be researched now. J Water-based finishes are a major substitute for solvent-based finishes. By changing finishes, solvent usage and emissions can be eliminated. However, hazardous waste may still be generated and wastewater discharges must be managed properly. 8

15 6. Do you use recycled glass, or cullet, in your manufacturing processes? 0 Yes 0 No 7. Have alternatives to voc based mold release agents been re- searched?,/ Use of recycled glass, or cullet, as a raw material can reduce the use of hazardous raw materials, your solid waste generation and can increase operating efficiency.,/ Contact mold release manufacturers to find available alternatives. Process Modification Process modification is the actual substitution of an alternative process, or part of a process, to minimize the hazardous waste stream. However, this type of source reduction can be very costly. Thus, a complete analysis should be run before a modification is attempted. 1. Can the equpment or production processes be upgraded to minimize the generation of hazardous waste? 0 Yes 0 NO 2. Have rapid melting systems been researched? 0 Yes 0 NO 3. Have you considered powder enameling? 0 Yes 0 NO 4. Have you considered using: water-based coatings? 0 Yes NO J Although upgrading can be expensive, there several benefits; such as, waste minimization, elimination of emissions, and reduction in disposal costs. J Use of this new process can reduce process time, energy required and waste generation by improving manufacturing efficiency. J Powder enameling has recently become available and has increasingly been adopted by users of solvent-based finishes. Their gaining popularity is due to the applicability to a wide range of ceramic products. J Water-based coatings have been widely used in recent years due to heavy regulation of solvent emissions from solvent-based coating systems. powder coatings? Yes 0 NO J Powder coatings are one of the most promising substitutes for solvent-based coatings. Some benefits are: high transfer efficiency, reuse of overspray, virtually no emissions, and very little waste. 9

16 Recycling and reuse of waste can help save treatment and disposal costs by reducing the volume of waste to be treated/disposed. The cost for raw materials can also be reduced since the life of the material can be extended and the purchasing frequency and volume lowered. 1. Do you recycle offsite? 0 Yes 0 No 2. Have onsite recycling options been researched? Yes No 3. Is waste oil generated? J If you generate large quantities of waste, it may be economical for you to install your own recycling equipment. However, a complete study should be done before a decision is made. Yes 0 NO If yes, is it collected and recycled? 0 Yes 0 NO 4. Do you segregate solvent waste to facilitate reuse or recycling? Oves UNO 5. Are solvents being disposed of after only one use? J Sometimes suppliers will accept obsolete materials. Each vendor/supplier should be consulted about its own policy. J In some circumstances, used solvents can be combined with fresh material and reused. 6. Are any emission control devices Used? Yes 0 NO 7. Is cement kiln baghouse dust reused on site? 0 Yes 0 NO J Emission control devices also produce waste. However, most of this waste can be recycled or reused. J In the Cm-x" kiln dust can be mixed with cement and used as an additive during production or used as an adsorbent for desulfurization. It can also be sold by some plants for sewage sludge solidification. 10

17 8. Is furnace slag reused either onsite or offsite? d In the cement industry, furnace slag can be recycled onsite into the manufacturing process. Yes 0 NO 9. Is furnace slag or baghouse dust recycled onsite or sent offsite for reuse in another manufacturing process? J In the glass industry, baghouse dust can be recycled back into the manufacturing process or sent offsite for use in another process. 10. Is dry powder waste, recovered from air pollution control equipment, recycled? Yes 0 NO J In the pottery industry, this dry powder waste is virtually identical in composition to the products and can therefore be recycled as a raw material in the manufacturing process. 11. Do you recycle enamel overspray? J Enamel overspray can be scooped up and reused if its not contaminated. Furthermore, overspray gathered in dust collectors can also 0 Yes 0 NO be recovered provided the collectors are dumped after each color changeover. 12. Are wash-off wastes from the mill room, flow-coat 81 odd colors recycled? 0 Yes No 13. Are baghouse dust and solid residues (from wet treatment of NOx and SOX) recycled? 0 Yes NO J These wastes can be collected and reused as an additive to the raw materials used for preparing glazes, tile bodies & cements. If this isn t possible for a particular factory, another option after collecting the wastes is to settle the waste with polymers, dewater and dry it and send it to the frit supplier for resmelting. J The dust and residues can be recycled onsite into the manufacturing process as a raw material substitute to replace clay or other alkaline additives. 14. Do you recycle fired scrap? J Fired scrap is commonly recycled for slipcasting in operations that manufacture 0 Yes NO clinker and stoneware pipes and extruded products. 11

18 1. Are employees trained in waste minimization? c] Yes c] No J Promoting waste minimization can reduce disposal costs, minimize liability, protect workers, and generate innovative ideas. If yes, is the training formal? informal? 0 Yes 0 NO scheduled meetings? 0 Yes No occasional briefings? J Waste minimization training is not a onetime exercise. A full time, ongoing commitment to waste minimization must be made. J In order to perform their duties more efficiently, employees should be kept informed of new developments occurring in hazardous materials management and waste minimization. on-the-job training? Yes 0 No 2. List existing or possible incentives for usable waste minimization ideas: J The best waste minimization ideas come from your employees. Offer incentives for usable ideas. 12

19 After completing the checklist and identifying your waste minimization options, you can use the following table to evaluate your options. Each option will be evaluated in four areas: 1) waste management hierarchy, 2) implementation potential, 3) type of options, and 4) cost of option. 1. The waste management hierarchy (WMH) consists of the following which are in the preferred order: 1) source reduction, 2) resource recovery and recycling, and 3) treatment. SR = Source Reduction = 5 pts. RR = ResourceRecovery = 4pts. RI = Recycling (inprocess) = 4pts. RE = Recycling (end-of-pipe) = 3 pts. TI = Treatment (inprocess) = 2pts. E = Treatment (end-of-pipe) = 1 pt. 2. The implementation potential (IP) is the chance that you believe this option has of being implemented in your shop. High = 4pts. Low = 2 pts. Medium = 3 pts. None = Opts. For options that you evaluate as none or having no potential for being implemented into your operations, no further evaluation is necessary since you feel that you cannot implement those options. 3. Option Type refers to the groups or classes the authors felt would cover the majority of the options. These four classes or types of options are our designations; you may feel that a further breakdown is necessary. You may want to establish your own classes which is okay since only you know about your individual shop practices. The four classes are: P/P = Policy or Procedural Change = 4 pts. PM = Process Modification = 3 pts. EM = Equipment Modification = 2pts. NE = NewEquipment = 1 pt. 4. The Option Cost refers to what you feel it will cost to implement this waste minimization option. Noneornocost = 4pts. Mediumcost = 2pts. Low cost = 3 pts. Highcost = 1 pt. 13

20 Example: Evaluate the following two options to determine the most attractive waste minimization option (see Table 2): 1) First-in, first-out material policy 2) Replace current roofing system, I / TABLE 2: Waste WMH n ~otal Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 1. First-in First-out Material Policy 2. Recycling in process (9) * WMH = Waste Management Hierarchy, * IP = Implementation Potential After totaling the scores you can see that implementing a first-in, first-out material policy should be implemented before recycling in process. The next step is further evaluation of the economic feasibility and associated payback period using the worksheet in Section 3. After evaluating each option in the four areas, add up their scores and complete the table. After completion of the table for the options identified for use in your shop, a prioritization or order in which to further explore the options should result. This is a preliminary analysis of the options to quickly identify those options desirable for implementation in your shop. A more detailed study into the costs of each option should be conducted to see exactly how the option will affect your shop financially. The above classes and point values for each area were determined by the authors of this document; they are not hard and fast rules, only guidelines. If you feel you have more than four types of options, you can develop your own types of options and their respective point values. This document is to stimulate your thinking about waste minimization options within your plant. 14

21 , ^.-- -"-^ _I / TABLE 2: Waste Minimizatio tion nti WMH" Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 1. Inventory Control Inspect containers on arrival Date containers as received Control access to materials Use a first-in, first-out policy Identify location and quality of material Purchase materials to match job size Finish a material before opening a new container Find a buyerlmarket for outdated or obsolete material * WMH =Waste Management Hierarchy, * IF' = Implementation Potential 15

22 TABLE 2: Waste Minimization WMH n Total Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 2. Spill Control 0 Spill containment Response plan Static rinse method Stom hazardous materials in locked access area Store hazardous materials in closed covered containers Minimizetraffic through storage area Routine inspections of storage area 3. Waste Segregation Segregate waste streams Labelcontainers properly Separate solid waste from other wastes Treat wastewater onsite I * WMH = Waste Management Hierarchy, * IF = Implementation Potential 16

23 TABLE 2: Waste Minimization d WMH" n Total Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 4. Proper Storage 8z Handling Cover storage areas Store flammable liquids outdoors Store hazardous and nonhazardous waste separately Reuse containers Return containers to supplier * WMH = Waste Management Hierarchy, * IP = Implementation Potential 17

24 TABLE 2: Waste Minimization Option fval ati0r-i Continued WMH" tion Total Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 5. Material Substitution Research nonhazardous material alternatives Substitute aqueous cleaners Substitute biodegradable, film-free detergent2 Use water-based finishes Use recycled glass or cullet Use alternatives to VOC based mold releases 6. Process Modification Upgrade equipment and/ or production system Use rapid metering systems Use powder enameling Use water-base coatings Use powder coatings 18

25 TABLE 2: Waste Minimization Waste Minimization Technique 7. Recycling & Reuse Offsite recycling Research options for onsite recycling Recycle waste oil Reuse or recycle solvent waste Combine used solvents with fresh material and reuse Use emission control devices Reuse cement kiln baghouse dust either onsite or offsite Reuse furnace slag either onsite or offsite Recycle dry powder waste Recycle enamel overspray Recycle baghouse dust and solid residues Recycle fired scrap Use California Waste Exchange WMH" Scored by Authors (4) ptio Total * WMH = Waste Management Hierarchy, * Up = Implementation Potential 19

26 , _I TABLE 2: Waste Minimization WMH" n Waste Minimization Technique Scored by Authors 8. Personnel Practices Education/Training Program Incentive Program SR (5) SR (5) 20

27 SECTION 3: PROFITABILI K T The worksheet below can be used to calculate rough estimates of projected costs, savings, and payback periods associated with each waste minimization technology. These work sheets do not take into account amortization, depreciation, or tax factors. Waste Minimization Technique: Capital Costs Equipment Installation Utilities Production Down Time - /- / Construction Materials Other Implementation Costs: Payback Period = Capital Investment Annual Operating Cost Savings TABLE 3: Annual 0 Cost Savings (Use negative numbers to indicate costs that will increase.) Estimated cost Total Savings per Unit Savings Materials or Service (units) (1) ($/unit) (2) Water Sewer Power I Chemicals *_ Waste Handling FeesPenalties Miscellaneous I Total Annual Savings: 21

28 ~ Waste _l l APPENDIX A: TABLES OF OPPORTU The following tables summarize the waste minimization options in the checklist sections. / /-----I--- TABLE Al: Summary Waste Minimization Techniques Inventory Control Inspect containers on arrival ' Date containers as received Control access to materials Use a first-in, first-out policy Identify location and quality of material Purchase materials to match job size Finish a material before opening a new container Find a buyedmarket for outdated or obsolete material 22

29 Waste Minimization Techniques ie Spill Control Spill containment Response plan Static rinse method Store hazardous materials in locked access area 0 Store hazardous materials in closed covered containers 0 Minimizetraffic through storage area Routine inspections of storage area Waste Segregation 0 Segregate waste streams Label containers properly Separate solid waste from other wastes Treat wastewater onsite I 23

30 TABLE A 1 : Summa Waste Minimization Techniques Non Proper Storage & Handling Cover storage areas Store flammable liquids outdoors Store hazardous and nonhazardous waste separately Reuse containers Retum containers to supplier 24

31 TABLE A2: Waste Minimization Techniques Material Substitution Research nonhazardous material altematives Substitute aqueous cleaners Substitute biodegradable, film-free detergents Use water-based finishes Use recycled glass or cullet Use altematives to VOC based mold releases Hi I TABLEA3: Su Waste Minimization Techniques Process Modification Upgrade equipment and/ or production system Use rapid metering systems Use powder enameling Use water-base coatings Use powder coatings 25

32 TABLE A4: Summary of Recys: Waste Minimiz Waste Minimization Techniques Currently Used (yes/no) High None Recycling & Reuse Offsite recycling Research options for onsite recycling Recycle waste oil Reuse or recycle solvent waste Combine used solvents with fresh material and reuse Use emission control devices Reuse cement kiln baghouse dust either onsite or offsite Reuse fumace slag either onsite or offsite Recycle dry powder WaSte Recycle enamel overspray Recycle baghouse dust and solid residues Recycle fired scrap Use California Waste Exchange 26

33 TABLE A5: Summary of Bers Waste Minimiz Waste Minimization Personnel Practices. Educatioflraining Program. Incentive Program 27

34 //////// Fact Sheet: Waste Minimization for the Ceramic Products Industry Waste Audit Study: Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products Industry Fifth Biennial: Alternative Technologies for Minimization of Hazardous Waste Conference Proceedings: Oil Waste Management Alternatives Symposia Conference Proceedings: Solvent Waste Reduction Alternatives Symposia California Waste Exchange Directory, Newsletter/Catalog Hazardous Waste Minimization Bibliography Disposal of Heavy Metal Waste Sludges in Ceramic Products Department of Toxic Substances Control Office of Pollution Prevention and Technology Development Technology Clearinghouse Unit P.O. Box 806 Sacramento, CA (916) For information about regulatory requirements, contact the DTSC regional office nearest you: Region 1- Sacramento (916) Fresno (209) Region 2- Berkeley (510) Region 3- Glendale (818) Region 4- Long Beach (310) To get an PA ID number, call: Department of Toxic Substances Control (916)