VOC CO 2 CH 4 N 2O. Viable particles. Increasing diversity. Broilers. Pigs. Cattle. Each source type may be outside barn to varying degrees.

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Gwendolyn Thomas
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Erin Cortus Ag & Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University Al Heber Ag & Biological Engineering Purdue University NAEMS Barns not designed for controlling or measuring air emissions

1 Erin Cortus Ag & Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University Al Heber Ag & Biological Engineering Purdue University NAEMS Barns not designed for controlling or measuring air emissions Multiple Emitted Compounds, Pollutants, Interferents Varying stack ability High airflow/ low concentration H 2O Odor TSP VOC CO 2 Ventilation types with measurability from easy to difficult: low to high uncertainty Abatement difficulty H 2S NH 3 PM 10 PM 2.5 CH 4 N 2O Bio Viable particles Tunnel MV 1 end CA1 Tunnel MV - 2 ends IN5 Tunnel/crossflow IN3 Dust affects: Measurement Gas sampling Fan airflow Biofilters Livestock Emission i Problem Diet Source Diversity Increasing diversity Broilers Animal growth Layers Crossflow MV WI5 Pigs MV with NV ph NY5 Outside T Workers Manure handling Cattle NV with MV assist Proximity to neighbors Management NV: Fixed openings NV: Adjust. vents WA5 NV: No walls CA5 Downwind concentrations typically several orders of magnitude lower. Barns Animals Feed Bedding Manure Each source type may be outside barn to varying degrees. Air quality laws apply to livestock operations in most instances Emergency Planning and Community Right-to- Know Act (Federal) - large CAFO s only Clean Air Act (Federal) 1

2 Mature dairy cows 700 Turkeys 55,000 Beef cattle or heifers 1,000 Layers (liquid manure) 30,000 Veal calves 1,000 Layers (solid manure) 82,000 Swine ( 55 lbs ) 2,500 Broilers (liquid manure) 30,000 Swine (< 55 lbs) 10,000 Broilers (solid manure) 125,000 Horses 500 Ducks (liquid manure) 5,000 Sheep or lambs 10,000 Ducks (solid manure) 30,000 Voluntary legal agreement of EPA and livestock groups. Producers voluntarily pay penalty based on farm size EPA forgives producers for past violations of federal air laws Producers participate in the NAEMS to obtain emissions data EPA develop and applies data-based emission estimations or Emission Estimation Methodologies (EEM) National Air Emissions Monitoring Study (NAEMS) Required by Air Consent Agreement (ACA) Study approach finalized at science meeting in Beltsville, MD (11/03) Overseen by U.S. EPA to ensure quality data Funded by Agricultural Air Research Council (American Egg Board, National Pork Board, National Milk Producers Federation, and National Chicken Council) Tests required by consent decrees or agreements typically funded by industry. AARC addressed budget and deadlines. EPA addressed data quality issues. NAEMS followed protocols of past studies and improved methods where possible. PI s maintained independence/neutrality as Independent Monitoring Contractor. 2

3 Quantify air emissions from livestock production. Provide reliable data for developing and validating barn and lagoon emission models. Develop national consensus on methods of measuring, calculating, & reporting emissions. Poultry, Ruihong Zhang University of California - Davis, IN2H Jiqin Ni Purdue University Lingjuan Wang North Carolina State University Swine Teng Lim Purdue University, Wayne Robarge North Carolina State University J. Koziel, S. Hoff Iowa State University Ken Casey Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Open Sources Rich Grant Purdue University Dairy Frank Mitloehner University of California - Davis Teng Lim Purdue University Curt Gooch Cornell University Pius Ndegwa Washington State University - Pullman Larry Jacobson University of Minnesota Open Sources Rich Grant Purdue University 7/31/10 Data report (6,211 pages) submitted to EPA 9/27/10 AAQTF Air Emissions Standardization Workshop, Raleigh, NC 1/13/11 EPA posted data to 6/30/ pages of data analysis submitted to National Pork Board 8/4/11 NAEMS-related ASABE papers (14) presented in Louisville 9/7/11 EPA requested nominations for new Science Advisory Board 3

4 9 freestall dairy barns to 800 cows 8 layer houses - 38,000 to 250,000 hens 7 swine barns to 1000 hogs 3 sow farms to 2800 sows 2 broiler houses - 21,000 chickens Type Gas concentration PM concentration Barn airflow Environment Operations Activity Gas sampling system Biomaterials Discrete air samples Variables NH3, H2S, CO2, CH4, N2O, ethanol, methanol PM10, PM2.5, and TSP Fan speed and static pressure, on/off status of each fan Temperature, RH, wind speed and direction, solar radiation Feeders, lights, cooling, heating, fans Animals/birds, workers Flow rate and direction, pressure, temperature, Manure, feed, eggs, water, milk, bedding VOC (canisters), odor (bags and tubes) Monitoring naturally-ventilated barns Analyzer inability to monitor VOC real-time Time required to analyze data 4

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Separate Study 8 9101112 2 Thermocouple Barn 12 (12.

6 Separate Study Thermocouple Barn 12 (12.2 x 125 m) Brooder 1 P port Fan number Ambient GSL Air inlets Betagage g Cool cells N Barn 10 (12.2 x 125 m) Brooder 1 2 S Open anemometer Wind sensor Solar sensor N Heated S Barn 12 raceway Barn 10 GSL OFIS Exhaust fan Activity sensor RH/T sensor PM monitor Source: X. J. Lin, UCD 37 6

7 Source: X. J. Lin, UCD 38 INNOVA Gas Analyzer measured NH3, CO2, Ethanol, N2O, and CH4. 450i measured H2S. Source: X. J. Lin, UCD 39 TEOMs measured exhaust PM Beta Gages measured inlet PM 40 7

National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool NAQSAT. Background. Background

National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool NAQSAT Natalie Rector Michigan State University Extension Educator rector@msu.edu National Air Quality Site Assessment Tool Background Livestock producers are