Deliverable 2-1: An ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos

Transcription

1 ISWM-TINOS: Development and implementation of a demonstration system on Integrated Solid Waste Management for Tinos in line with the Waste Framework Directive Deliverable 7-1:Minutes of the kick-off meeting of the project ISWM-TINOS ISWM - TINOS Deliverable 2-1: An ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos Action 2: Planning and designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management system for the Municipality of Tinos Activity 2-1: Development of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan for the Municipality of Tinos First version: May 2012 March 2014 revised Prepared by: Municipality of Tinos LIFE+ Environmental Policy & Governance National Technical University of Athens Università degli studi di Verona Centre for Research and Technology Hellas/ Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute The Project is co-financed by LIFE+, the EU financial instrument for the environment. LIFE 10/ENV/GR/000610

2 Background This report entitled: A An ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos, was produced under co-finance of the European financial instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) as the first Deliverable (D 2-1) of Action 2 of the Project ISWM-TINOS (LIFE10/ENV/GR/000610) during the implementation of Activity 2-1: Development of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan for the Municipality of Tinos Examination. In this report, the development of an Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan is presented for selected areas in Tinos Municipality namely Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. The report is involved with the identification of the need for an ISWM plan in the selected communities the setting of specific objectives in regard to MSW management and the organization of the ISWM plan in the examined areas. The organization of the plan includes all the necessary considerations for the effective implementation of MSW source separation and processing of the resulting materials. Additionally the monitoring & evaluation processes of the pilot scale demonstration scheme are also presented along with the communication methods aimed at enhancing public awareness and participation. Acknowledgements The ISWM-TINOS team would like to acknowledge the European financial instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) for the financial support. 2

3 1. Executive Summary Planning is the first step in designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management system. During Activity 2.1 of ISWM-Tinos project, the development of the Integrated Solid Waste Management plan takes place considering, to a large extend, the methodology provided by the Environmental Protection Agency. Planning process considerations of an ISWM system according to Environmental Protection Agency Initially the scope-framework of the ISWM plan is being set by defining (a) the type of waste considered in the plan and (b) the areas for which the plan will be developed. The ISWM plan is targeted for Municipal Solid Waste and more specifically for household waste as well as commercial, industrial and institutional waste which resemble to household waste. Additionally the areas that have been selected for the development and the implementation of the ISWM plan is Pyrgos and Panormos communities located at the north part of Tinos Island. These two communities were selected since they are the only consistent and distinct areas which fulfill the population criterion of 100 households i.e 400 inhabitants, as opposed to the rest areas in Tinos island (including Tinos Chora which was suggested in the initial proposal). In the report the identification of the need for an ISWM plan is provided by presenting: 3

4 the quantitative and qualitative objectives and measures that have been set at EU and national level in regard to MSW management and the currently conditions in relation to MSW management in Tinos Municipality and thus in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities It is concluded that the development of a rational ISWM plan for the case of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities is of most importance in order to contribute towards the EU and national mandatory targets for the effective and sustainable management of MSW since neither treatment facilities nor safe disposal sites of MSW are currently in operation. Then the recording of the quantity and composition of MSW of the selected communities is presented along with the estimations of the waste generation trends for the period Based on the information gained from previous sections of the report, the qualitative and quantitative objectives in regard to MSW management are presented for the areas under examination. The long-term qualitative measures which are related to the integrated MSW management in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities include the following: The continuous efforts to encourage prevention and reduction of MSW production. The development and/or modernization of MSW collection and transportation network. The maximization of the re-use and recovery of MSW waste and the minimization of MSW disposal. The closure and rehabilitation of uncontrolled landfills and dumpsites. The quantitative targets set within the framework of the ISWM implementation plan in the selected areas of Tinos Island are related to the quantitative objectives to the EU & national legislative framework. This targets are given below: Purity levels of source separated materials: - More than 80 % purity level of collected dry recyclables (i.e. paper/paperboard, glass, plastic & metal (joint collection)) - More than 85 % purity level of collected bio-waste (i.e. food waste) Recycling targets: - 55 % for total packaging material (indicatively 31.2tn) - 60 % for packaging glass (indicatively 12.7tn) 4

5 - 60 % for paper/paperboard (indicatively 22.1tn) - 50 % for plastic&metal (joint collection) (indicatively 17.9tn) - 40% for MSW (indicatively 84tn) - Biodegradable Organic Waste: 50 % for bio-waste (indicatively 43.9tn) and the production 17tn of bio-waste compost using the prototype composting system The amount of biodegradable waste that is being landfilled must be reduced to 35% of the total amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 (i.e. only 38.6tn of biodegradable waste going to landfills) The organization of the ISWM plan framework involves the planning of a source separation scheme of different MSW fractions and the effective processing of the segregated streams. The MSW fractions that will be source separated include biowaste, paper, glass, plastic and metal. The selected grouping of MSW streams segregated for collection is listed in the following Table and it is based on the expected effectiveness of the separate collection and the subsequent processing efficiency of the materials. Suggested grouping of MSW streams segregated for collection in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Grouping of MSW streams Separate collection of paper/paperboard Separate collection of glass Joint collection of plastic & metal Separate collection of biowaste Colour Yellow Orange Red Brown Between the different source separation methods that are being commonly applied in EU, the kerbside collection system was considered more appropriate for the areas under examination due to the specific characteristics of the selected communities. The kerbside collection system that will be applied in Pyrgos and Panormos communities shall include the source separation of (a) biowaste, (b) paper & paperboard, (c) glass and (d) plastics & metals (joint collection) at household, commercial, institutional and industrial level using appropriate indoor bins and bags (i.e. caddies for sorted biowaste and reusable bags for dry recyclables). The participants shall discharge the segregated materials to corresponding outdoor collection bins of higher capacity (i.e. wheelie bins) which shall be appropriately positioned at public areas aiming to effectively cover the examined community in terms of MSW collection. At regulated frequency a waste collection vehicle shall collect and transport the segregated materials to designated areas for storage or processing. More specifically, 5

6 biowaste will be transported to the in-vessel composting unit and treated on-site for the production of usable high quality compost whereas the dry recyclables will be stored in containers provided by Hellenic Recovery Recycling Corporation (He.R.R.Co) and delivered to an appropriate recycling sorting facility in Attica region (RSF in Aspropyrgos Municipality) in order to be forwarded and effectively recovered by the corresponding industry sectors. The equipment (i.e. bins and bags) that will be required for the implementation of the source separation scheme in the selected areas is shown in the following Table. Required equipment for the deployment of the source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Equipment Units (Households) Units (Rest) Total Units Total Units (+10%) Biodegradable bags (10L) 35,000 5,000 40,000 44,000 Biodegradable bags (40L) - 8,000 8,000 8,800 Indoor caddies (10L) Indoor bins (40L) Outdoor bins (120L) for biowaste Outdoor bins (240L) for paper/paperboard Outdoor bins (240L) for glass Outdoor bins (240L) for plastic & metal Reusable bags For the monitoring and evaluation of the ISWM scheme in Pyrgos and Panormos communities appropriate set of indicators are envisaged in order to successfully implement the pilot scale demonstration scheme. These indicators are: (a) the specific waste generation rate, (b) the source separation ratio, (c) the ratios of materials in the residual MSW, (d) the ratio of impurities in sorted materials and (e) the participation rate. Finally, a public awareness plan accompanying the ISWM scheme is also foreseen aiming to engage the participants at the early stage of the its implementation phase and to encourage them to be actively involved throughout the duration of the demonstration. 6

7 2. Abbreviations and Acronyms BOW EWC He.R.R.Co. ISWM JMD RSC WFD Biodegradable Organic Waste European Waste Catalogue Hellenic Recovery Recycling Corporation Integrated Solid Waste Management Joint Ministerial Decision Recycling Sorting Center Waste Framework Directive 7

8 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction Framework of the ISWM plan Defining the type of waste Defining the participating area/s Identification of the need for ISWM Plan Review of existing MSW management policy in Greece and EU EU legislation Greek legislation Review of existing situation in regard to MSW management Quantity and composition of MSW of the selected community Recording of the MSW Quantity of MSW generated Composition of MSW generated Objectives of the selected community Qualitative objectives in accordance with the EU & National legislative framework Quantitative objectives in accordance with the EU & National legislative framework Municipal Solid Waste Biodegradable Organic Waste (BOW) Biowaste (Food waste & Green Waste) Packaging waste Quantitative targets of the ISWM plan for MSW Organizing the ISWM plan framework Introduction Planning of the MSW source separation scheme Number of sorted materials Determination of the grouping of MSW fractions segregated for collection Types of source separation methods Selection of source separation method

9 8.2.5 Determination of the type, number, capacity and location of the required temporal storage equipment Collection and transportation of the source separated MSW Determination of the collection frequency Planning the processing of sorted materials Monitoring and evaluation of the ISWM scheme Source separation scheme Processing of sorted materials Public awareness planning References

10 List of Tables Table 1: Distribution of population in relation to the number of communities in Tinos Municipality Table 2: Insular areas specific characteristics in regard to MSW management Table 3: Classification of MSW according to the European Waste Catalogue Table 4: Classification of packaging waste according to the European Waste Catalogue Table 5: Estimated MSW production in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Table 6: Estimated MSW composition in Pyrgos & Ormos Panormou communities kerbside 30 Table 7: Estimated percentile content of packaging waste for each MSW fraction Table 8: MSW recycling targets in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities by Table 9: Quantitative objectives for BOW management in Pyrgos & Ormos Panormou communities Table 10: Quantitative objectives for biowaste management in Pyrgos & Ormos Panormou communities Table 11: Quantitative objectives for packaging waste recycling and recovery in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Table 12: Quantitative objectives for the recycling targets of the materials contained in packaging waste in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Table 13: Summarizing the main characteristics of kerbside & door-to-door collections systems Table 14: Suggested characteristics of the reusable bags for the collection of dry recyclables48 Table 15: Suggested equipment for sorting waste from commercial, industrial and institutional sector in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Table 16: Required equipment for the deployment of the source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Table 17: Percentile MSW collection coverage in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities based Table 18: Number of wheelie bins required for the separate collection of biowaste, paper & paperboard, glass and plastic & metals Table 19: Determination of the collection frequency that it is required for each site in which wheelie bins will be introduced in the examined areas of Pyrgos and Panormos settlements Table 20: Determination of (a) the containers required for the temporal storage of source separated dry recyclables (b) the estimated transportation frequency of each container to the recycling sorting facility and (b) the associated transportation cost.69 10

11 List of Figures Figure 1: Location of Panormos and Ormos Panormou communities in Tinos Island Figure 2: Comparison of kerbside and door to door collection systems in relation to the purity level of biowaste and the population in Spain Figure 3: Comparison of kerbside and door to door collection systems in regard to the capture rate of biowaste and the population Figure 4: Location and number of the existing MSW collections systems in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Figure 5: Characteristics of the Spider type SWC24 waste collection vehicle which will be used for the source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Figure 6: Sitting of the in-vessel composting unit and the containers in relation the examined areas of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Figure 7: Example of unloading the content of a similar type waste collection vehicle to a container Figure 8: Location of Recycling Sorting Centers in Attica Region, Greece

12 3. Introduction ISWM-Tinos project entitled Development and implementation of a demonstration system on Integrated Solid Waste Management for Tinos in line with the Waste Framework Directive is a LIFE+ project co-financed by EC (50%). This report was prepared in the framework of this project aiming to develop an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan for Tinos Municipality. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) systems combine MSW streams, waste collection, treatment and disposal methods, with the objective of achieving environmental benefits, economic optimization and societal acceptability. This will lead to a practical waste management system for any specific region. The ISWM plan that is developed in this report takes into consideration the characteristics of the area under examination, the existing legal framework and the proposed actions foreseen in the LIFE+ proposal. Therefore the aim of this report is to develop a viable and environmentally sustainable MSW management plan tailored to the specific characteristics and needs of a selected area in Tinos Island. As part of this plan, the following objectives have been set: to provide the framework of the ISWM plan in regard to the type of waste considered and the location/s where the plan will be developed to identify the need for an ISWM in the determined location in Tinos Municipality to quantify the MSW generated and define its composition to provide qualitative and quantitative objectives for the examined area/s based on EU and national targets and measures on MSW management to organize the ISWM plan framework for the examined area/s These report shall facilitate the decision making process on MSW management with a view of achieving the objectives as being laid down by the existing legislation and in relation to the current management conditions. 12

13 4. Framework of the ISWM plan In order to initiation the procedure for the development of the ISWM plan it is important to set out the framework of the plan in regard to the type of waste that will be considered in the plan along with the area/s for which the plan will be applied. 4.1 Defining the type of waste The type of waste that is being considered for the development of the ISWM plan is the municipal solid waste, referred as household and similar wastes in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC code number 20), and the waste packaging (EWC code number 15). Hazardous waste and specific waste streams which are included in the above mentioned EWC categories (e.g. sludge, discarded electrical and electronic equipment, batteries and accumulators, detergents, medicines, edible oil and fat, paint, inks, adhesives and resins) are out of the scope of this study according to the LIFE+ proposal. 4.2 Defining the participating area/s The selection of the area/s for which the ISWM program will be develop and implemented was performed by taking into consideration, as the main selection criterion, the service of approximately 100 households (~400 participants) as has been proposed in the ISWM-Tinos Life+ project. According to Tinos Municipality demographic data shown Table 1, there are only two communities that fulfill the population criterion, the first one is Tinos-Chora (Capital of Tinos Municipality) and the second one is Pyrgos community. Pyrgos is the centre of the community of Panormos administrative unit and the largest community of Tinos Island. Table 1: Distribution of population in relation to the number of communities in Tinos Municipality Population Range Number of Communities Population coverage in Tinos Municipality > ,24 % ,47% ,54% ,57% ,17% Total % 13

14 Between the two eligible areas, Pyrgos community is considered the most suitable and prominent choice for the development and implementation of the ISWM plan. The reasons for choosing Pyrgos community instead of Tinos-Chora are the following: Pyrgos community is the only consistent and distinct area in Tinos Island which fulfills the population criterion of around 100 households (i.e 400 inhabitants). Tinos-Chora is also eligible for the implementation of the plan in regard to the population criterion but the total of 4500 inhabitants is significantly higher than the proposed target. Therefore the only way to introduce the ISWM system in Tinos-Chora is to select part of its denselypopulated area which is considered less efficient and effective in terms of MSW management while at the same time it would socially exclude other areas which might desire to take part in this initiative. Pyrgos community consists of permanent population throughout the year and it shares a sense of common identity. The population in Pyrgos community has recent experience in managing local affairs. Pyrgos community acquires a homogeneous population which will enhance the participation rate, it will provide social consensus and it will support the cooperation between the participants and the project team. It is a famous destination and a strong cultural brand name Apart from Pyrgos community it was decided, to include in the ISWM plan Ormos Panormou community which is located near Pyrgos (Figure 1) consisting mainly of restaurants, cafes, rooms to let, mini markets and souvenir stores. The reasons for incorporating Ormos Panormou in the plan are mainly the following (a) it is a community consisting mainly of summer residences near Pyrgos community (b) it is located near the sites where the ISWM plan suggests to process sorted waste (see Section 8.3) and (c) the aggregated population of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities equals to about 400 inhabitants. 14

15 Figure 1: Location of Panormos and Ormos Panormou communities in Tinos Island 15

16 5. Identification of the need for ISWM Plan This section is devoted to describe and identify the reasons for which an ISWM plan is needed for Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. Therefore, a brief presentation of the existing MSW policy targets and measures on EU and national level are provided, whereas the existing situation in regard to MSW management in the examined community is given. 5.1 Review of existing MSW management policy in Greece and EU Extensive review of the existing legislative measures in Greece and EU in relation to MSW management is provided in Deliverable 1.2 of the ISWM project entitled Examination, review and analysis of the Greek and EU waste management policies and legislative framework. This section points out and sums up only the quantitative and qualitative objectives and measures that have been set at EU and national level in regard to MSW management EU legislation Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EK Directive 2008/98/EC introduces a five-step waste hierarchy as a priority order with waste prevention at the top followed by preparing for re-use, recycling, other recovery including energy recovery and waste disposal as the last resort. Additionally, Member States shall take the necessary measures designed to achieve the following targets: by 2020, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials such as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly from other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight. by 2020, the preparing for re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling operations using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste excluding naturally occurring material defined in category in the list of waste shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight. 16

17 The Directive aiming to boost the objective towards a recycling society, obliges Member States to separately collect at least paper, metal, plastic and glass by 2015 while it encourages (does not mandate) MS to take measures for: the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of biowaste; the treatment of bio-waste in a way that fulfils a high level of environmental protection; the use of environmentally safe materials produced from bio-waste. However it must be stated that according to the Directive, setting up separate collection schemes preconditions their technical, environmental and economical feasibility. Directive 94/62/ΕΚ on packaging and packaging waste as amended by Directive 2004/12/EC The directives include all packaging materials placed on the market in EC and all packaging waste, whether it is used or released at industrial, commercial, office, shop, service, household or any other level, regardless of the material used. The Directives aim to promote the reuse and recycling and management of packaging and packaging wastes by obliging MS to introduce systems to return and/or collect used packaging and to promote information campaigns and by establishing recycling targets. These targets are listed below. no later than 30 June 2001, between 50 and 65% by weight of packaging waste to be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery. no later than 31 December 2008, at least 60% by weight of packaging waste to be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery. no later than 30 June 2001, between 25 and 45% by weight of the totality of packaging materials contained in packaging waste to be recycled (with a minimum of 15% by weight for each packaging material). no later than 31 December 2008, between 55 and 80% by weight of packaging waste to be recycled. no later than 31 December 2008 the following targets for materials contained in packaging waste must be attained: o 60 % by weight for glass; o 60 % by weight for paper and board; o 50 % by weight for metals; 17

18 o o 22,5 % by weight for plastics, counting exclusively material that is recycled back into plastics; 15 % by weight for wood. It must be stated that Directive 2004/12/EC extends attainment dates for Greece due to the large number of small islands. More details on the targets set at national level are provided in Law 2939/2001 (Official Gazette 179Α/2001) in Section Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste as amended The objective of the Directive is to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of the landfill of waste on the environment. Among others it defines three different landfill categories according to the type of waste to be disposed of namely landfills for hazardous waste, nonhazardous waste and inert waste. Moreover, the directive sets up specific targets for the gradual diversion of biodegradable waste from landfills. Biodegradable waste is defined as any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition, such as food and garden waste, and paper/paperboard. The numerical reduction targets for biodegradable waste that end up in landfills are set as follows: In 2006, biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 75 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995, for which standardised Eurostat data are available; In 2009, biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 50 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 for which standardised Eurostat data are available; In 2016, biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 for which standardised Eurostat data are available. Countries, such as Greece and United Kingdom, where more than 80% of the waste ended up at landfills in the reference year (i.e. 1995) gained a 4-year extension in order to reach the aforementioned targets. Greece is formulating its strategies by placing targets for the years 2010, 2013 and 2020 as has been set in the Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) 29407/3508/2002 (Official Gazette 1572/Β/ ) 18

19 5.1.2 Greek legislation Law 4042/2012 (Official Gazette 160/A/ ) «Protection of the environment through criminal law - Transposition into national law of Directive 2008/99/ΕC Framework for the production and the treatment of waste - Transposition into national law of Directive 2008/98/ΕC Arrangement of issues related to the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change». Law 4042/2012 is the new Greek Waste Framework that transposes the European Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 2008/98/EC into national legislation. Among the main provisions of the law is the introduction of the waste hierarchy in regard to waste management (waste prevention, re-use, recycling, other recovery including energy recovery and waste disposal as the last resort) and specific targets which are presented below: by 2020, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials such as at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households and possibly from other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households, shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weight. by 2020, the preparing for re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling operations using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste excluding naturally occurring material defined in category in the list of waste shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight. The national waste framework also mandates the set up separate collection by 2015 for at least paper, metal, plastic and glass. It also goes a step further than the European WFD by introducing specific measures for biowaste. More specifically the following targets are set for the petrusible fraction of MSW: by 2015 the percentage of separate collection of biowaste shall be increased to a minimum of 5%% by overall weight of biowaste, and by 2020 the percentage of separate collection of biowaste shall be increased to a minimum of 10% by overall weight of biowaste. 19

20 Finally law 4042/2012 foresees the introduction of a landfill fee by 2014 for the disposal of waste 1 that have not undergone treatment - processing operations (D13, R3, R5, R12 2 ). Therefore waste producers (organizations or businesses) will be burden with an extra fee of 35 Euros per tonne in 2014 with a 5 Euro increase per year until the price reaches 60 euro per tonne (i.e. year 2019). The fee will be submitted to the Green Fund for funding of recovery and disposal programmes and projects. JMD 50910/2727/2003 (Official Gazette 1909/Β/ ) «Measures and terms for the management of solid waste. National and Regional Management Planning» The JDM aims to achieve conformity with the WFD 91/156/EC. The JDM presents the National Solid Waste Management Plan of Non-Hazardous Waste in order to incorporate the major principles, objectives, policies and actions for the rational management of MSW. Additionally the Regional Solid Waste Management Plans are introduced aiming to specify the main guidelines provided in the National Plan for each region in Greece. The main longterm qualitative targets that are being set in the National Solid Waste Management Plan are the following: Prevention or reduction of waste generation Expansion and modernization of waste collection and transportation network Use materials from waste and energy recovery from waste in order to maximize the recycling and recovery rate of products and energy. Safe disposal of waste which are not treated while aiming in the gradual reduction of waste going to lanfills 1 Waste which are included in European Waste Catalogue under the following code: , , , , , 17 01, 17 02, , According to the Disposal & Recovery Code Flowchart. D13:Blending or mixing prior to submission to any disposal operation numbered D1 to D12. R3: Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materials i.e. reprocessing of construction and demolition waste; reprocessing and recycling of glass waste; use as secondary raw material in cement kilns; asphalt mixing plants; use for underground stowage in mines. R5: Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents i.e. recycling of waste paper and board; reprocessing and recycling of plastic waste; composting of bio waste and green waste; fermentation of biodegradable waste for biogas production (biogas plants) R12: Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations numbered R1-R11 i.e. basic sorting activities; mixing of waste from different generators before it is sent to a recovery facility; transfer and compaction of waste; shredding of wood waste prior to energy recovery. 20

21 In addition to the latter the JMD introduces several principles in regard to MSW management such as the polluter pays principle, the producer responsibility principle, the proximity principle and the ecological restoration principle. Finally the national targets in regard to the diversion targets of biodegradable waste from landfilling and the recycling and recovery targets for packaging waste are being reported as in JMD 29407/3508/2002. JMD 29407/3508/2002 (Official Gazette 1572/Β/ ) «Μeasures and terms for landfilling of waste» With the adaptation of the present JMD, the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) was transposed into the national law. The JMD imposes among others the introduction of waste treatment technologies, stricter rules for the operation of landfills, changes regarding waste disposal costs and changes in the planning and permitting procedure. The national obligations resulting from the JMD include: The treatment of waste prior to disposal. MSW treatment is defined in the JDM the process of one or more of the following methods: o Source separation of waste o Mechanical separation of waste o Thermal, physical, chemical and biological treatment or a combination of the aforementioned processes. The gradual diversion of biodegradable waste from landfills as set in the landfill directive (1999/31/EC) o In 2010, biodegradable waste going to landfills must be reduced to 75% of the total amount of biodegradable waste produced in o In 2013, biodegradable waste going to landfills must be reduced to 50% of the total amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 o In 2020, biodegradable waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35% of the total amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 In order to achieve these obligations the JDM mainly promotes waste recovery namely recycling, composting or biomethane production or material/energy recovery. 21

22 To incorporate the new specifications in regard to the planning, construction, permitting and operation procedure of landfills. To incorporate the changes of waste management services costs. The waste disposal cost apart from capital and operational costs shall also include the expenditures for the closure and rehabilitation of lanfdfills. Law 2939/2001 (Official Gazette 179Α/2001) «Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products - Establishment of the National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Waste and other provisions» as amended by JMD 9268/469/2007 and Law 3854/2010 Law 2939/2001 and its amendments set the legal framework for the alternative management of packaging waste and other waste streams. They establishe the framework for the implementation of recycling/re-use/ recovery schemes for packaging waste and other specific waste streams. In regard to packaging waste the following qualitative targets have been set: no later than 30 June 2005, between 50 and 65% by weight of packaging waste to be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery. no later than 31 December 2011, at least 60% by weight of packaging waste to be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery. no later than 30 June 2005, between 25 and 45% by weight of the totality of packaging materials contained in packaging waste to be recycled (with a minimum of 15% by weight for each packaging material). no later than 31 December 2011, between 55 and 80% by weight of packaging waste to be recycled. no later than 31 December 2011 the following targets for materials contained in packaging waste must be attained: o 60 % by weight for glass; o 60 % by weight for paper and board; o 50 % by weight for metals; o 22,5 % by weight for plastics, counting exclusively material that is recycled back into plastics; o 15 % by weight for wood. 22

23 5.2 Review of existing situation in regard to MSW management This section sums up and points out the existing situation in regard to MSW management in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities in Tinos Municipality. More information about the current conditions is provided in Deliverable 1.1 Identification of needs and review of existing systems concerning municipal solid waste management in the Municipality of Tinos. In Tinos Municipality and consequently in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities there are neither treatment facilities nor safe disposal sites for the management of the produced MSW. Historically, MSW management has always involved the uncontrolled disposal in dump sites but recent decisions envisage their closure and rehabilitation. In addition to the latter the MSW planning for South Aegean Prefecture (Regional Solid Waste Management Plan) suggests that in Tinos Municipality a landfill site shall be constructed in accordance to the provisions of JMD 29407/3508/2002 whereas source separation schemes for the sustainable treatment of MSW shall be set up. However the regional plan has not yet been approved despite the fact that it has been published since Therefore, it can be concluded that currently in Tinos Municipality and subsequently in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities there is significant pressure in regard to MSW management due to the absence of a provisional landfill and the need for dump sites closure. In addition to the latter the areas under examination are located in an insular area which acquires specific characteristics in regard to MSW management planning as presented in Table 2. Considering the existing situation in the examined areas in regard to MSW management and the current related policy measures at EU and national level it is concluded that there is an increased need for immediate implementation of an ISWM solution. The ISWM plan in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities shall include the development of a MSW source separation scheme as well as the examination of appropriate methods for the effective management of the source segregated materials according to the specification and provisions of the existing EU and national legislation. This implies that the ISWM plan shall be based: 23

24 on the targets and provisions of the EU and national legislative Waste Framework (Directive 2008/98/EC and Law 4042/2012) towards a recycling and resource efficient society and on all legislative measures, targets and objectives that have been set in regard to packaging waste, biodegradable waste and biowaste. Table 2: Insular areas specific characteristics in regard to MSW management (JMD 50910/2727/2003) Criteria Geographical position Characteristics Distance from mainland and other islands Frequency of bad weather / detention of ships Climate characteristics Prolonged high temperature levels (e.g. increase of packaging waste) High frequency of increased wind intensity throughout the year Geological and hydrogeological characteristics Socio-economic characteristics Limited land availability for the allocation of waste management facilities. Limited water resources and sensitivity of certain aquifers. Significant population increase during the tourist season (mainly summer period) Significant dependence of the local economy on tourism Commercial activities are concentrated in limited areas of the island. Increased energy supply cost due to the unavailability of alternative energy supply sources other than fossil fuels. Increased waste transportation cost to mainland (e.g. transportation of source separated material) Administrative characteristics Difficulties in implementing integrated MSW plans with the mainland or other islands Frequent lack of resources (e.g. energy and water shortage) for the effective operation of MSW management facilities. Absence of appropriate infrastructure. 24

25 6. Quantity and composition of MSW of the selected community This section presents the quantity, composition and origin of MSW in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. MSW is defined as the waste from households, as well as other waste which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from household. Therefore the main sources of MSW include mainly household waste as well as commercial, industrial and institutional waste similar to domestic waste. 6.1 Recording of the MSW The classification of MSW is made according to the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) which is designed to form a consistent waste classification system across the EU. The municipal solid waste, referred as household and similar wastes have the code number 20 in the EWC without considering specific waste streams, i.e. packaging waste, which are collected separately. Respectively packaging waste has the code number 15. Table 3 and Table 4 present the classification of municipal solid waste and packaging waste as has been listed in the EWC. Hazardous waste and specific waste streams which are listed in the above mentioned categories (e.g. sludge, discarded electrical and electronic equipment, batteries and accumulators, detergents, medicines, edible oil and fat, paint, inks, adhesives and resins) are out of the scope of this study as has been reported in Section 4.1. Table 3: Classification of MSW according to the European Waste Catalogue 20 MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS separately collected fractions (except 15 01) paper and card board glass biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste clothes textiles * solvents * acids * alkalines * Photochemicals * Pesticides * fluorescent tubes and other mercury-containing waste * discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons edible oil and fat * oil and fat other than those mentioned * paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing dangerous substances paint, inks, adhesives and resins other than those mentioned in

26 20 MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS * detergents containing dangerous substances detergents other than those mentioned in cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines medicines other than those mentioned in * batteries and accumulators included in , or and unsorted batteries and accumulators containing these batteries batteries and accumulators other than those mentioned in * discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in and containing hazardous components (6) discarded electric and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in , and * wood containing dangerous substances wood other than that mentioned in plastics metals wastes from chimney sweeping other fractions not otherwise specified garden and park wastes (including cemetery waste) biodegradable waste soil and stones other non-biodegradable wastes other municipal wastes mixed municipal waste waste from markets street cleansing residues septic tank sludge waste from sewage cleaning bulky waste municipal wastes not otherwise specified Any waste marked with an asterisk (*) is considered as a hazardous waste pursuant to directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste, and subject to the provisions of that Directive unless Article 1(5) of that Directive applies. Table 4: Classification of packaging waste according to the European Waste Catalogue 15 WASTE PACKAGING; ABSORBENTS, WIPING CLOTHS, FILTER MATERIALS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED packaging (including separately collected municipal packaging waste) paper and cardboard packaging plastic packaging wooden packaging metallic packaging composite packaging mixed packaging glass packaging textile packaging * packaging containing residues of or contaminated by dangerous substances * metallic packaging containing a dangerous solid porous matrix (for example asbestos), including empty pressure containers Any waste marked with an asterisk (*) is considered as a hazardous waste pursuant to directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste, and subject to the provisions of that Directive unless Article 1(5) of that Directive applies. 26

27 6.2 Quantity of MSW generated According to the South Aegean Prefecture MSW management plan the total MSW generated in Tinos Municipality was tn in 2008 while the total population is recorded at 8440 inhabitants (EL.STAT., 2011). Therefore it is estimated that for Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities, assuming a total population of 400 inhabitants (i.e. 100 households), the generated MSW in 2008 is 195,941 kg (196 tn). The estimation of the waste generation trend in the examined areas takes into consideration the following conditions: From MSW weighting data provided by the Municipal Cleaning Company of Rhodes (D.E.K.R.) island the annual MSW production increase ranges from 6.02 to 9.30% w/w while according to the South Aegean Region MSW management plan in 2005 the increase of MSW is assumed equal to 3.5% w/w. This high generation trend can be explained by the significant annual variation of the population since the prefecture is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece (i.e. the 24% of the Gross Domestic Product in South Aegean Region comes from tourist accommodation and restaurant services) (EL.STAT., 2009) It is considered that the MSW growth rate will be gradually reduced over time in cases where extensive prevention/reduction/recycling measures and programs on MSW production will be implemented. Additionally information campaigns aiming to raise public awareness level will also contribute towards the reduction of MSW growth rate. The implementation of the ISWM Tinos project is expected to contribute towards this direction. According to the National Statistical Service of Greece during the period the annual population growth in Tinos Municipality was only 0.59% (EL.STAT., 2011, 2001). Due to the economic downturn in Greece it is expected that the waste generation rate will be further reduced since the purchasing power at national level has been significantly limited (ΙΝΕ ΓΣΕΕ-ΑΔΕΔΥ, 2011). Considering the above it is expected that a MSW generation rate of 1.2% in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities will not be exceeded, a value that is similar to other European countries. For instance in the EU-15, the generation of MSW is projected to increase by an annual growth rate of 1.4% till 2020 and 1.2% till 2030 (Malek, 2012). 27

28 Therefore in Table 5 the estimated generation of MSW in the examined areas is presented for the period Table 5: Estimated MSW production in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Year MSW (kg) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Composition of MSW generated The main fractions which characterize the composition analysis of MSW include materials which are classified as follow: Organic fraction (fermentable materials): This fraction includes biodegradable materials of plant and animal origin such as kitchen waste, food waste and green waste (biowaste). Paper Paperboard: This fraction includes all paper (mainly printed and packaging paper) and board products of all sizes. Metals: This fraction includes all metals, ferrous and non ferrous materials such as steel cans, aluminium cans etc. Glass: This fraction includes all types of glasses irrespective of their colour, size or shape. 28

29 Plastics: This fraction includes all types of plastics and polymeric materials such as bags, packaging materials and tetra-packs etc. Leather, Wood, Rubber: This fraction includes materials which acquire high calorific value and cannot be treated biologically such as wood packaging materials, leather clothing, furniture etc. Textiles: This fraction includes materials of textile origin such as clothes, shoes etc. Inert: This fraction includes inert materials resulting mainly from construction activities such as ceramics, stones, bricks, dirt, cement etc. Others: This fraction includes all materials which are not otherwise specified in the above mentioned fractions (e.g. bulky waste) For the island of Tinos and especially for Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities there are no data on the qualitative composition of MSW. The most current and related data is provided by the Regional MSW management plan in 2008 (not yet approved) which includes MSW composition analysis of areas located in South Aegean Prefecture namely the Municipalities of Rhodes and Naxos and the Municipality and communities of Kos. The estimated composition analysis for the area under examination is presented in Table 6 considering the aforementioned data along with the national MSW quality analysis provided by the Greek Ministry of Environment. A further analysis of MSW composition analysis in the area under examination is given in Table 7 in which the estimated percentile content of packaging waste is presented for each MSW fraction. According to the estimated MSW composition analysis in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities it can be observed that the organic fraction acquires the highest proportion of 41.75% w/w, followed by paper and board at 20.98% w/w. Therefore the biodegradable waste consisting of food and garden waste, paper/paperboard, as defined in the landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amount to 62.73% w/w of the total MSW generated. The fractions of plastic, glass and metal are found in smaller proportions ranging from 6.20 to 10.88% w/w while the remaining fractions L-W-R-T and rest waste is estimated at 4.51 and 5.61% w/w respectively. It must be stated that the new consumption patterns and the requirements of modern marketing have lead to higher packaging production rate (i.e. in EU level a total increase of 9.3 % has been reported from 1998 to 2008). In the case of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities this is depicted by the increased shares of packaging waste which is estimate at 27.0% w/w. 29

30 Table 6: Estimated MSW composition in Pyrgos & Ormos Panormou communities based on related data MSW Fraction /Area Rhodes Minicipality Kos Municipality Kos Communities Naxos Municipality Greece Pyrgos & Ormos Panormou Communities Average MSW composition (% w/w) Organic % Paper Board % Metal % Glass % Plastic % L-W-R-T* % Rest 5.80% % Total % ** Leather, Wood, Rubber & Textiles

31 Table 7: Estimated percentile content of packaging waste for each MSW fraction MSW Fractions Specific content (% w/w on MSW fraction basis)** Specific total content (% w/w on total MSW basis) MSW Composition (% w/w) Organic Paper Paperboard Plastic Glass Metal L-W-R* Paper Paperboard Packaging Printed Paper Paper Rest Plastic Packaging Plastic Rest Glass Packaging Glass Rest Metal Packaging Metal Rest L-W-R Packaging L-W-R Rest Textiles Rest Total Packaging Total MSW * Leather, Wood & Rubber **Based on (a) estimations of the working team and (b) analysis that have been performed in other Regions in Greece and (c) Eurostat data 6.20

32 7. Objectives of the selected community In this section the MSW diversion and recycling targets are presented for the case study of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities based on the existing environmental policy in Greece and EU in regard to MSW management as presented in Section 5.1. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative objectives in regard to MSW management will be presented for Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities in order to be in line with the EU and National legislative measures and obligations. 7.1 Qualitative objectives in accordance with the EU & National legislative framework The long-term qualitative targets which are related to the ISWM in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities are the following: The continuous efforts to encourage prevention and reduction of MSW production. The development and/or modernization of MSW collection and transportation network. The maximization of the re-use and recovery of MSW waste and the minimization of MSW disposal. The closure and rehabilitation of uncontrolled landfills and dumpsites. 7.2 Quantitative objectives in accordance with the EU & National legislative framework This section is devoted to present the quantitative targets in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities in regard MSW management. More specifically the quantitative objectives for the total MSW production is presented along with specific waste streams and waste fractions namely, Biodegradable Organic Waste, Biowaste (Food waste & Green Waste) and Packaging waste Municipal Solid Waste With respect to the total MSW production the recycling objective is 50% by weight till Therefore the MSW recycling target in 2020 corresponds to 113,048 kg (113 tn) as shown in Table 8. 32

33 Table 8: MSW recycling targets in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities by Year MSW recycling target (kg) , , , , , , , , , , , , , Biodegradable Organic Waste (BOW) According to the legislative provisions of the landfill directive the amount of BOW that needs to be gradually diverted from landfills is a function of the BOW production in Therefore the quantification of the BOW diversion target prerequisites available standardised Eurostat data for the reference year of The problem related to the quantification of the BOW diversion objectives arises from the fact that there are no data available on the BOW generation in 1995 since many countries, including Greece, were not recording this data at that time or earlier. More specifically in Greece and in Tinos Municipality there are no reliable measurements in 1995 with respect to MSW production and its composition. The main reason for the absence of available and reliable data lays on the fact that there isn t a national system in place for the consistent analysis of waste which will implement standardized and statistically valid methods to produce comparable data in regard to MSW production and management (Λαζαρίδη, 2008). Therefore, due to the lack of data in regard to the BOW quantities in 1995 in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities and generally in South Aegean Region, the following methodology was followed. It is considered that the total MSW production in the examined areas in 2008 was 195,941 kg (see Section 6.2) while the composition of BOW (namely biowaste, paper and paperboard) was considered equal to 71% of the MSW in 1995 as has been reported in the national MSW management plan (JMD 50910/2727/2003). The set rate 33

34 of MSW production it is assumed that it differentiates between the examined periods as shown below: For the period the rate is set equal to 2.0% due to increased population growth rate. For the period the rate is set equal to 1.5% due to the lower population growth rate. Based on the following considerations the amount of BOW in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities in 1995 is estimated at 110 tn (110,302kg). Therefore the quantified targets in regard to the BOW management in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities as they have been laid down by the relevant legislative measures (Directive 1999/31/EC & JMD 50910/2727/2003) are given in Table 9. It can be concluded that the specific targets for the communities of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou in regard to the allowed quantities of BOW to be landfilled are as follows: Until 16 July 2010 the amount of BOW that is being landfilled cannot exceed the 82,727 kg. Until 16 July 2013 the amount of BOW that is being landfilled cannot exceed the 55,151 kg. Until 16 July 2020 the amount of BOW that is being landfilled cannot exceed the 38,606 kg. Respectively the estimated amount of BOW that it is required to be diverted from landfilling is as follows: Until 16 July 2010, the quantity BOW that needs to be diverted is equal to 43,145 kg. Until 16 July 2013, the quantity BOW that needs to be diverted is equal to 75,306 kg. Until 16 July 2020, the quantity BOW that needs to be diverted is equal to 103,213 kg. 34

35 Table 9: Quantitative objectives for BOW management in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Year MSW generated BOW generated BOW accepted to landfill BOW to be diverted from landfill (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) , ,872 82,727 43, , ,382 82,727 44, , ,911 82,727 46, , ,458 55,151 75, , ,023 55,151 76, , ,607 55,151 78, , ,211 55,151 80, , ,833 55,151 81, , ,475 55,151 83, , ,137 55,151 84, , ,819 38, , , ,520 38, , , ,243 38, , , ,986 38, , , ,749 38, , , ,534 38, , , ,341 38, , , ,169 38, , , ,019 38, , , ,891 38, , , ,786 38, , , ,703 38, , , ,644 38, ,038

36 7.2.3 Biowaste (Food waste & Green Waste) Apart from BOW that need to be gradually regulated, the newly established National Law 4042/2012 which essentially incorporates the Directive 2008/99/ΕC to the Greek legislation, sets specific targets in regard to the recycling of biowaste namely food and green waste. The quantified targets for Pyrgos community in regard to biowaste recycling is shown in Table 10. Table 10: Quantitative objectives for biowaste management in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Year MSW generated Biowaste generated Biowaste Recycling (kg) (kg) (kg) ,005 88,930 4, ,561 89,997 4, ,148 91,077 4, ,766 92,170 4, ,415 93,276 4, ,096 94,395 9, ,809 95,528 9, ,555 96,674 9, ,333 97,834 9, ,145 99,008 9, , ,196 10, , ,399 10, , ,615 10, , ,847 10, , ,093 10, , ,354 10, , ,630 10, , ,922 10,892 As it can be concluded from the Table above the specific targets for the community of Pyrgos in regard to the biowaste recycling, are as follows: By 2015 the amount of biowaste that need to be recycled is equal to 4,446 kg. By 2020 the amount of biowaste that need to be recycled is equal to 9,439 kg Packaging waste In regard to the quantitative objectives for packaging waste, the relevant legislative measures (JMD 9268/469/2007) foresee the following: 36

37 by no later 31 December 2011, at least 60% by weight of packaging waste must be recovered or incinerated at waste incineration plants with energy recovery, by no later 31 December 2011, between 55 and 80% by weight of the totality of packaging waste to be recycled, by no later than 31 December 2011 the following targets for materials contained in packaging waste must be attained: o 60 % by weight for glass; o 60 % by weight for paper and board; o 50 % by weight for metals; o 22,5 % by weight for plastics, counting exclusively material that is recycled back into plastics; o 15 % by weight for wood. Therefore the quantitative targets in regard to packaging waste recovery /recycling and the recycling target for materials contained in packaging waste are shown in Table 11 and Table 12 respectively for the examined areas of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. From Table 11 and Table 12 it can be concluded that the cumulative minimum recycling targets that have been set for the materials contained in individual packaging waste namely glass (60%), paper and board (60%), metals (50%), plastics (22.5%) and wood (12.5%), do not add up to fulfill the overall minimum recycling target for the totality of packaging waste (55%). Therefore, higher recycling should be performed in individual packaging waste materials in order to achieve the 55% overall minimum packaging recycling target. 37

38 Table 11: Quantitative objectives for packaging waste recycling and recovery in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Year MSW Packaging waste Minimum recovery targets (60 w/w) Minimum recycling targets (55% w/w) Maximum recycling targets (80% w/w) ,517 55,474 33,284 30,511 44, ,983 56,140 33,684 30,877 44, ,479 56,814 34,088 31,247 45, ,005 57,495 34,497 31,622 45, ,561 58,185 34,911 32,002 46, ,148 58,883 35,330 32,386 47, ,766 59,590 35,754 32,775 47, ,415 60,305 36,183 33,168 48, ,096 61,029 36,617 33,566 48, ,809 61,761 37,057 33,969 49, ,555 62,502 37,501 34,376 50, ,333 63,252 37,951 34,789 50, ,145 64,011 38,407 35,206 51, ,991 64,779 38,868 35,629 51, ,871 65,557 39,334 36,056 52, ,785 66,343 39,806 36,489 53, ,735 67,140 40,284 36,927 53, ,720 67,945 40,767 37,370 54, ,740 68,761 41,256 37,818 55, ,797 69,586 41,751 38,272 55, ,891 70,421 42,252 38,731 56,337

39 Table 12: Quantitative objectives for the recycling targets of the materials contained in packaging waste in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Year Packaging waste (kg) Glass Packaging (kg) (60%) Paper and board Packaging (kg) (60%) Metal Packaging (kg) (50% w/w) Plastic Packaging (kg) (22.5% w/w) Wood Packaging (kg) (15% w/w) Recycling targets by adding individual packaging waste targets Quantity (kg) Percentage (% w/w) ,474 12,216 7,331 5,097 1, , ,140 12,363 7,419 5,158 1, , ,814 12,511 7,508 5,220 1, , ,495 12,662 7,598 5,283 1, , ,185 12,813 7,689 5,346 2, , ,883 12,967 7,782 5,410 2, , ,590 13,123 7,875 5,475 2, , ,305 13,280 7,970 5,541 2, , ,029 13,440 8,065 5,607 2, , ,761 13,601 8,162 5,674 2, , ,502 13,764 8,260 5,743 2, , ,252 13,929 8,359 5,811 2, , ,011 14,097 8,459 5,881 2, , ,779 14,266 8,561 5,952 2, , ,557 14,437 8,664 6,023 2, , ,343 14,610 8,768 6,095 2, , ,140 14,785 8,873 6,169 2, , ,945 14,963 8,979 6,243 2, , ,761 15,142 9,087 6,318 2, , ,586 15,324 9,196 6,393 2, , ,421 15,508 9,306 6,470 2, ,512 49

40 7.3 Quantitative targets of the ISWM plan for MSW Considering the aforementioned qualitative and quantitative targets, deriving from the EU and national legislative framework, as described in sections 5.1 and 5.2 respectively, as well as the calculations regarding the quantitative objectives for MSW, biodegradable waste, biowaste and packaging waste encompassed in subsections and 5.2.4, the following quantitative objectives for the separate streams of MSW to be collected have been set in the framework of the developed ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos: Purity levels of source separated materials: - More than 80 % purity level of collected dry recyclables (i.e. paper/paperboard, glass, plastic & metal (joint collection)) - More than 85 % purity level of collected bio-waste (i.e. food waste) Recycling targets: - 55 % for total packaging material (indicatively 31.2tn) - 60 % for packaging glass (indicatively 12.7tn) - 60 % for paper/paperboard (indicatively 22.1tn) - 50 % for plastic&metal (joint collection) (indicatively 17.9tn) - 40% for MSW (indicatively 84tn) - Biodegradable Organic Waste: 50 % for bio-waste (indicatively 43.9tn) and the production 17tn of bio-waste compost using the prototype composting system The amount of biodegradable waste that is being landfilled must be reduced to 35% of the total amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 (i.e. only 38.6tn of biodegradable waste going to landfills) These quantitative targets have been set in order to be achieved within the implementation period of the ISWM plan and are in line with the legislative framework of the EU and Greece. The recycling targets of each waste stream are set in percentile values rather than absolute waste weight recycling values. This is considered more appropriate due to the variation of the amount of waste generation. To this end the recycling quantities of each targeting material given above are indicative and shall vary depending on the actual waste generation rate. 40

41 8. Organizing the ISWM plan framework 8.1 Introduction The organization of the ISWM plan framework involves the planning of a source separation scheme of different MSW fractions and the effective processing of the sorted materials. Additionally, the ISWM plan includes the planning of the monitoring and evaluation procedure of the developed plan along with the communication methods required for enhancing public awareness and promoting public participation to the pilot scale demonstration scheme. 8.2 Planning of the MSW source separation scheme MSW source separation refers to the practice of setting aside post-consumer materials and household goods so that they do not enter mixed waste streams. The purposes are recycling, reuse or improved waste management. This section describes the procedure followed for the effective introduction of a source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Number of sorted materials For the area under examination it is foreseen the source separation of five different MSW streams. The selection of the MSW streams is in accordance to the provisions of the EU and national policy. More specifically paper, metal, plastic and glass will be source separated as foreseen in the Waste Framework Directive while biowaste sorting is also envisaged as stated in the national Law 4042/2012 (Official Gazette 160/A/ ). Considering the above the scheme shall include segregate collection of five types of MSW streams Determination of the grouping of MSW fractions segregated for collection The grouping of the different MSW streams which will be segregated and collected in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou shall be based on the effectiveness of recycling and reuse. According to information provided by the Hellenic Recovery Recycling Corporation (He.R.R.Co) 3 (personal communication Gougos Achilleas Project Manager at He.R.R.Co) the MSW 3 He.R.R.Co has developed and implemented the Collective Alternative Management System RECYCLING (C.A.M.S. RECYCLING) in Greece aiming to fulfill the obligations of packaging operators according to the Greek Law 1939/2001 in an effective and cost-efficient way. 41

42 materials should be separately collected according to the specifications of the recycling sorting centers in which the materials will be processed in order to be forwarded to the respective industry. Therefore, appropriate grouping of biowaste, paper/paperboard, metal, plastic and glass segregated for collection shall be performed considering the effectiveness on the source separation of the materials and the subsequent processing efficiency. This grouping is listed below: Separate collection of paper/paperboard Separate collection of glass Commingle collection of plastic & metals (Joint collection of plastic and metal fractions) Separate collection of biowastezs Types of source separation methods This section is dedicated to present the available options for the deployment of MSW source separation scheme in the areas under examination in order to achieve the set objectives in regard to MSW management. MSW source separation schemes are categorized according to their organizational structure to (a) door to door collection, (b) kerbside collection, (c) recycling centers and (d) combination of two or more of the above mentioned methods. Recycling centers have a complementary role to the main source separation and recovery network/scheme and they mainly involve the segregation of specific waste streams i.e. bulky waste, batteries and accumulators, waste electric and electronic equipment etc. Therefore recycling centers are not considered as an option in this plan for the case study of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. door to door collection The door to door collection method involves the sorting of waste at source using appropriate collection equipment i.e. indoor bins or bags, and the collections at doorstep at predetermined time and day. 42

43 The main advantages in regard to door to door collection is the individualization and the sense of responsibility of the participants in terms of waste management which in turn: Leads to higher specific capture rates and higher purity levels of the sorting materials. Prohibits the anonymous discharge of waste thus regulating the sorting and collection of the required materials. Enables easier monitoring and evaluation procedure in terms of the effectiveness and efficiency of the sorting procedure Enhances the participation rate Additionally the use of door to door method does not require the placement of outdoor bins at public areas which in turn results in: More public spaces for other uses Prevention of social conflicts/contradictions in regard to the placement of outdoor collection bins Prevention of potential nuisance (i.e. odours) due to the absence of outdoor bins at public areas. Passing the responsibility for the maintenance of the collection equipment (i.e. indoor bins or bags) on the participant and not on the cleaning service. Less capital intensive waste collection vehicles. The main drawbacks which are associated with the door to door collection method are listed below: It is carried out on a strict time schedule and the participants should be aware of the pre-set collection days and times Requires considerable change of habits for the participants The collection and transportation cost is usually higher due to increased transportation frequency especially for biowaste; however the overall cost i.e. waste collection, transportation and treatment, is lower in comparison to other collections systems due to higher specific capture rates and higher purity levels of the sorting materials. Might be considered inappropriate for highly dense, congested areas 43

44 kerbside collection Selective collection in outdoor bins consists of placing different types of bins on the streetskerbside, depending on the fraction to be collected, which people use to put their refuse in. The outdoor bins are shared by many users and they are emptied periodically, at frequencies adapted to the generation and characteristics of each waste fraction. The main advantages of kerbside collection of sorted waste are listed below: Flexible times for dropping off materials. Collection and transportation cost is lower than other systems Can be applied even in densely populated areas The associated drawbacks of kerbside collection include the following: Variability on the capture rate and purity level of the source separated materials Takes up public space The bins have to be cleaned and maintained by the collection service Potential nuisance (e.g. odours, overflow) due to the presence of outdoor bins at public areas. Potential social conflicts/contradictions in regard to the placement of outdoor collection bins An indicative comparison of the kerbside and door to door collection systems in regard to the specific capture rate and the purity level of the sorted materials, i.e. biowaste, is given in Table 13 and Figure 2 as a function of the population level Table 13: Summarizing the main characteristics of kerbside & door-to-door collections systems Kerbside collection Takes up public space Users can place their waste in the bins each day. In practice the times for leaving the MSW streams are more flexible The use of bins is shared by many users Door to Door collection Takes up less or no public space The pre-set collection days and times must be observed Each user has its bin; direct control on the quality of the source separation of MSW 44

45 Kerbside collection The bins have to be cleaned and maintained by the collection service Variability on the capture rate and quality of the source separated materials Door to Door collection The maintenance of the bins is not the responsibility of the collection service Increased the capture rate and quality of the source separated materials Figure 2: Comparison of kerbside and door to door collection systems in relation to the purity level of biowaste and the population in Spain (Fontanals, 2010) Figure 3: Comparison of kerbside and door to door collection systems in regard to the capture rate of biowaste and the population (Fontanals, 2010) 45

46 8.2.4 Selection of source separation method The selection of the organizational structure of MSW segregate collection that will be applied for the examined areas of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities shall consider the effectiveness and the efficiency of the available source separation methods along with the specific characteristics of the examined area. As has been stated the majority of the population of Panormos administrative unit is located in Pyrgos settlement. Pyrgos community is characterized by narrow pedestrian pathways in which the circulation of vehicles within the community is not allowed. Additionally, the narrow paths are full of stairs which makes the community inaccessible even to small size vehicles. Moreover, it was pointed out through communication with the inhabitants that the operation of a waste collection vehicle within the community will cause social nuisance. Similar characteristics are observed in Ormos Panormou community which additionally presents a significant variation to the MSW generation due to the fact that many households are summer residences. Although a door to door collection system would be more effective in regard to the participation rates, recycling rates and purity levels of the sorted material, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the selected community do not allow the introduction of such a system nor a combination of door to door and kerbised collection. Therefore, it suggested that the implementation of a kerbside collection system would be the most appropriate method for the separate collection of MSW. The kerbside collection system that will be applied in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities shall include the source separation of (a) biowaste, (b) paper & paperboard, (c) glass and (d) plastics & metals (joint collection) at household level using appropriate indoor equipment for each one of the above mentioned MSW fractions. Than the participants shall drop off the segregated materials to corresponding outdoor collection bins (i.e. wheelie bins) which shall be appropriately positioned at public areas aiming to effectively cover the examined community in terms of MSW collection. At regulated frequency a waste collection vehicle shall collect and transport the segregated materials to a designated area near Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. Determining distinct colouring to the provided indoor and outdoor equipment is considered of paramount importance in order to define the sorting procedure according to the grouping of waste fractions segregated for collections. The use of different colouring provides the means for an illustrative distinction to the participating population between the different 46

47 materials that need to be sorted and dropped off to the corresponding indoor and outdoor equipment. For the case study of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities the suggested colours are listed below. Brown: Biowaste Yellow: Paper & paperboard Orange: Glass Red: Metals, Plastics and Grey: Rest waste (existing bins) The corresponding colours for each of the above mentioned materials shall be determined according to the market availability of the suggested waste collection systems (indoor and outdoor temporal storage equipment) Determination of the type, number, capacity and location of the required temporal storage equipment The temporal storage equipment for sorting MSW in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities shall differentiate according to the type of segregated waste streams and the origin of the activity from which waste is produced namely household waste, commercial, industrial and institutional waste which resemble to household waste. Thus the identification of the required equipment mainly involves the detection of the different types and quantities of waste produced from each activity. Therefore the determination of the type, number, capacity and location of the temporal storage equipment for sorting MSW shall be performed on the basis of the different activities as well as on the basis of the different MSW streams that is being segregated. Indoor equipment (a) Household waste Biowaste: The equipment that will be used for the collection of biowaste (i.e. food waste and small quantities of green waste) at household level shall include a small basket caddie of about 10L, and biodegradable bags. Each biodegradable bag will be placed within the small bin in order to prevent potential leaching during sorting and deposition of the organic material. The caddies shall be placed near the kitchen. When the biodegradable bag is filled with biowaste, the householders shall deliver and deposit the bag to the nearest designated 47

48 outdoor equipment. It is noted that the decision to select biodegrabable bags as part of the indoor equipment for the separate collection of biowaste was the result of the project s networking activities with ATHENS BIOWASTE, Life+ project (LIFE10 ENV/GR/000605, website: Additional information was collected during market research on the technical specifications of the available types of waste collection equipment and systems, and the technical specifications of the required equipment were drafted. The selection was made based on the information that there are biodegradable bags, certified by International systems (such as EU standard EN & International standard ASTM D ) which are broadly used in various successful and effective source separation schemes across the EU and internationally. More specifically, through the extensive review and evaluation of the existing biowaste management practices in the EU performed by ATHENS BIOWASTE project team, it has been shown that the use of certified biodegradable bags made out of natural starch is an ergonomic and practical option for the effective, efficient and safe source separation of biowaste compared to paper bags, since the bags are completely disintegrated into carbon dioxide, water and biomass under standard composting conditions, leaving no harmful residues behind Dry Recyclables: The dry recyclables namely (a) paper & paperboard, (b) glass and (c) plastics & metals will be separately collected by providing to the participants reusable bags. Therefore, three different bags will be given to the householders with distinct coloring according to the grouping of waste fractions segregated for collections. The characteristics of the bags are provided in Table 14 in which the capacity of each bag is also presented depending on the quantity of each MSW fraction, the level of source separation (assuming 80% efficiency) and the market availability (i.e. production line of the available manufacturers). Table 14: Suggested characteristics of the reusable bags for the collection of dry recyclables Grouping of source separated MSW fractions Colour of the reusable bag Capacity Paper & paperboard Yellow 10L Glass Orange 10L Metals, Plastics and Red 10L The overall indoor equipment that is required for sorting MSW in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities households are the following: 48

49 For sorting biowaste 100 pieces of 10L caddies and approximately 36,500 biodegradable or paper bags shall be distributed considering that each of the 100 participating households will use one biodegradable bags per day throughout the annual duration of the ISWM plan. For sorting dry recyclables 300 pieces of reusable bags will be required, 100 pieces for each sorted material namely Paper/Paperboard, Glass, and Plastic & Metal. (b) Waste from commercial, industrial and institutional sector similar to household waste The equipment provided for the source separation of MSW from commercial, industrial and institutional activities is determined by the types and quantities of waste which resemble to household waste for each of the aforementioned activities identified in the examined area. The identification of these activities was performed by Tinos Municipality while all the required information for the estimation of the type and capacity of the required temporal storage equipment was provided through appropriate questionnaire which was filled by the participants (Deliverable 2-2: Questionnaire for the participation to the ISWM-TINOS project). From the data provided it was concluded that there is a limited number of commercial, industrial and institutional activities in the examined areas while only several of them have a specific waste generation (kg cap -1 day -1 ) higher than that of households. Additionally from feedback that was gained from various waste collection equipment manufacturers in the Greek market it was pointed out that the production line of waste collection equipment is strongly related to the amount of the equipment that is procured. Considering the above facts it is suggested that the equipment that needs to be provided for sorting waste from commercial, industrial and institutional sector should be similar to that of households i.e. indoor caddie and reusable bags, while for the activities that acquire a specific waste generation higher than that of households a differentiation shall be made as presented in Table 15 depending on the expected amount of sorted MSW fractions. Biowaste: The organic material produced in commercial, industrial and institutional activities in the area under examination will be collected by the participants using either a small basket caddie of about 10L (same as the equipment for householders) or 40L depending upon the quantities of biowaste produced. Along with the 10L or 40L caddies, appropriate biodegradable bags will be distributed acquiring the necessary specifications in order to be 49

50 compatible with the bins. The equipment provided for each activity for the source separation of MSW is illustrated in Table 15. Dry Recyclables: The recyclables produced in commercial, industrial and institutional activities in the area under examination shall depend on the quantity of each of the grouped waste fractions segregated for collections namely biowaste, paper/paperboard, glass and joint collection of plastic & metals. Therefore the equipment provided for the source separation of MSW shall depend on the type of activity i.e. commercial, industrial or institutional and thus to the corresponding waste fractions produced. The equipment that will be distributed is shown in Table 15 for each of the identified activities. The overall indoor equipment that is required for sorting MSW from commercial, industrial and institutional sector in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities are the following: For sorting biowaste 15 units of 10L caddies and 22 units of 40L bins shall be distributed. Additionally, approximately 5,500 and 8,000 biodegradable bags for the 10L and 40L bins respectively shall be purchased considering that the commercial, industrial and institutional activities which produce organic waste (similar to household waste) shall use one biodegradable bag per day throughout the annual duration of the ISWM plan. For sorting dry recyclables 283 pieces of reusable bags shall be distributed 81 pieces for each sorted material namely Paper/Paperboard, Glass, and Plastic & Metal. The overall equipment that will be required for the source separation of MSW in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities is shown in Table 16 considering also 10% additional units due to flexibility reasons and due to unforeseeable events (e.g. damage). 50

51 Industrial Activities Commercial Activities Institutional Activities Deliverable 2-1: An ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos Table 15: Suggested equipment for sorting waste from commercial, industrial and institutional sector in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Sector Activity Number of activities Ormos Pyrgos Panormou Comments O Number and Type of caddies Equipment P/P Number of reusable bags G Number of reusable bags P&M Number of reusable bags Education Primary school Double the equipment of hhs for dry 1 recyclables + bin for biowaste 35-40L Kindergarten 1 Similar to households 10L Religion Parish 2 Similar to households 10L Churches 10 5 Similar to households (no organic) Local Governmental Citizens Service Center 1 Similar to households 10L Local Affairs Office 1 Similar to households 10L Sports - recreation Football field 1 Similar to households 10L Volleyball field 1 Similar to households 10L Basketball field 1 Similar to households 10L Health Community clinic 1 Similar to households 10L Pharmacy 1 Similar to households (no organic) Museum 1 Similar to households (no organic) Bakery 1 Similar to households 10L Butchery 1 Similar to households 10L Shopping stores 13 1 To be delivered directly to outdoor bins Super Market 1 To be delivered directly to outdoor bins Haberdasher 1 Similar to households (no organic) 10L Mini market 1 Similar to households 10L Tourist accommodation 3 Similar to households 10L Restaurants Taverns Double the equipment of hhs for dry 2 8 recyclables + bin for biowaste 35-40L Coffee shop Double the equipment of hhs for dry 6 3 recyclables + bin for biowaste 35-40L Marble manufacturers 5 1 Similar to households (no organic) Woodworks & Carpentry shop 1 1 Similar to hhs + bin for sawdust collection 35-40L TOTAL hhs: households, O: Organic, P/P: Paper/Paperboard, G: Glass, P&M: Plastic & Metal 10L Caddie: 15 pieces 35-40L Bin: 22 pieces

52 Table 16: Required equipment for the deployment of the source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Equipment Units (Households) Units (Rest) Total Units Total Units (+10%) Biodegradable bags (10L) 35,000 5,000 40,000 44,000 Biodegradable bags (40L) 8,000 8,000 8,800 Indoor caddies (10L) Indoor bins (40L) Outdoor bins (120L) Outdoor bins (240L) Reusable bags Outdoor equipment The segregated MSW resulting from households, commercial, industrial and/or institutional activities will be delivered by the participants, using the indoor equipment, to appropriately planned outdoor bins of higher capacity. Since waste deposition is strongly related to the existing situation in regard to the positioning of commingle MSW bins, it is suggested that the new bins should be placed alongside the existing grey bins which are currently used for the collection of mixed MSW. The estimations of the number and the capacity of the outdoor bins for the effective collection of MSW fractions consider the following: (a) the daily collected quantity (volume) of each MSW stream (b) the compatibility of the bins with the available waste collection vehicle (c) the existing sites/locations and capacity of the mixed MSW bins (percentile collection coverage of bin sites), and (d) the collection frequency. The methodology that has been developed is described below: The collected quantity-volume of each individual material is estimated taking into account the total generation of each MSW stream and the assumption that the capture rate of the source separation scheme is 80% of the total quantity of each MSW fraction. The collection coverage of the sorted MSW fractions in each bin site/location is estimated based on the collection coverage of the existing commingle MSW bins in 52

53 the examined areas considering their location, number and capacity as shown in Table 17. A thorough trial and error procedure was followed aiming to simultaneously satisfy the following conditions: o According to the specifications of the available waste collection vehicle (EN840-1/5/6 ) the maximum lifting capacity is set at 240L (Section 8.2.6) o At each site where mixed MSW bins are located (30 sites/locations in total - Figure 4), at least one bin for each sorted material should be placed. o At all times the capacity of the bins shall be sufficient for the collection of the source separated MSW fractions in each site/location where bins will be positioned (overflow prevention by setting maximum loading of the bins equal to 90% of their capacity). o To regulate the waste collection frequency according to the differentiation of the loading level of the bin sites of each sorted material. Therefore a maximum of two different collections frequencies per sorted material is introduced in order balance the need for waste collection between the different bin sites for each sorted material (Section 8.2.7). o The waste collection vehicle can transport only one type of waste per collection route. Additionally, the maximum daily number of collection routes per material is set equal to two (maximum capacity of the waste collection vehicle is 2.4 m 3 ) o For aesthetic reasons as well as for and social concession, no more than 5 recyclable bins in total should be placed in the same side/location. The results from the above mentioned procedure show that outdoor wheelie bins of 240L should be deployed for the dry recyclable MSW streams while for biowaste outdoor wheelie bins of 120L is considered sufficient for the effective collection of the fermentable fraction of MSW. The number and the positioning of the outdoor bins for the sorting of biowaste, paper & paperboard, glass, plastic & metals (joint collection) is shown in Figure 4 and Table 18 for the areas under examination. 53

54 Ormos Panormou Pyrgos Deliverable 2-1: An ISWM plan for the Municipality of Tinos Table 17: Percentile MSW collection coverage in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities based Community Site/Location of Bins No of mixed MSW bins Capacity of the MSW bins Existing percentile collection coverage of mixed MSW bins % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Each wheelie bin shall be appropriately colored and signed according to the corresponding sorted material in order to provide the means for an illustrative distinction to the participating population between the different segregated materials as presented in Section

55 Pyrgos Community Ormos Panormou community Figure 4: Location and number of the existing MSW collections systems in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities

56 Table 18: Number of wheelie bins required for the separate collection of biowaste, paper & paperboard, glass and plastic & metals Site Number of Bins 1 Rest MSW Biowaste (120L) Paper / Paperboard (240L) Glass (240L) Plastic & Metals (240L) ISWM-Tinos Bins Number of Bins Assuming collection frequency provided in Table 19 for each sorted material and bin site/location

57 The remaining MSW (not sorted) will be discharged at the existing commingle MSW bins and will be collected by the conventional waste collection vehicle fleet. It must be stated that the source separation of MSW will lead to significant reduction of rest MSW quantity minimizing the required number of mixed MSW bins and resulting in a reduced collection frequency in relation to the existing collection and transportation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities Collection and transportation of the source separated MSW The source segregated materials discharged in the respective wheelie bins will be collected and transported with a small size Spider type SWC24 vehicle (Figure 5) that is available and applicable for the pilot scale application of the project in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. The vehicle will collect each sorted material from the respective wheelie bins in predetermined collection frequency whereas the rest MSW deposited in the existing bins will be collected by the conventional vehicle fleet that is currently operating for the collection & transportation of mixed MSW in Tinos Municipality. The loading of each recycle bin shall be performed mechanically. The characteristics of the small size vehicle are the following: Open system with a capacity of 2.4 m 3. Manual and mechanical discharge of the materials. Hydraulic lifting and discharge of the bins content acquiring the EN840-1/5/6 specifications. Figure 5: Characteristics of the Spider type SWC24 waste collection vehicle which will be used for the source separation scheme in Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. 57

58 8.2.7 Determination of the collection frequency Currently the collection and transportation of MSW in the examined areas (Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities) is taking place predominantly twice per week while during the summer season the collection frequency is carried on a daily basis. The existing waste collection and transportation system involves two compactor vehicles with a capacity of 10m 3 each. The vehicles mechanically load the commingle MSW bins and collect the mixed MSW. Due to the introduction of the MSW source separation scheme the collection frequency is altered depending mainly on: the types and quantities of MSW streams that is being separately collected (Section 8.2.1), the number and capacity of the selected outdoor bins in each site (Figure 4 and Table 18), the percentile coverage of each site in terms of MSW materials collection (Table 18) the capacity of the available waste collection vehicle (Section 8.2.6). Based on the methodology that was followed in Section the collection and transportation frequency of each source separated material for each site is determined and presented in Table 19. Therefore, Table 19 presents the minimum collection frequency of the bins content from each site, irrespective of the material discharged, incorporating the percentile collection coverage in each site where bins are allocated. The source separated organic MSW fraction i.e. biowaste, is the fermentable stream of MSW and it is considered that the it has to be collected every 3 days in order to prevent extensive decomposition of the organic substrate which in turn will provoke increased nuisance especially during the summer period (Athens Biowaste, 2011). It must be emphasized that during the summer season (May to September) the collection frequency might be required to be intensified i.e. every 2 days, due to elevated temperature levels which enhance the biodegradation rate of biowaste. In regard to the rest MSW streams namely (a) paper/paperboard, (b) glass and (c) plastic & metals, the suggested collection frequency is determined by the collection frequency at which the loading of the bin/s ranges between 80 to 90% of its/their total capacity (i.e L out of 240L). Therefore, the suggested collection frequencies for each sorted material in the bin sites/location are provided bellow (Table 19): 58

59 Paper/paperboard shall be collected every 4 days (Sites No 7, 11, 12, 17 and 26 regulate the collection frequency of paper/paperboard since on the 4 th day at those sites the outdoor bins acquire loading capacity between 80 to 90%) Glass shall be collected every 25 days (Sites No 7, 17, 26 regulate the collection frequency of glass since on the 25 th day at those sites the outdoor bins acquire loading capacity between 80 to 90%) Plastic & metals shall be collected every 4 days (Site No 21 and 25 regulate the collection frequency of glass since on the 4 th day at those sites the outdoor bins acquire loading capacity between 80 to 90%) In several of the above mentioned bin locations higher capacity outdoor bins would be considered more appropriate in order (a) to balance the collection frequency for each separate collected material between the bins locations, (b) to lower the total number of wheelie bins required and/or to (c) to lower the required collection frequency. However due to the limitation on the specifications of the available waste collection vehicle (higher than 240L bin cannot be mechanically discharge) and due to the limitation on the number of bins that can be position in each site (i.e. aesthetic reasons, public acceptance) it is concluded that the above mentioned collection frequency is the more suitable. In several cases, the collection frequency of the outdoor bins has been reduced in order to acquire higher loads and to reduce the required collection points of the vehicle while at the same time coincide with the collection day of the respective material. More specifically: For sorted paper/paperboard the collection frequency at sites 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29 and 30 can take place every 12 days instead of every 4 days. Therefore the vehicle will collect the corresponding material from the aforementioned sites every 3 rd time of the regulated collection frequency of Paper/Paperboard (4*3=12 days) in order to timely coincide with the collection day of the rest Paper/Paperboard bin sites. For sorted glass the collection frequency in sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29 and 30 can take place every 50 days instead of every 25 days. Therefore the vehicle will collect the corresponding material from the aforementioned sites every 2 nd time of the regulated collection frequency of glass (25*2=50days) in order to timely coincide with the collection day of the rest Glass bin sites. 59

60 For sorted plastic & metal the collection frequency in sites 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30 can take place every 8 days instead of every 4 days. Therefore the vehicle will collect the corresponding material in the aforementioned sites every 2 nd time of the regulated collection frequency of plastic & metal (4*2=8 days) in order to timely coincide with the collection day of the rest plastic & metal bin sites. It must be stressed that waste collection frequency will be subjected to alteration and optimization during the implementation of the source separation scheme resulting from the recording data i.e. specific capture rates, participation rate etc (See Section 8.4). Finally, in cases of emergency the waste collection vehicle can operate to collect materials upon communication. Therefore, a hotline shall be established in order to operate and provide assistance and guidelines throughout the operation and implementation of the source separation scheme. 60

61 Table 19: Determination of the collection frequency that it is required for each site in which wheelie bins will be introduced in the examined areas of Pyrgos and Panormos settlements Site /Location of Bins Percentile collection coverage Loading of bins at set collection Quantity of sorted material collected (L d -1 ) (1) Number of bins required frequencies (%) O P/P G P&M O (120L) P/P (240L) G (240L) P&M (240L) O P/P G P&M Collection frequency of MSW fractions (d -1 ) O (winter) O (summer) P/P G P&M % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

62 Site /Location of Bins Percentile collection coverage Loading of bins at set collection Quantity of sorted material collected (L d -1 ) (1) Number of bins required frequencies (%) O P/P G P&M O (120L) P/P (240L) G (240L) P&M (240L) O P/P G P&M Collection frequency of MSW fractions (d -1 ) O (winter) O (summer) P/P G P&M % % % % % % % % % % % % Total 100% O: Organic, P/P: Paper/Paperboard, G: Glass, P&M: Plastic & Metal The highlighted areas illustrate the bin sites which regulate the collection frequency of each sorted dry recyclable material (1) It is assumed that 80% source separation of MSW fractions is achieved

63 8.3 Planning the processing of sorted materials The source separated materials collected by the vehicle namely (a) biowaste, (b) paper/paperboard, (c) glass and (d) plastic & metal (joint collection) will be transported to an appropriate area at the vicinity of Pyrgos and Panormos communities in order to be temporarily stored or treated. As has been stated in section the grouping of the MSW fractions in the source separation plan has been performed in order to achieve efficient sorting and effective processing of the resulting streams. Biowaste The source segregated biowaste will be transported and unloaded in an in-vessel composting system which will be installed near the wastewater treatment plant which is currently in operation in an approved area located near the settlements as shown in Figure 6. The wastewater treatment facility acquires sufficient area for the installation and operation of the composting unit. The distance of the composting system will be approximately 3.0 and 1.0 km from Pyrgos and Panormos communities respectively. The composting system, which will be designed within the framework of Activity 2.2 of the ISWM-Tinos project entitled Design of the prototype aerobic composting unit, shall operate under controlled bioxidation conditions resulting in the production of high quality compost. Therefore, the organic fraction will be collected and treated on site while the resulting product compost will be thoroughly tested and characterized in order to certify its quality (e.g. heavy metal content, nutrients content). The tested compost will be than distributed to the participants in order to enhance the public perception in regard to MSW management and further promote the active involvement of the residents by depicting their responsibilities in relation to the effectiveness of the MSW management scheme. It must be stressed that the composting system shall effectively treat source separated biowaste at a rate of about 190 kg/day (approximately 70 tonnes per year). The aforementioned capacity of the system is calculated by considering 60 days retention time (15 days in each of the four stages of the system). However, the active part of the composting process has been proven, by the relevant scientific community and extensive experimental composting trials performed at the NTUA, to be at around days. Given that only the active phase of composting takes place in the bioreactor and the maturation phase is performed out of the system (i.e. using a windrow composting), the actual capacity of the system can increase dramatically between 550 to 750 kg/day (i.e. 200 to 275 tonnes per annum) while the corresponding compost production shall be between 220 to 375 kg/day (i.e. 80 to 135 tonnes per annum). Considering the above, it is shown that the designed prototype system is flexible in terms of the input quantities. 63

64 Dry recyclables On the other hand, the collected source separated dry recyclables namely (a) paper/paperboard, (b) glass and (c) plastic & metal (joint collection) will be transported and mechanically unloaded (Figure 7) to appropriately planned containers of specific capacity for each MSW stream in order to be temporarily stored. The site where the containers will be placed is shown in Figure 6 and it is about 2.0 and 0.1 km away from Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities. The processing of the source segregated dry recyclables in the examined areas is depending upon various conditions the most profound of which are listed below. The absence of a mechanical separation facility in Tinos Island The absence of potential buyers of the resulting source separated dry recyclables in Tinos Island The differentiation on the material demand by potential buyers The experience of the participants on MSW source separation schemes The cost of the transportation of the collected materials The differentiation on the price of the recyclable materials which is mainly influence by: o The buyer o The type of the material o The purity level of the material o The quantity of the material o The subsidy level provided by HE.R.R.Co o The characteristics of the examined area (insular or mainland) Considering the above, the options for the recovery, re-use and recycling of the source segregated dry recyclables are given below: All the source segregated dry recyclables shall be transported to a recycling sorting facility for further processing. To realize sale contract/s with potential buyer/s for all or part of the source segregated dry recyclables (depending upon the demand). The remaining unsold materials will then be transferred to a recycling sorting facility (mainland or insular) for further processing. Due to the fact that (a) the participants and the competent authorities of Tinos Municipality do not have previous experience on MSW source separation schemes and (b) the realization of sale contract/s with potential buyer/s is a tedious and risky procedure, it is considered more appropriate in terms of the effectiveness of the scheme and the level of the associated implementation risk to initially operate the source separation program (at least for the pilot scale phase) by providing the 64

65 segregated materials to a suitable Recycling Sorting Center (RSC) approved by He.R.R.Co. According to He.R.R.Co. it is suggested that the segregated MSW fractions will be transported to one of the recycling sorting centers located in Attica Region as shown in Figure 8. The most prevailing option is the RSC located in Aspropyrgos Municipality. At this stage mechanical sorting and separation of the segregated MSW materials will be performed resulting in different material categories such as: packaging paper cardboard, liquid cartons, print paper, plastic packaging (PET, HDPE), plastic film, other plastics (PP/PS), glass bottles and containers, aluminium and tinplate packaging items. These materials will be compacted (with the exception of glass), baled and forwarded to the corresponding industry sectors in order to be further recovered. It must be stated that He.R.R.Co. will be responsible for the operation of the selected RCS and for delivering the sorting materials to the respective industry. 65

66 Figure 6: Sitting of the in-vessel composting unit and the containers in relation the examined areas of Pyrgos and Ormos Panormou communities

67 Figure 7: Example of unloading the content of a similar type waste collection vehicle to a container Figure 8: Location of Recycling Sorting Centers in Attica Region, Greece (He.R.R.Co., 2010) 67