Urban Metabolism and Waste Management. Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology, Austria

Transcription

1 Urban Metabolism and Waste Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology, Austria

2 The last 100 years: unprecedented growth in materials Germany 1920 Japan /19

3 and energy flows! England 1840 China /19

4 Large and growing material stocks 4/19

5 Today s stocks are tomorrow s wastes Example of construction materials in a growing in economy 40 years: ~ 15 t/c.y 20 massflow [tons/person.year] material input 40 years waste output 3x today: ~ 5 t/c.y 5/19

6 Household metabolism: Key activities and material flows Activity Input Output Stock Sewage Off gas Solid residues [t/c.y] [t/c.y] [t/c] To nourish 5,7 0,9 4,7 0,1 < 0,1 To clean ,02 0,1 To reside , To transport , Total , Material flows into stocks equal the amount of solid residues 6/19

7 Urban metabolism: the case of Vienna Input ~ 200 t/c.y Output ~ 195 t/c.y Water Air Off-gas Sewage Fluxes [t/(c.yr)] Stocks [t] Fossil fuels 2 Construct. materials & consumer goods Stock: 350 Export goods 3 Solid wastes 3 Municipal solid wastes 0.3 Source: Daxbeck et al (updated) 7/19

8 Cities grow implications for wm? Abundance of holes - or scarcity of landfill space? - the substance problem! [ 10 6 t/a ] +8,5 8/19

9 The stock our future resource (the case of iron) 344 0,8 11 primary production 2 production 4 waste managment consumption ,8 [10 6 tons] 6 0,3 2,7 pedo-/ lithosphere 140* 4 1,5 other disposal geogenic iron reserve anthropogenic iron stock /19

10 Goals and principles of waste management General and global goals - Protection of men and environment - Resource conservation - After care free wm: no export in time and space Regionally appropriate means EU: prevention recycling disposal Bangla Desh: disposal recycling - prevention -> means depend on GDP! 10/19

11 Means of waste management depend on GDP Collection + Transport Treatment Disposal 12% 10% 9% 9% 29% 90% 82% 59% region Dhaka (GDP 450 US$/c.y) Damascus (GDP 1600 US$/c.y) Vienna GDP US$/c.y)) WM costs [US$/c.y] % of GDP > Globalization of EU waste hierarchy? 11/19

12 Better waste management based on metabolism The case of Phosphorous: how to reach the goals of wm? industrial 4 agriculture 1 processing/ 0.4 distribution private household Flows [kg P/c.y] Agricultural wastes Production wastes Sewage and MSW 12/19

13 New design based on metabolism 0 Phosphorus 100% (=0.4kg/(c.yr)) Respiration transpiration private household [ % of input ] Food Human body Kitchen Feces Urine Waste Garbage Total food wastes to sewer system Sewage 91 STP MSW treatment 13/19

14 WM decisions based on metabolism the case of plastics Packaging plastic waste view 19 [kg/c.y] Total plastic waste view 140 consumption consumption recycling incineration landfill +17 recycling incineration landfill % 100% 14/19

15 Total plastic flows and stocks in Austria IMPORT 6 % packaging ordinance Source: R. Fehringer, 1998 raw material primary processing stock: 40 intermediate products 990 plastic products 530 regranulate 26 regranulate wastes recycling stock: product manufacturing stock: duro- and polymers plastic products consumption Einsatz stock: wastes collection, transporting, sorting stock: wastes energy recovery stock: 0 duro- and polymers plastic products intermediate products production wastes wastes landfill stock: off gas [ kt/y 1994] EXPORT 37% landfill ordinance 15/19

16 Additives are crucial for plastic recycling decisions Material & additives Total consumption % in packaging material Total stock [kt/yr] [kt/yr] [%] [kt] Plastics 1,100 Softeners 14 Ba/Cd stabilizers 0.27 Pb stabilizers 1.8 Fire retardants < <1 0 ~0 7, /19

17 Metabolism needs sinks: incinerators and landfills objectives: - mineralization of OC - immobilization of HM main barrier: - waste properties additional barriers: - natural attenuation - monitoring 17/19

18 Conclusions 1. Goals of wm can be reached effectively only if total metabolism is known 2. New knowledge base needed about material flows and stocks 3. Focusing on metabolism allows: - early recognition of future problems - setting priorities - designing effective wm systems 18/19

19 Vienna, where ISWA World Conference 2013 will take place hank you 19/19