Solar Thermal Power System for Oxygen Production from Lunar Regolith
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1 Physical Sciences Inc. VG Solar Thermal Power System for Oxygen Production from Lunar Regolith Takashi Nakamura and Benjamin K. Smith Pleasanton, CA AIAA Space 2009 Conference and Exposition September 2009 Pasadena, CA 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810
2 Solar Thermal System for Oxygen Production from Lunar Regolith Concentrator Array VG Optical Waveguide Cable High Intensity Solar Thermal Power Lunar Regolith Oxygen Thermochemical Processing Transmission of high solar flux via flexible optical waveguide Scale up by incremental increase of concentrator units Transportable and deployable on the lunar surface Multi-use for a variety of oxygen production processes H-3796a
3 The Optical Waveguide Solar Energy System Used for Hydrogen Reduction of JSC-1 and Ilmenite (1996) VG SBIR Phases I and II supported by NASA/JSC: Dr. Carlton Allen; Dr. David McKay; Dr. Wendell Mendell (COTR)
4 Thermal Reactor with Optical Fiber Cables VG
5 Material Processing Container VG
6 Material Processing Experiment VG Hydrogen reduction of iluminite: FeTiO 3 + H 2 Fe + TiO 2 + H C ~ 1100 C Material sample: Lunar soil simulant (JSC-1) containing 3 wt% of iluminite Reaction detection: Absorption of a water line at 1.36 µm
7 Thermal Reactor Temperature versus Solar Power VG Temperature (ºC) /18/96 3/19/96 3/23/96, moly rad shields added 3/26/96 4/13/96, moly sleeve insert added 4/27/96 4/29/96 5/9/96 0 least square fit Power Input (W) D-3092
8 Cable Inlet Optics (Previous Technology) VG Quartz Secondary Concentrator Total Internal Reflection Solar Ray from Primary Concentrator Optical Fiber Cable Optical Fiber Cross Section C-9711 D-3083a Fill factor = 0.73 ~ 0.82
9 Cable Inlet Optics (New Technology) VG Reflective Matrix Secondary Concentrator
10 Testing of Cable with New Inlet Optics (5/7/07) VG Fiber Cable (1.2 mm φ ;3.14m) Focus Point Power Measurement S.C. Power Output Measurement Focus Flux Intensity: 167 ~182 W/cm 2 Power Input to S.C.: W Power Output: W Transmission Efficiency: 69.10% including Fresnel Loss (previous 52 ~ 55%) J-3746
11 Solar Test of Cable with New Inlet Optics VG Cable Test with PSI Concentrate Cable Transmission (3.14 m): 69%
12 Pathway for Component Efficiency Improvement VG Component May 2007 Space-Based Operational System Improvement Measures Concentrator Reflectivity * Protected silver coating Intercept factor High slope accuracy and in the absence of atmospheric scattering Optical Fiber Cable Front Fresnel ref AR coating (650~1100 m) Fiber fill factor Already accomplished Integral fiber transmission Improved inlet optics and high purity fiber Back Fresnel ref AR Coating (650~1100 m) System Efficiency * Reflectivity of protected silver: Reflected Cassegrain concentrator: x =
13 Receiver Interface with Oxygen Production Process Hydrogen reduction of lunar regolith ( C) Temperature easily attained Thermochemical process demonstrated Carbothermal lunar regolith processing (CLRP; C) High temperature requirement Main focus of Phase I work VG Optical Fiber Cable Focusing Optics Quartz Rod T X = Γ κ 300 K/mm Regolith Bed Regolith Melt Reactant Gas Radiation Flux Melt Temperature Screen Regolith Liquid Surface Melt Zone Regolith J-2362 Reacted Imaging Optics H-5389 Non-imaging Optics
14 Melting JSC-1 with Xe-Arc Light Source VG Imaging Optics Non-imaging Optics
15 Melting JSC-1 with Solar Heat: I VG Two Cables Focused on a Single Point Power: 104 W Peak Flux: 84.4 W/cm 2 Temperature: 1556 C
16 Melting JSC-1 with Solar Heat: II VG Three Cables Focused on a Single Point Power = 145 W Peak Flux = W/cm 2 Temperature = 1728~1800 C Vitrified JSC-1 Melt: 14 mm dia
17 Surface Temperature of JSC-1 Melt 2500 VG Temperature (C) Orbitec CO 2 Laser PSI Solar PSI Solar (unsteady) PSI Xe Arc Flux (W/cm 2 ) Temperature measured by Type C (W 5% Re - W 26% Re) thermocouples J-3836
18 Solar Thermal System: Ground-based Engineering Model VG Developed and undergoing test in 2009
19 Solar Concentrator Array VG Solar Tracking Accuracy: 0.04 degree
20 Solar Thermal System: Ground-based Engineering Model VG Optical Fiber cables connected to a single quartz rod
21 Carbothermal Reactor Interface Optics VG Single Quartz Rod Emitting solar Power (~ 750W)
22 Solar Power Output from the Quartz Rod as Projected on the Metal Screen VG Power Output Intensity: 137 W/cm 2 measured at solar flux of 800 W/m 2
23 Solar Power Output from the Quartz Rod VG Measured Power at 800 W/sqm (3/23/09) Adjusted Power for 880 W/sqm # of Mirror/Cable K-1275
24 Performance Characteristics Summary Solar Flux at Test Site (San Ramon, CA) Concentrator Area (Effective): note (i) Concentrator (Cassegrain configuration) Primary Mirror Reflectivity (measured): note (ii) Secondary Mirror Reflectivity (manufacturer data): note (iii) Intercept Factor (measurement data): note (iv) Concentrator Efficiency Optical Fiber Cable (Inlet Optics and Optical Fiber) Cable Transmission (based on measurement data) Solar Power System (Concentrator and Cable) Solar Power System Efficiency Reactor Interface Optics Transmission of Interface Layer (calculated): note (v) Solar Power System for Carbothermal Reactor Overall System Efficiency System/Component Solar Power Delivery to Reactor (calculated) Solar Power Delivery to Reactor (measured) (i) excluding shadowed area (ii) Aluminum mirror (iii) protected Silver mirror (iv) a measure of focusing capability (v) cooling water film between the fiber outlet and the quartz window/rod Values 880 W/m = m = = = = 801 W 795 W VG
25 Improvement Options VG Concentrator (Cassegrain Configuration) Primary Mirror Reflectivity Secondary Mirror Reflectivity Intercept Factor Concentrator Efficiency Optical Fiber Cable (Inlet Optics and Optical Fiber) Cable Transmission Solar Power System (Concentrator and Cable) Solar Power System Efficiency Reactor Interface Optics Transmission of Interface Layer Solar Power System for Carbothermal Reactor Overall System Efficiency Current Ground-based Engineering System = = = Improvement for Ground-based Engineering System = = = 0.596
26 Solar Thermal System for Oxygen Production: Summary Results and Current Status VG Solar thermal system based on the optical waveguide (OW) technology is viable and effective for oxygen production from lunar regolith Solar thermal power is capable of heating the lunar regolith to the temperatures necessary for oxygen production The ground based engineering system was built and is being tested with the carbothermal oxygen production reactor Performance enhancement will be achieved by incremental improvement of system components
27 Acknowledgements VG The programs reviewed in this paper were supported by: NASA/JSC through SBIR Phase I and II (NNJ07JB26C and NNJ08JD44C, COTR: Mr. A. Paz); and NASA/GRC through SBIR Phase III (NNC08CA59C, COTR: Dr. A. Hepp). The Phase I and II programs were conducted in collaboration with Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (LMCO, Mr. L. Clark) and Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC, Mr. R. Gustafson).
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