Study on the Smart Grid Project in Outskirts of Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of Cambodia SUMMARY

Transcription

1 Feasibility Study for Promotion of International infrastructure Projects in FY2011 Study on the Smart Grid Project in Outskirts of Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of Cambodia FINAL Report SUMMARY November 2012 Prepared for: The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Prepared by: ITOCHU Corporation

2 (1) Project Background and Necessity The standard of living of the urban population has improved remarkably in recent years because of continuous economic growth and the population has been on the increase continuously because of socio-economic stability. Due to the improvement in the living standard, the demand for electric power has increased rapidly to the extent that the peak demand for electricity exceeds the power generating capacity by a large margin. Despite the continuous efforts of the Government of Cambodia (GOC) to improve energy infrastructure, power failures occur frequently in the electric power grids of the Electricite du Cambodge (EDC). Although the GOC intends to meet the increasing demand for electric power by purchasing it from the neighboring countries for the time being, it has a plan to meet its future demand for electric power through effective and efficient use of renewable energy resources (hydropower, solar power, etc.), which are abundantly available in the country. A smart grid solar power generation system, a type of power generation system with a small environmental load whose use is planned in this project, is considered as the most appropriate system for Cambodia which has the above-mentioned plan for the following reasons. 1) A smart grid solar power generation system can be installed anywhere, unlike another type of power generation system using a renewable energy source, the wind power generation system, which has to be installed at places with constant strong wind: 2) A system with power generation capacity which corresponds to the demand can be established adjacent to where the demand exists: and 3) It enables stable supply of high-quality electric power when used with an electric power storage facility. (2) Basic Policy of Implementing Agency for the Project These studies on the electric power demand forecast and load patterns in the project target area and power generation capacity of the PV systems were required for designing a system for stable supply of high-quality electric power with a smart grid consisting of PV power generation and electric power storage systems. 1 Electric power demand forecast The maximum electric power consumption in the Phnom Penh Capital Area which was 244.1Mega Watt (MW) in 2009 increased by 31.2 % to MW in 2010 and, then, further increased by 16.4 % to MW in If the maximum electric power consumption increases in 2012 at the same rate as in 2011, it is expected to reach MW. Therefore, unless a new power plant is

3 constructed or the amount of electric power imported is increased, there will be a possibility of severe electric power shortage in future. The PV power generation smart grid planned in this project is to supply electric power promptly with precise understanding of the electric power load condition in the peak load hours seen on the daily load curves in the below Figure 1. The peak-hour electric power demand in the Phnom Penh Capital Area in 2017 (the year in which the project is scheduled to commence) is assumed at approx. 1,300 MW (the estimate of the maximum power demand). The capacity of the electric power storage facility in this project shall be 30 MW. If this project is implemented, the storage facility will be able to supply about 2 % of the peak electric power demand of 2017 and electric power (180kilo Watt hour(kwh)) for six hours in the peak load. Figure 1 Daily load curves in the Phnom Penh Grid (Source: EDC) 2 PV Power Generation plan Although the planned project implementation sites are located tens of kilometers away from Phnom Penh (11.6ºN and 104.9ºE), the isolation and temperatures at these sites are almost the same as those

4 in Phnom Penh, as far as the distribution of the observed meteorological data of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) indicates. Therefore, the data of isolation and temperature in Phnom Penh was used for the estimation of the amount of electric power generated by the PV systems to be constructed at the project implementation sites. As the isolation is the maximum value in south direction and 15 degree inclinations in Phnom Penh area according to the NASA s climate data, the generation power amount is estimated when PV array is installed in the south direction and 15 degree of inclination. The annual generated power from 4,000kW PV system in the PV power plant (4,000kW/site x 5 sites = 20,000kW) that is constructed in the urban area of Phnom Penh is 5,397MWh. The table shows the annual power generation by 4,000 kw and 20,000 kw PV power plant. Table 1 Annual power generation by 4,000 kw and 20,000 kw PV power plan 4,000kW(4MW) 20,000kW(20MW) Estimated power Generation(kWh/y) 5,396,908 26,984,540 (Source: prepared by Study Team) (3) Outline of the Project 1. Content of the Project The purpose of this project is to provide stable electric power supply to industrial facilities (e.g. exclusive economic zones and industrial parks) in which large demand for electric power is expected in future and key institutions managed by the GOC. To achieve this purpose, a distributed generation system using renewable energy sources (mainly solar energy) and an electric power storage facility equipped with rechargeable batteries to store electric power generated by the generation system are to be constructed and connected to an existing electric power circuit (e.g. Substation GS4 in the Phnom Penh Grid of EDC) via the Energy Control Center where electric power transmission is controlled and monitored and a smart grid system which supplies high-quality electric power from the storage facility reliably in accordance with signals transmitted from the demand side is to be constructed in the suburbs of Phnom Penh in this project. The conceptual design of the system and the system configuration are as follows; i) Megawatt-class (4 MW) PV power plants (including PV systems, power conditioners and

5 operation control systems) using solar energy abundantly available in Cambodia will be constructed at five locations in the suburban areas in the Phnom Penh Capital Area where demand for electric power is large; ii) The PV power plants constructed at the five sites will be connected to a new independent grid (including power transmission cables, steel towers and substations) to be constructed; iii) The electric power generated at the PV power plants will be stored at an electric power storage facility (consisting of rechargeable batteries, charge control panels, etc.); iv) The Energy Control Center (ECC) (equipped with PV grid observation and control system, prediction system of power generation capacity of PV system, and grid observation and control system etc.) for the micro grid will be constructed near a substation of EDC to control the operation of PV power generation and the electric power storage facility and the supply of electric power to users; v) The ECC will monitor and control the operating conditions of the PV systems and the charge/discharge at the power storage facility. The ECC will control the supply of electric power promptly in accordance with the instruction from the National Control Center (NCC) of EDC transmitted through a communication line between the ECC and the NCC to be established. vi) The ECC will also have functions to decide electricity charges and distribute electric power efficiently to users by collecting and analyzing information transmitted from the Energy Management Systems installed in industrial facilities. The total capacity of the PV systems installed in the PV power plants shall be 20 MW (4 MW x 5 sites), which is equivalent to 2 % of the amount of electric power which EDC sells in the Phnom Penh Capital Area The capacity of the power storage facility shall be 180MWh which is sufficient to store the electric power generated by the PV systems in a day assuming the discharge rate of the storage batteries at 0.4. The length of the new dedicated grid to be constructed shall be 50 km or less per site, and 150km or less for 5 sites with the transmission loss taken into consideration. The micro grid shall be connected to a 22 kv Substation GS4 of EDC. Figure 2 shows the composition of the micro-grid of the electric power generated by the PV systems in this project. The main features of the main component equipment of the micro-grid of the electric power generated by the PV systems included in this project are described in Table 2.

6 Table 2 Main features of the main equipment Capacity per unit Quantity Total capacity, etc PV system 4 MW 5 sites 20 MW Power storage facility 30 MW 1 set 30 MW PV power generation forecast system 1 set PV observation and control system 1 set Power transmission and distribution system 150 km 1 set Under 10MW/line Substation 1 set Grid control system 1 set Monitoring facilities for crime prevention 1 set (Source: prepared by the Study Team) Structure of System (Plan) Figure 2 Composition of the smart grid Distribution Main Line 115KV Phnom Penh City Area Suburb Area Distribution Line 22KV Interface Energy Demand Site GS4 Exclusive Distribution Line 22KV PCS Optical Cable Energy Control Center National Control Center Hydraulic Internal Combustion Photovoltaic Power Generation (4MW) 5=20MW Energy Storage System 30MW Generation Existing Power Station EDC&IPP (Source: prepared by the Study Team) The main components of the smart grid with PV to be used in the project are described in the followings: 1.1 PV power station The outline specification of PV power station to be constructed in the project is described in the followings;

7 Total capacity of PV power plant : 20,000kW (20MW) 4,000kW (4MW) x 5 sites Type : Grid connection Number of solar cell module : 86,400 pieces /20MW (17,280 pieces/4mw x 5 sites) Area PV array area : 224,400m 2 (44,880m 2 /4MW x 5 sites) (rough value) (Distance between the front array and the behind array is 2.1m considering the effect of shadow) Land area : 241,680 m 2 (48,336m 2 /4MW x 5 sites) (rough value) (The power house that installed power conditioner and data acquisition equipment etc. will be constructed in the 4MW power plant) PV system Solar cell module Kind : Poly-crystal Silicon solar cell Capacity : 235W Power conditioner Type : Grid connection Unit capacity : 500kW Input voltage : DC 450V Phase number : Three phase three wire Rated Frequency : 50Hz/60Hz Mountings Material : hot-dip-galvanized steel Installation : Ground Inclination : 15 degree Design standard wind speed : 34m/s 1.2 Power storage facility The outline specification of Power storage facility to be constructed in the project is described in the followings; - Input/output electric system: Three-phase, three-wire AC 22 kv, 50 Hz - Rated input/output (kw capacity): 30 MW for both charge and discharge - Rated capacity (kwh capacity): 180 MWh - Cycle life: 4,500 cycles (15 years) or more - Functions: Charge, discharge and charge control function Functions to display and notify system conditions in response to built-in and

8 external commands Protection functions The facility shall have protection functions stipulated in the technical standards of Cambodia and those required to protect the facility. 1.3 PV Grid Monitoring and Control System Conceptual diagram of the PV Grid Monitoring and Control System to be constructed in the project are described in Figure 3 and the outline functions are described in the followings; The PV Grid Monitoring and Control System shall have the following functions: - a function to support preparation of the National Grid power generation plans; This function supports NCC to make daily and weekly generation plans of PV Grid in conjunction with PV power generation forecast system - a function to support balancing between supply of and for electric power in the National Grid; This function supports NCC to modify the daily and weekly generation plans of PV Grid when the actual generation power of PV Grid varies from the generation plans -a function to control input/output of the PV Grid; This function controls the output generation power of PV Grid based on above generation plans, modified plans, and the condition of PV Grid - a function to monitor the PV Grid. This function monitors the condition of PV Grid performance and the facilities - a function to communicate with NCC This function communicates and exchanges the necessary information with NCC

9 Figure 3 Conceptual diagram of the PV Grid Monitoring and Control System (Source: Prepared by the Study Team) 1.4 PV power generation forecast system PV power generation forecast system forecasts the daily and weekly generation power of the PV system accurately, and supports to make the plans of National Grid and PV Grid generation power. The outline of items to be forecast and types of forecast are described in the followings; a. Items to be forecast (for each power plant) Forecast of the amount of PV power generation and the margin of error Forecast of temperature and margin of error b. Types of forecast (for each power plant) Long-term forecast: for preparation of power generation plans and regulation of voltage and frequency of the electricity in the power transmission network Forecast period: One week Forecast data time resolution: One-hour value Forecast updates: Every day Short-term forecast: for the maintenance of the balance between supply of and demand for electric power Forecast period: 24 hours Forecast data time resolution: One-minute value Forecast updates: Every 30 minutes

10 1.5 Power transmission and distribution system Overview of the power transmission and distribution network constructed in this project is as follows: PV system - Grid Control System Station Total Length: 150km (Assumed value) PV site No.1 - Grid Control System Station : 50km PV site No.2 - Grid Control System Station : 40km PV site No.3 - Grid Control System Station : 30km PV site No.4 - Grid Control System Station : 20km PV site No.5 - Grid Control System Station : 10km Transmission capacity: 4MW 5 Lines Electrical Form: AC 3φ3W 22 kv (Max wire current 125A = 120% Generation) Method of transmission: Overhead wiring with reinforced concrete pole Grid Control System Station GS4 Total Length: 10km (Assumed value) Transmission capacity: 10MW 5 Lines Electrical Form: AC 3φ3W 22 kv 50Hz Method of transmission: Overhead wiring with reinforced concrete pole

11 Figure 4 Diagram of the power transmission network Power Conditioner Strings converter (PCS) (Source: Prepared by the Study Team) 1.6 Substation Overview of the substation constructed in this project is as follows: Grid Control System Station PV Generation Bank: 5Lines Input / 2 Lines Output SVR 4,000kVA 5 units Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) 9 units (2 units for Mechanical interlock included) Protective relay 1 Unit Power Storage Bank: 15Lines Input / 3 Lines Output Transformer (Tr) 10MW 3 units(ac 3φ3W 22 kv/6.6kv 50Hz) VCB 18 units Protective relay 1 Unit (Input means PV generation, Power Storage side as seen from this Substation. Output means GS4 side as seen from this Substation.)

12 Figure 5 Wiring diagram of the Grid Control System (Source: Prepared by the Study Team) Grid Station 4 Expanded Feeder 5 Lines (AC 3φ3W 22kV 10MW) VCB 5 units Protective relay 1 Unit Monitoring system 1 Unit (Condition Monitoring, Alarming, Remote Control) (Specification is in accordance with existing systems)

13 Figures 6 Wiring diagram of the 22 kv grid connection at GS4 (Source: Prepared by the Study Team) 1.7 Intrusion Detection System Overview of the Instruction Detection System constructed in this project are as follows: Facilities to be protected PV Generation Bank: 5units Power Storage Bank: 1 unit Detection Equipment Tension sensor with Optical Fiber Detection area: 100m/Each alarm area unit Sensing Equipment Installed in each facilities to be protected Monitoring System Central monitoring system: In Substation Alarm output (Contact signal, Image) Monitoring Camera: Outdoor type, Corresponding low light (1lux) Pan, Tilt and Zoom functions needed Recorder: 24 hours of continuous recording 4 channels 500GB 2 HDD

14 Floodlight: Outdoor type, LED narrow angle Rotary beacon light: Outdoor type, Red, with siren Alarm transmission Superimposed on the optical signal with PV grid communication 2 Project Cost Estimation 2.1 Components of Construction Cost The construction cost is estimated with the following components: 1) Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) 2) Administration Cost (5% of the above 1) 3) Consulting Service (10% of the above 1) 4) Contingency (5% of the above 1 and 3) 5) Interest during construction (IDC) 2.2 Currencies and Exchange Rate The project cost is estimated, foreign currency portion and local currency portion being separated. The following exchange rate is used for this study. US$1 = Japanese Yen (JPY) Construction Cost The estimated construction cost is shown in Table 1, whose total amount is JPY 25,520 million (equivalent to US$ million). Table 3 Construction Cost Foreign Local Total Item million JPY million US$ million JPY million US$ 1 EPC 17, , B r e a k d o w n Solar Power (PV) Generation System 3, ,954 20MW (4MWx5sites) Power Conditioner: 500kWx40sets Battery System 11, , NAS Battery 30MW (180MWh) Forecast System for Irradiation Computer Server to be set in Japan PV Observation/Control System Transmission and Distribution Lines 1, , km between PV and Battery systems km between Battery system and GS4 Modification/Adjustment of Substation GS4 (Grid Substation No.4) Grid Observation/Control System Security System those cost related to construction of fences is 1.28 not included 2 Administration Cost , % of EPC cost 3 Consulting service 2, , % of EPC Cost Remarks 4 Contingency , % of Items 1 and 3 5 Interest during construction Interest Rate: 0.01% for JPY, 9.56% for US$ 6.75 To be included in the construction cost TOTAL 20, , (Source: prepared by the Study Team)

15 3. Preliminary Financial and Economic Evaluation If the project is implemented with Yen Loan, FIRR value is calculated at 5.83%, which exceeds Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of 1.44%. It is, however, almost same as the employed inflation rate of 5.33%. EIRR, Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) are calculated as 12.82%, US$26.66 million and 1.13, respectively, where NPV and B/C are calculated with the discount rate of 10%, which is often used for the evaluation of the project viability by the World Bank and other international financial institutions. The main purpose of the project is to build up Smart Grid Network System and supply stable and reliable electricity to Phnom Penh and its surrounding districts. Therefore, only with the quantified benefit the result of financial and economic evaluation is misled. Although it is difficult to quantify the benefit, effective operation of transmission and distribution lines and/or supplying stable and reliable electricity reduce blackout time and area and contribute to the social economy a lot. The majority of both construction and operation/maintenance costs are involved in battery system. It is expected that technological innovation would reduce the cost significantly. Taking all the aspects into consideration, the project should be evaluated as both financially and economically viable. 4. Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts This project is to supply stable and reliable electricity by building up Smart Grid Network System, which consists of renewable energy, solar power generation system, batteries, transmission/distribution lines, grid observation/control system and etc., and will not have impact environmentally and socially very much. However, the capacity of the solar power generation system is over 5MW and the process of Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required for the implementation of the Project. IEIA or EIA report shall be prepared by the implementation agency, EDC. In fact, it is assumed that IEIA or EIA report be prepared by the consultant selected by JICA during SAPROF (Special Assistance for Project Formation). However, in order to drive disclosure of information and explanation to the local stakeholders forward, MIME and EDC involvements are absolutely imperative. Based on the field surveys, the items, to which environmental and social attention is needed for the

16 implementation of the project, were selected and evaluated into (A) impact seriously or massively, (B) impact slightly, and (C) no impact. The result is shown as follows. Classification 1 Permits and ı Explanation Table 4: Environmental and Social consideration Items evalua tion (1) EIA and Environmental Permits - IEIA or EIA report is necessary Environmental Considerations (2) Explanation to the Local Stakeholders - necessary in the process of preparation of IEIA or EIA report (3) Examination of Alternatives - positive impact compared with hydraulic or thermal power stations 2 Pollution Control (1) Air Quality C No gas emitted by solar power generation system (2) Water Quality C The quantity of muddy water is quite small (3) Wastes B Small quantity during the construction period (4) Soil Contamination C No material which contaminates soil is discharged (5) Noise and Vibration C only the noise caused by the construction (6) Subsidence C No extraction of groundwater (7) Odor C No odor generated 3 Natural (1) Protected Areas Environment C The project site is out of the protected areas (2) Ecosystem B primeval forests or ecologically valuable habitats are not included (3) Hydrology C The project does not affect the water flows (4) Topography and Geology C The project will not cause a large-scale alteration of the topographic features or geologic structures 4 Social (1) Resettlement Environment C Not caused by the Project (2) Living and Livelihood A Negative: Noise caused by the construction Positive: Stable Electricity Supply and Job Creation (3) Heritage C No damage (4) Landscape A 20 ha of land for photovoltaic may bring feeling of strangeness No special local landscape to be taken care of (5) Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples C No Ethnic Minorities or Indigenous Peoples (6) Working Conditions B Appropriate measures to be taken for the accidents caused by transportation or construction (Source: prepared by the Study Team) The project site does not cause resettlement and is outside of the protected areas.

17 (4) Project Schedule The project implementation schedule from the start of the basic design to the project start after the decision of Japanese company was assumed as follows: Figure 7 Implementation schedule of the Project Item 1 st year 2 nd year 3 rd year 4 th year 5 th year 6 th year Basic plan System design, detail design of equipment and devices Device procurement Transportation Construction work including civil engineering, installation, and wiring and piping work Operation adjustment Operation start (Source: prepared by the Study Team) (5) Feasibility of Yen Loan Request and Implementation In the fiscal year 2011, JICA entrusted Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc. with making the report of Data Collection Survey on Electric Power Sector in Cambodia. Based on the report, JICA has pointed out several issues in the power sector and suggested the improvement plan to MIME, EDC and other governmental organizations concerned. EDC understands the urgent necessity of grid stabilization project in Phnom Penh and its surrounding districts, which is one of suggestions by JICA. In fact, after the study team member proposed some idea to EDC in July, Deputy Managing Director by himself offered refinement, base on which this report has been modified. As the aforementioned, the project, whose main purpose is to build up Smart Grid Network System and supply stable and reliable electricity to Phnom Penh and its surrounding districts, does not make big profit. Some governmental officials say that it would be implemented with grant aid. However, considering the scale of the project, it should be implemented with Yen Loan. Emphasizing the advantages of Yen Loan and other valuable assistances from Japan including Special Assistance for Project Sustainability (SAPS) by JICA, it is necessary to make continuous

18 efforts for convincing EDC, MIME and especially Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF)which is the co-owner of EDC and the Ministry in charge of Yen Loan, to implement the project with Yen Loan. (6). Advantages of Japanese Company in Technical Point of View 1. Smart Grid Although the efforts on smart grids have just started in Japan, the financial assistance provided by the Japanese government and the joint efforts by the public research institutes, power companies, and private companies with excellent technologies on matters such as use of renewable energy, energy storage, control, communications, and power systems are promoting research and development toward practical application and making solid achievements inside and outside of Japan, demonstrating the superior international competitiveness of Japan. In particular, with its excellent technologies in system monitoring/control systems, information/communication systems, and smart meters, i.e., all important elements of smart grids, Japan is highly likely to have an international competitiveness. 2. PV Generation System Germany and other European countries took the lead in introducing the feed-in tariff scheme to cause rapid progress in the construction of large-capacity PV power plants. In accordance with this trend, there was a sharp rise in the production of solar cell modules and the export of them to Europe. Recently, however, the startup companies in China, Taiwan, etc. have introduced mass-production equipment of solar cells and modules developed by Japanese companies and exported inexpensive solar cell modules to Europe and the U.S., putting Japanese companies in a difficult position regarding the shares of production and pricing. The advantage of the PV generation industries in Japan is that it is not only the competitiveness of individual devices such as solar battery modules but also combinations of related technologies such as construction technology, power system stabilization technology, and IT technology and combinations of the systems with other devices such as home appliances and storage batteries according to the usage patterns in order to achieve comprehensive competitiveness. The Japanese solar cell manufacturers do not exclusively concentrate on solar cell production but also are capable of developing products in consideration of combinations with these related technologies and devices, thus having advantages not found in the companies of other countries.

19 3. Power Storage Facilities Japan, a country of scant resources, must have electrical storage systems for the sake of effective use and quality maintenance of power (energy) and disaster fighting. The generation and storage systems using renewable energy sources are important technologies for the sake of storing generated power. Storage batteries that can be adopted in this Project are lead-acid storage batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Among these storage batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries have been developed by NGK Insulators, a Japanese company, with a proprietary technology in collaboration with Tokyo Electric Power Company. Since there is no competitor in the world, sodium-sulfur batteries can be brought to the international market as products of a unique technology. 4. Grid Monitoring System The electric power companies took the lead, under the name of improvement/maintenance of power quality and stabilization of power supply, to construct the most reliable power systems at the highest global standards. This was achieved by introducing monitoring and control system technologies at time of accidents on transmission networks using the information communication networks and automation technologies to minimize the power failure area at the time of accidents on distribution networks. As a result, Japan is the countries with the fewest power failures in the world. In view of the level of power quality and automation of substations, the power transmission and distribution networks are considered to be already sufficiently smart. In the future, there will be problems in the concerted demand-supply balance control, frequency control, and voltage control between PV and wind power generation systems and storage batteries, which are to be introduced on a massive scale, and thermal, hydroelectric, and pumped storage power generation systems. However, active efforts are being made to solve these problems. 5. Transmission and Distribution Systems In Japan with a smaller land area than Europe and the U.S. and areas with large power demand existing in succession, power is transmitted from a large power source via trunk transmission lines to places of demand. Since transmission facilities are serviced in combination with generation facilities in an unified manner and the trunk transmission networks are serviced with advanced technologies, the supply reliability and power quality may well be at the world s best level. In the power systems in Japan, the power system protection, facility operation, monitoring, and control, maintenance and management of facilities, upgrading and efficiency improvement for

20 conservation and management of facilities, etc. are pursued using information communication technologies and progress has been made in automation. In the distribution systems, communications for electric power control are performed using mainly optical fiber cables, metal cables, and PLC and are used for automated distribution system operations such as remote control of distribution switches and meter reading for commercial scale utility customers, thus achieving early recovery of accidents on distribution lines and improving the efficiency of meter reading operations. (7) Action Plan and Challenges Since Japanese Government will start all the necessary procedures upon receipt of request from the recipient country, the trigger event is that Cambodian Government shall request assistance from the Japan. As EDC, the executing Agency, recognizes the necessity of the project, it is the challenge to convince EDC, MIME and MEF to implement the project with Yen Loan, highlighting its advantages such as extremely low interest rate of 0.01%, 40 years of maturity including 10 years grace period, free procurement, and etc. Once the request is acknowledged by Japanese government, then pre F/S report is necessary. Also, in the preparation of F/S, IEIA or EIA report shall be prepared, submitted to and approved by Ministry of Environment (MOE). It is possible that both F/S and IEIA or EIA reports be prepared by the consultant selected by JICA during Special Assistance for Project Formation (SAPROF).

21 (8) Maps of the Project Area in the Country 60km 50km 40km 30km 20km 10km NCC GS3 GS1 GS2 GS4 PV Site Battery Site (prepared by the Study Team)