Current Condition of Water & Sanitation Infrastructures in Indonesia

Transcription

1 nt ental Engi n D Civil & En nvironmen eknologi Bandung Current Condition of Water & Sanitation Infrastructures in Indonesia Agus Jatnika Effendi Head of ntal Engin Dt Civil il & ntal lengin i Institute Technology Bandung 1

2 Water & Sanitation Infrastructures nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Wt Water Supply: Water Resources: Surface water: rivers, lakes, springs groundwater Water treatment plant: Operated by local l goverment (PDAM): mostly clean water Operated by community for small water supply system Piping system: Transmission Distribution Domestic Wastewater facilites: Wastewater treatment: On site: Septic Tank (temporary: might contaminate groundwater) Off site: wastewater treatment plant Sanitation facility Drainage & Sewerage: combine and separate system Solid Waste Handling: collecting to disposal 2

3 Water Supply System 3 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

4 Sewerage System SOURCE : 4 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

5 Drainage and Sewerage 5 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

6 On Site Sanitation Source : 6 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

7 Solid Waste Handling Source: 7 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

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9 Political reasons: Year 2008: Year of Sanitation (YoS) 9 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

10 Public Health Indicators nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Every year in Indonesia 120 M diseases incidents and 50,000 babies died (World Bank) Infant mortality rate (IMR) in Indonesia in 2005 were 23.7 per 1000 fertality (DepKes) From about infant mortality in Asia every year, half of them was in Indonesia. 31% of them due to diarhea (Data PLP Ditjen Cipta Karya) Diarhea in 2007 occurred in 10 kabupatens (3,661 cases) with Case Fatality Rate (CFR) reached 1.26%. CFR of diarhea in 2000 and 2005 were 1.92% and 2.52% respectively. In Central Sulawesi Province: 18.84%!! 84%!! (Depkes, 2008) 45% of Public Health Indicators in Indonesia was found to be affected by ntal Factors (Water & Sanitation) (BPS, 2005) According to World Bank Report (Jakarta Post, 29 August 2008), Indonesia was predicted to spend around 6 million USD due to improper hygiene dan sanitation management. Cost per capita reached about Rp in urban area and Rp in rural area 10

11 The Cause of Infant Death in Indonesia 11 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung

12 Water Infrastructure 1 nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Water Supply requirements: Qualitatively:Water Treatment Plant Quantitatively: Water Resources Continuity:Transmission & Distribution System Water Use in Indonesia: Direct Connection: lpd Indirect Connection: lpd Access to safe drinking water in Indonesia in year 2004, 2005 and 2006: 48.3%, 48.9% and 52.1% respectively (BPS, Susenas) There are 318 PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) known as water supply company owned by local goverment in 2006: Healthy: 12% services 10,1 M persons Unhealthy: 23% services 16,7 M persons Bad: 65% services 12,7 M persons 12

13 Water Use nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Usage Bandung (lpd) Denpasar (lpd) Drinking Cooking 1.4 Dishes Washing WC Flushing Hand Washing Home Cleansing Bthi Bathing Cloth Washing Plant Dewatering Car Washing Wudlu Others

14 nt ental Engi n D Civil & En nvironmen eknologi Bandung However, No sinificant increase in access safe drinking water within 5 years: MDG s Target is 67% (BPS, Susenas) 41% of them was connected to distribution system in urban area, whereas in rural area only 8% (Ditjen Cipta Karya) Water losses from water supply system (technical and non technical aspects): 30% 40% 14

15 Sanitation 1 nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Failed in handling sanitation = potential loss up Rp. 45 B/year (ADB, 1998) Only69% in urbanarea area and 46% in ruralareahasarea access to basicsanitationsanitation facilities or on average about 55.43% (compared to Singapore (100%), Thailand (96%), Philipina (83.6%), Malaysia (74.70%) and Myanmar (64.48%)) Population hasbeen connected to sewerage system) in Jakartaonly 1% (compared to Manila 7%, Ho Chi Minh 12%, Dhaka 30%, Phnom Penh 51%, New Delhi 60% and Kuala Lumpur 80%) 53.40% of population directly discharged their wastewater to river or drainage system(bps, 2004). 45% of population in Indonesia were doing open defecation directly to river, sewerage system, ponds, etc (JMP,2004) (JMP2004) 15

16 Indonesian Wastewater Characteristic nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Japan International Corporation Agency Ministry of Public Work RI BOD High Income 43.9 gr/cap/day /d Middle Income 31.7 gr/cap/day Low Income Strong Medium Weak ntal Standard Development Project Ministry of Public Work RI Metcalf, 1991 ( USA ) WPCF, 1959 ( USA ) Randal, gr/cap/day BOD 400 ppm 220 ppm 110 ppm TSS gr/cap/day TSS 90 gr/cap/day TSS 36 gr/cap/day

17 What is BOD? (Bacteria) + Food + Oxygen (O 2 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Measured Indirectly Measured Directly ntal Engi t Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung n D(Bacteria) Food - Organic material (carbon), exerts Ecarbonaceous Iyg( oxygen demand (CBOD)

18 Sanitation 2 nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Solid Waste handling: separation, storage, in site processing, collection, transfer & transport, processing & transformation and disposal Solid ldwaste generation was around 0.8 kg/capita in 1995 and increased to 1.0 kg/capita. It is expected to be 2.1 kg/capita in In Surabaya, waste generation reached 6000 m 3 /day in The rate of solid waste generation is 2 4%/year Only 18% of domestic solid waste was transported and handled by solid waste system, whereas around8% disposed to river and almost 50% burned the solid waste (BPS, 2004) More than 15% of solid waste were 3R 18

19 Solid Waste Composition (%) nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Component London Singapore Hongkong Jakarta Bandung Organic Papers Metals Glass Textiles Nd 1.3 Plastics Dust, etc Solid Waste Generation in Indonesia: L/cap/day 19

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21 Slum Area nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Access to water & sanitation infrastructures is one of the criterias to be classified as slum area (UN Habitat) There were 6,190 villages classified as slum of which 2,269 in urban area and the rest in rural area (BPS, 2005) The area of slum housing has been increasing. i In 1996, 1999 and 2004 were 40,053 Ha, 47,393 Ha and 54,000 Ha respectively (BPS) In 2004, there were 17.2 M inhabitants living in slum area whom were spread in 10,065 location all over Indonesia 21

22 So, the main issues (Bapenas): Water and Wastewater: Nosignificantacceleration acceleration on water supply coverage Water losses was remained very high: around 30 40% Improper wastewater handling: river is treated as a huge sewerage system Sewerage system coverage is decreasing: less than 1% in metropolitan city like Jakarta (however, this figure might increase since Denpasar Sewerage System officialy opened in February 2009 in cooperation with JICA) More than 80% of groundwater in urban area has been contaminated by E coli as a result 50 out of 1000 baby born are died due to diarhea Drainage & Solid Waste: No acceleration in solid waste and environmental friendly drainage management ntal deteoriration accelerated due to solid waste improper handling : in urban area in % of solid waste was burned and disposed to river, whereas in 2004 reached up to 44% Final disposal of solid waste has turned dto be open dumping system, instead of sanitary or control landfill Mal function of drainage system due to community behaviour to Edispose Ipg solid waste to drainage system nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B 22

23 What s next? nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B It is clear that Central Goverment Involvement is a must: Human Development Index 41 out of 102 (UNDP, 2004) To achieve MDG s target required investement of about Rp. 50 T (Bapenas, 2003) In the last 30 years, central goverment invesment on Sanitation was only USD820 M or about Rp 200/cap/year. The ideal is Rp /cap/year (Dept PU) Idealinvestmenton sanitation isexpected to increase the productive time up to 79%, saving cost for health of about 19% and most importantly may save 15 babies out of 50 those who died due to diarhea (The State of Sanitation in Indonesia) Capacity building to create engineers on water and sanitation infrastructures must involve education institution. The interest of student onlearning this field is decreasing significantly. Socialization on the important of avoiding water borne diseases like diarhea and cholerra should be carried out by all stakeholders 23

24 Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) nt n D nvironmen Bandung ental Engi Civil & En eknologi B Developed by Kamal Kar from India in 2004 Unlike traditional approach that focus on the number of sanitation facilities built, this CLTS is based on behaviour changes and community participation National Strategy on CLTS that launched by Ministry of Health in 2008: Avoiding Open Defecation Hand Washing with Soap Management of safe household drinking water & food Management of solid waste Management of domestic wastewater According to WHO, the combination of the first three points could reduce diarhea incident up to 94% There are villages involved in CLTS programme 24

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26 Thank You 26 ental Engin Dt Civil & ntal Engin knologi Bandung