15.1. The biosphere is one of Earth s four interconnected systems. The Biosphere CHAPTER 15 LIFE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM KEY CONCEPT
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1 SECTION 15.1 LIFE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The biosphere is one of Earth s four interconnected systems. VOCABULARY biosphere hydrosphere geosphere biota atmosphere The biosphere is the portion of Earth that is inhabited by life. Write a description of each Earth system in the table below. Earth System 1. biosphere Description 2. hydrosphere 3. atmosphere 4. geosphere Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. 5. What is the connection between the biota and the biosphere? 6. Use an example to explain how the four Earth systems are connected. Unit 5 Resource Book Study Guide 65
2 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED 7. Fill in the following diagram with the correct term (biosphere, biota, hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere). Biotic and abiotic factors interact in the biosphere. 8. In your own words, describe the Gaia hypothesis. Vocabulary Check Choose the word from the box below that best matches up with each Earth system. air water earth life 9. Atmosphere 10. Biosphere 11. Geosphere 12. Hydrosphere Copyright McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company. 66 Study Guide Unit 5 Resource Book
3 SECTION 15.2 CLIMATE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Climate is a key abiotic factor that affects the biosphere. VOCABULARY climate microclimate Climate is the prevailing weather of a region. 1. What is the difference between an area s weather and climate? 2. What are four key factors that shape an area s climate? Earth has three climate zones. 3. Name the main reason why the surface of Earth is heated unevenly by the Sun. 4. What characteristic of Earth results in different seasons over a period of a year? Complete the following chart with the location and characteristics of each climate zone. Zone Location Characteristics 5. polar zone 6. tropical zone 7. temperate zone Unit 5 Resource Book Study Guide 69
4 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED 8. What effect does the heating of Earth have on air and water movement? 9. Why do areas closer to bodies of water have different climates than do inland areas? 10. How does the presence of mountains affect an area s climate? 11. What is a rain shadow? Vocabulary Check 12. What is the difference between a climate and a microclimate? 13. List four characteristics of the climate where you live. Include information on temperature and precipitation. 70 Study Guide Unit 5 Resource Book
5 SECTION 15.3 BIOMES Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Biomes are land-based, global communities of organisms. VOCABULARY canopy grassland desert deciduous coniferous taiga tundra chaparral Earth has six major biomes. Fill in the chart with details about the six major biomes found on Earth. Biome Description 1. tropical rain forest 2. grassland 3. desert 4. temperate 5. taiga 6. tundra 7. What is the difference between tropical and temperate grasslands? 8. What are the four different types of deserts? Unit 5 Resource Book Study Guide 73
6 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED 9. How does precipitation differ in a temperate deciduous forest and a temperate rain forest? 10. Why do few plants grow in the tundra? 11. Describe the main characteristics of chaparral. Polar ice caps and mountains are not considered biomes. 12. Why aren t polar ice caps and mountains considered biomes? 13. Where are the polar ice caps located? 14. What is a mountain life zone? Vocabulary Check 15. Ilosemyleavesintheautumn.Iama. 16. Iretainmyneedles all year long. I am a. 17. I am the uppermost branches of a tree. I am called the. 74 Study Guide Unit 5 Resource Book
7 SECTION 15.4 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Marine ecosystems are global. VOCABULARY intertidal zone abyssal zone phytoplankton neritic zone plankton coral reef bathyal zone zooplankton kelp forest The ocean can be divided into zones. Complete the following table with information about ocean zones. Zone Depth Description 1. intertidal 2. neritic 3. bathyal 4. abyssal 5. What zone has the most biomass? What type of organism makes up most of this biomass? 6. Why are phytoplankton critical to life on Earth? Unit 5 Resource Book Study Guide 77
8 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED Coastal waters contain unique habitats. 7. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences between a coral reef and a kelp forest. 8. What is a coral reef made from? 9. Why are coral reefs considered delicate? Vocabulary Check 10. I am a photosynthetic plankton. What am I? 11. I am an animal plankton. What am I? 78 Study Guide Unit 5 Resource Book
9 SECTION 15.5 ESTUARIES AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Freshwater ecosystems include estuaries as well as flowing and standing water. VOCABULARY estuary littoral zone benthic zone watershed limnetic zone 1. What is an estuary? Estuaries are dynamic environments where rivers flow into the ocean. 2. What is the distinctive feature of an estuary? 3. Describe why estuaries are considered to be highly productive ecosystems. 4. Why are estuaries sometimes called the nurseries of the sea? 5. What adaptations are necessary for organisms that live in an estuary? 6. What impact does the removal of an estuary have on surrounding areas? Unit 5 Resource Book Study Guide 81
10 STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED Freshwater ecosystems include moving and standing water. 7. What are the characteristics of a wetland? 8. What is an important function of wetlands with regard to the water supply? Ponds and lakes share common features. 9. Complete the following chart with details about the different zones found in a pond or lake. Zone Location Description littoral zone limnetic zone benthic zone Vocabulary Check 10. What is a watershed? 11. The term estuary comes from the Latin word aestus, which means tide. How does this meaning relate to the definition of estuary? 82 Study Guide Unit 5 Resource Book
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