A Regulatory Guide to Geothermal Direct Use Development Prepared by Kim Lyons of the Washington State University Extension Energy Program.

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1 A Regulatory Guide to Geothermal Direct Use Development Prepared by Kim Lyons of the Washington State University Extension Energy Program. IDAHO Introduction Geothermal resource temperatures range from low temperatures of 50 to 80 degrees F (10 to 27 0 C), to temperatures exceeding 650 degrees F (343 0 C). Although power can be generated economically from resources as low as 218 degrees F (103 o C), power generation projects typically favor resource temperatures above 300 degrees F (149 o C). High temperature resources (>300 degrees F, 149 o C) can also be used for direct-use applications. However, lower temperature resources (< 212 o F, 100 o C) are often better suited for these projects. Low temperature, direct-use projects cover a variety of applications. Projects may include traditional space heating applications, as well as greenhouse heating, spas and swimming pools, aquaculture, crop drying, industrial processing and other activities requiring lower temperatures. Because these projects are primarily water use applications, they often fall under a different regulatory process than high temperature, power generation projects. Typically this process is shaped by water and wastewater laws and regulations, and administered by their respective state, and in some cases, federal water and wastewater resource agencies. The intent of this document is to help guide developers of direct use geothermal projects through the regulatory process of drilling, using and disposing of low temperature geothermal fluids in the state of Idaho. This guide will provide background on the state regulatory process and identify contact information necessary for completing the various applications and permits. This guide; however, cannot substitute for direct communication with the regulatory agencies. These agencies need to be contacted early in the process so that any regulatory hurdles are identified upfront and in time. Projects that are located on federal lands are regulated according to the national Geothermal Steam Act and related federal regulations. Regulatory Process for Direct Use Applications Idaho has abundant geothermal resources, especially the central and southern parts of the state where the majority of the geothermal wells and springs are found. These resources have been developed over the last 100+ years for recreation, district heating, domestic heating, aquaculture, and greenhouse operations. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

2 In Idaho, policies governing geothermal resources are codified in the Geothermal Resources Act (Idaho Code Title 42-40). The Act defines a geothermal resource as the natural heat energy of the earth, the energy, in whatever form, which may be found in any position and at any depth below the surface of the earth present in, resulting from, or created by, or which may be extracted from such natural heat, and all minerals in solution or other products obtained from the material medium of any geothermal resource. Ground water having a temperature of two hundred twelve (212) degrees Fahrenheit or more in the bottom of a well shall be classified as a geothermal resource. The State of Idaho further describes Geothermal resources to be sui generis, being neither a mineral resource nor a water resource, but they are also found and hereby declared to be closely related to and possibly affecting and affected by water and mineral resources in many instances. Individuals interested in developing a geothermal resource of 212 degrees F (100 0 C) or greater are subject to the rules and regulations as described by the Geothermal Resource Act, Idaho Code Title 42, Chapter 40. The Idaho Department of Water Resources is the lead agency responsible for administering and enforcing the provisions of this chapter. The leasing of state or school lands for geothermal development is overseen by the State Board of Land Commissioners. The Board is authorized to adopt rules and regulations covering the issuance of geothermal resource leases and governing the conduct of any geothermal operations as described in Idaho Code Title 47, Chapter 16. Idaho Department of Water Resource and Board of Land Commissioner contacts are presented in Appendix A. The State of Idaho has a separate and unique definition for low temperature geothermal resources as provided for in Idaho Code, Title 42, Chapter 2, Section 230. Low temperature geothermal resources are defined as ground water having a temperature of greater than 85 degrees F (29 0 C) and less than 212 degrees F (100 0 C) in the bottom of a well. Low level geothermal resources are administered by the Department of Water Resources as per section , Idaho Code. As a result of this ruling, low temperature geothermal water, including but not limited to greenhouse heating, warm water aquaculture, space heating, irrigation swimming pools and spas, is regulated in accordance with the rules and statutes governing groundwater appropriation and well drilling regulations. A developer must acquire the resource by means of an application, permit and license procedure, provided that the low temperature geothermal resource is utilized primarily for heat value and secondarily for the value as water. Usage of a low temperature geothermal resource primarily for reasons other than heat value is not considered a beneficial use of the resource, unless the Department of Water Resources exempts the proposed use. The regulations governing low temperature, direct use geothermal projects differ from conventional water development projects in that direct use projects also need to dispose of the water once it has been used for its design application. Disposal is typically accomplished through direct injection of the geothermal water via an injection well, or through surface disposal if injection is not an option. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

3 The Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are the lead agencies in charge of administering and enforcing the various rules and regulations governing water use and water quality in the State of Idaho. DWR is responsible for issuing water rights, well construction permits and underground fluid injection wells. The DEQ s Water Quality Division is responsible for administering surface disposal of wastewater, including geothermal fluids. To assist the public, DWR has developed an excellent website which contains all of the various rules and regulations governing low temperature geothermal resources. This guidebook was developed from information presented on this website, which can be accessed by clicking here. In addition to DWR, local and county agencies may also play a role in issuing local zoning and construction permits, and should be contacted early on in the development of a direct use project. The regulatory process for developing a low temperature, direct use geothermal project consists of the following steps: Gain access to lands either through lease or direct ownership. Contact local and/or county agencies to ensure compliance with local land use laws including building permits and zoning restrictions. Secure water right. (DWR) Obtain well construction permit/develop production well. (DWR) Determine fluid disposal plan and obtain permits for either underground injection or surface disposal. (DEQ) Contact Department of Agriculture if developing an aquaculture project. Water Rights Background The constitution and statutes of the State of Idaho guarantee the right to appropriate the public waters of the State of Idaho. The Department of Water Resources is the state agency that regulates the appropriation and distribution of water in the State of Idaho. When a private right to the use of public waters is established by appropriation, a water right is established that is a real property right, much like property rights in land. Water rights are granted through the principal known as the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation. This means that those who first made beneficial use of water are entitled to continued use in preference to those who came later. The date the water right was established is called a priority date and determines who gets water when there is a shortage. If there is not enough water available to satisfy all of the water rights, then the persons with the oldest (or senior) water rights get their water rights satisfied first and so on in order until there is no water left. It is the persons with the new (or junior) water rights who do not get water when there is not enough to satisfy all the water rights. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

4 Water rights must also meet the definition of beneficial use. In Idaho, beneficial uses include domestic use, irrigation, stock-watering, manufacturing, mining, hydropower, municipal use, aquaculture, recreation, fish and wildlife, among others. Due to the beneficial use requirement, a water right (or a portion of a water right) may be lost if it is not used for a continuous five-year period. The State of Idaho does not recognize a riparian right to use water. A riparian right allows the owner of land the right to make reasonable use of ground and surface water located within the borders of their land. In Idaho, a water right can only be established by appropriation, and once established, it can be lost if it is not used. A complete "water code", as amended, is contained in Idaho Code, Title 42, Irrigation and Drainage Water Rights and Reclamation. All waters in Idaho are public property. The official rules describing the administrative procedures for obtaining the right to divert and use unappropriated public water is presented in IDAPA 37, Title 03, Chapter 08-Water Appropriation Rules. Water Rights Permit Process There is only one way to establish a right to ground water, and that is by following the application/permit/license procedure. However, there is one exception to this rule. A beneficial use right to ground water is still available for domestic purposes. Domestic purposes is defined by statute as (a) the use of water for homes, organization camps, public campgrounds, livestock and for any other purpose in connection therewith, including irrigation of up to one-half (1/2) acre (0.2 hectares) of land, if the total use is not in excess of 13,000 gallons per day (49,205 l/day), or (b) any other uses, if the total use does not exceed a diversion rate of four one-hundredths (0.04) cubic feet per second ( 1.13 liters/sec) and a diversion volume of twenty-five hundred (2,500) gallons per day (9,462 l/day). For all other applications a water right is needed. The first step is to submit a permit application to IDWR. The form requires the applicant to submit information on the amount of water to be withdrawn, the source, the intended use, and other related data. Water right application forms are available on-line by clicking here, or can be obtained from IDWR. Appendix A includes IDWR regional contacts for water right forms and other related issues. Processing of the form takes approximately 6 to 8 weeks. The form must be accompanied by an application fee (fees are posted on the back of the application form). The fee is based on the amount of water appropriated, starting at $100 for up to 0.2 cfs (5.66 l/sec), to more than $1000 for withdrawals in excess of 19 cfs (538 l/sec). IDWR is required to publish notice of the application in a local paper. At this time, others may file protests to the application with IDWR. If protests are filed, then IDWR must hold a hearing. IDWR will then review the application (including any hearing record), and issue a permit if the applicant meets the statutory requirements. The permit describes the appropriation to be made and the deadline within which the appropriation must be completed. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

5 Prior to the end of the period in which the appropriation must be completed, IDWR sends the permit holder a notice that the deadline is approaching and that the permit holder must submit proof of beneficial use. Proof of beneficial use is a form sent to the permit holder by IDWR which can be accessed on-line by clicking here. The permit holder fills out the form, stating that they have completed their appropriation, and returns it to IDWR. After filing the proof form, a field examination must be completed. The field examination can be completed either by IDWR, or a permit holder may elect to have the field examination completed by a certified field examiner. In the latter case, a report must be submitted to IDWR after the examination is complete. If IDWR conducts the field exam, an examination fee is required to be paid to IDWR. The cost of the examination starts at $50 for appropriations of under 0.2 cfs (5.55 l/sec), increasing to $600 for appropriations of greater than 20 cfs (566 l/sec). A fee schedule can be accessed by clicking here. The purpose of the field examination is to ensure that water is in fact being used as described in the permit. At this point, IDWR issues a water rights license that describes the appropriation that has been completed. Well Construction The Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR) is the lead agency responsible for regulating all water wells, monitoring wells, low temperature geothermal wells, injection wells and other artificial openings and excavations in the ground greater than 18 vertical feet (5.48 meters) below land surface. The administrative rules and regulations governing well construction is described in IDAPA 37 Title 3 Chapter 9. As part of this code, the State of Idaho has established Rule 30-Construction of Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Wells and Bonding. Rules and regulations governing high temperature geothermal resource wells are presented in Idaho Administrative Code 37 Title 3 Chapter 4- Drilling for Geothermal Resources Rules. A developer interested in low temperature geothermal resources may want to review data from other wells in the area. DWR maintains a database of information about existing wells including well size and depth, depth to water, water levels, flow rate, and construction. Click here for on-line access to this database. The Geo-Heat Center, located in Klamath Falls, Oregon also maintains an extensive database covering wells and springs greater than 50 0 C (122 0 F) for 16 western states. Information on the database can be found at DWR has also identified areas in the state where well drilling may be of concern. The area of drilling concern designation is designed to protect public health and to prevent waste or contamination of ground or surface water because of factors such as aquifer pressure, vertical depth of the aquifer, warm or hot ground water, or contaminated ground or surface waters. Aquifers areas designated as an area of drilling concern have additional well construction requirements that must be followed. The statute applies to both new wells being drilled and to the deepening or modification of an existing well. To date, only Washington State University Extension Energy Program

6 the Bunker Hill Superfund site in Shoshone County is listed under this designation. For more information on areas of drilling concern click here. Some groundwater areas in Idaho also have special restrictions or moratoriums on new development. Designated ground water management areas (GWMAs) and critical ground water areas (CGWAs) are administered by the DWR. A map of critical areas can be accessed by clicking here. The Boise Front GWMA, Banbury Hot Springs GWMA and Twin Falls GWMA have all been designated specifically for protection of the geothermal aquifers. However, other designated areas may also impose restrictions or moratoriums that affect the development of geothermal resources. Developers interested in drilling a geothermal well should contact DWR for further information about the possible restrictions in that area. In addition, county planning and health departments should also be contacted at this time to check for any additional regulations or ordinances covering well placement and construction. In general, the construction of a low temperature, geothermal resource well (bottom hole temperature greater than 85 0 F (29 0 C) but less than 212 o F (100 0 F)) follow the standards and guidelines for the construction and abandonment of cold water wells. The primary difference is that all low temperature geothermal resource wells must be constructed to protect the resource from waste due to lost artesian pressure and temperatures. To that end, owners of low temperature geothermal resource wells must submit a drilling prospectus to DWR prior to construction. In addition, the well owner must file a surety bond or cash bond as required by Idaho code section with DWR. The amount of the bond ranges from $5000, up to $20,000, as determined by the depth and temperature of the well. Finally, low temperature geothermal wells must meet specific casing requirements including the sealing of the casing to prevent cooling of the resource due to intermingling with cold water aquifers. The details of well owner bonding and well casing requirements for low temperature geothermal resource wells are described in Rule 30 of the Well Construction Rules IDAPA Click on the highlighted words to download copies of the low temperature geothermal well surety bond form and cash bond form. Prior to drilling, an owner must have a valid water rights permit, unless the withdrawal meets the domestic exemption ruling. Following this, the owner must obtain a drilling permit as issued by DWR and described under Rule 40, IDAPA For projects with a rate of diversion under 0.04 cfs (1.13 l/sec), the permit application fee is $75. The fee for wells with flow diversion rates above this amount is $200. The well drilling permit application form can be accessed by clicking here. Only a duly licensed and bonded well contractor is permitted to construct wells in the state of Idaho. Requirements to become a licensed well driller can be found in the Idaho Administrative Code IDAPA Well Driller Licensing Rules. Well drilling licensing forms and related information can be downloaded by clicking here. A list of licensed well drillers is maintained by DWR and is available on request (see appendix x). Washington State University Extension Energy Program

7 Disposal of Geothermal Fluids The regulations governing the disposal of low temperature geothermal fluids will depend on the type of application. Non contact geothermal projects, where the geothermal fluids are kept in a closed system and do not come in contact with outside contaminants, should typically have an easier compliance path then projects where contact with potential contaminants is made. When contact is made and water quality is potentially degraded, regulatory requirements may become more stringent to ensure that water quality is maintained. There are basically three disposal options available to a developer of a direct use geothermal project: underground injection; disposal to surface waters; and/or, disposal to the ground or land application. In some cases, the regulatory agency(s) will specify the preferred disposal method. For example, in critical groundwater areas, reinjection may be required to ensure that the aquifer is maintained. However, in most cases, it will be up to the project developer to determine the best disposal method based on regulatory requirements and the cost of compliance. Underground Injection Control The Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program was established in 1982 when Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This program regulates, to one degree or the other, every "injection" of "fluid" into the subsurface. An "injection" is the emplacement of "fluids" regardless of whether the injection requires the application of pressure or not, and a fluid is defined as any liquid, gas or semisolid which can be made to flow. The intent of the program is to preserve and protect underground water from becoming polluted. From a resource perspective, the preferred method of disposing of geothermal fluids is to return them to the ground by way of injection wells. Injection wells are wells that are used as an entry point for some type of fluid (such as geothermal fluid), which is injected underground for temporary or permanent disposal or storage. The Idaho Department of Water Resources administers the Idaho Waste Disposal and Injection Well program. The administrative rules governing injection wells can be found at IDAPA Rules and Minimum Standards for Construction and Use of Injection Wells in Idaho. The DWR program regulates the construction, use and abandonment of injection systems which dispose, return and store fluids in the subsurface to protect the ground water from contamination or degradation. DWR also manages the methods by which the fluids are injected including structural designs, local and water quality considerations. Geothermal heat wells and closed loop heat pump return wells are both classified in Idaho as Class V injection wells. Injection wells that are more than 18 feet deep must apply for a permit from DWR prior to construction. This applies even to closed-loop heat exchange wells, if they are deeper than 18 feet (5.5 m). The cost of the application is $100 and the permit form can be downloaded by clicking here. Injection or waste Washington State University Extension Energy Program

8 disposal wells 18 feet (5.5 m) deep or less do not require a permit. However, a developer is required to submit inventory information about the well. There is a $75 fee associated with the submission of the inventory form which can be downloaded by clicking here. Information required in the form includes: ownership, location, fluid characteristics, well construction type and status, wells in the area, and alternative disposal means. Upon review, the DWR may also require more detailed geologic and hydrologic data as well as maps and other pertinent data. After review, DWR will issue a draft permit or a denial, which include permit conditions including compliance schedules and monitoring requirements. When issuing the draft permit, DWR must also provide public notice of the proposed injection well, usually through a local newspaper. Petitioners are allowed 30 days to present additional information to DWR and a public hearing may be held to review the permit. Closed loop heat exchange wells which dispose solely of heat pump water at a rate not to exceed 50 gallons per minute (189 l/min) (as described by Rule Subsection ) are exempt from the draft permit provisions of this rule. However, a public notice will be posted and standard operating conditions set as per the Rules for the Construction and Operation of Injection Wells, highlighted above. After reviewing the draft permit for compliance, DWR will issue a permit to the applicant if the standards and conditions of Rule 50 (protection of groundwater quality) of the Rules for Construction and Operation of Injections Wells are met. The permit will include construction and operational conditions necessary to protect the groundwater. Construction requirements for deep wells include that a licensed well driller be responsible for drilling the well in conformance with Minimum Well Construction Standards and obtain a drilling permit. Rule authorized (projects that do not have to be individually permitted) or shallow wells must be constructed following the conditions of the permit or inventory submittal. Operational standards are presented in Rule 50, which establishes quality standards for the fluids being injected in the well. Standards for closed loop heat exchange systems are also identified under Rule 50 and basically require that the return fluid meet ground water quality standards, or equal the quality of the groundwater source from whence it came. In the later case, the return fluid would have to be reinjected into the same groundwater source from which it was extracted. The permit may also include monitoring, record keeping and reporting requirements as determined by DWR. The length of the permit may not extend beyond 10 years. Prior to abandoning a Class V well, the owner or operator must notify the DWR of their intent to close the well at least 30 days prior to closure. The owner is also required to close the well in a manner that prevents the movement of fluid containing any contaminant into an underground source of drinking water in accordance with Well Construction Standards and the conditions of the permit. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

9 Surface Disposal of Geothermal Fluids The Idaho Water Quality Act and the Idaho Water Quality Standards and Wastewater Treatment Requirements, IDAPA sets forth the statutes and administrative rules governing water quality in the state of Idaho. Discharges to water of the State (surface and groundwater) and discharges to municipal wastewater treatment plants are covered under these laws and regulations which are administered by the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality.. In general, surface disposal to ground is preferable to discharging into surface waters. Discharging to ground minimizes the chance of degrading existing water quality. Land application also keeps the water within the same geographic resource area. If land application is the preferred option, a developer will need to contact the DEQ to determine whether they need to apply for a wastewater land application permit. A copy of the permit form can be downloaded here. For some direct use geothermal projects, a permit may not be required under the Idaho Waste Water Land Application Program and Regulations (IDAPA 16, Title 01, Chapter 17). However, for some applications a waste management and or solids disposal plan may be required under Idaho Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Regulations (IDAPA 16, Title 01, Chapter 2). If required, the plan(s) would describe the actions taken by the developer to minimize, collect and dispose of pollutants generated in the course of operations. A waste management plan defines and demonstrates the effectiveness of the Best Management Practices used to control the discharge of pollutant and helps to ensure compliance with waste management requirements and the maintenance of optimum effluent water quality. The plan(s) would be produced under guidance with DEQ. Depending on the volume, another option may be to discharge to a wastewater treatment facility. Currently, many households connected to Boise s Warm Springs district heating system now discharge to the City s municipal wastewater treatment plant. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program requires that all point source discharges into U.S. waters obtain permits. NPDES permits contain limits on what can be discharged and other provisions to ensure that the discharge does not harm water quality or the public's health. Discharge of low temperature geothermal fluids to surface waters would most likely require an NPDES permit. The federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently retains "primacy" for the NPDES program in Idaho. This means that EPA Region 10 is responsible for permitting and enforcing all NPDES permits in the state. The State of Idaho and EPA are currently discussing the possibility of moving the administration of the NPDES program to the State. Although EPA has authority over NPDES permitting, the State of Idaho is also involved. Section 401 of the Clean Water Act requires applicants for a federal NPDES permit provide the EPA with a 401 certification issued by the state. In Idaho, DEQ is responsible for 401 certifications to ensure that projects meet Idaho water quality standards. DEQ Washington State University Extension Energy Program

10 will work with the applicant and EPA in order to ensure that all necessary information relevant to the 401 decision is provided. DEQ can set conditions on the certification to ensure compliance with state Water Quality Standards. DEQ also has the authority to deny the 401 certification, at which point EPA cannot issue the federal NPDES permit. DEQs final decision regarding 401 certification may be appealed by the applicant pursuant to the Idaho Environmental Protection and Health Act, Idaho Code (6). A copy of Idaho s 401 guidance form can be downloaded here. EPA Region 10 has developed procedures it generally follows with respect to NPDES permits. Under current practices, EPA will inform DEQ when permits are applied for and will provide DEQ copies of the application. EPA then issues a draft permit and posts a public notice that the state will consider 401certification. After considering public comments, EPA prepares a proposed final permit and provides this permit to DEQ for certification. DEQ typically has 30 days to provide or deny certification. Subsequent to DEQ s certification decision, EPA will make its final decision regarding the NPDES permit and issue a final permit. Currently, EPA Region 10 and the State of Idaho have a backlog of 2 years is processing and issuing NPDES permits. The most likely permit forms covering a direct use application are EPA NPDES forms 1 and 2D or 2E. Form 1 collects general information from the applicant and must be filled out in addition to a supplemental form. Form 2D covers projects which discharge wastewater. Form 2E was designed by the US Environmental Protection Agency to cover projects which do not discharge process wastewater. Non-contact, direct use geothermal projects will typically need to complete Form 2E, however discussions with EPA staff to determine the correct form should take place. EPA contact information can be found in Appendix A. NPDES forms can be downloaded from the EPA Region 10 website by clicking here. EPA also has on-line a software program to assist in the completion of NPDES forms. The software program, called Permit Application Software System or PASS, can be downloaded by clicking here. An NPDES applicant will need to provide mapping information, flow data, an estimate of the type and quantities of pollutants discharged and a brief description of any planned treatment. This information will be used to determine the conditions of the permit including appropriate control or treatment strategies, monitoring and reporting requirements. Since most direct use applications involve non-contact geothermal heat exchange, the water quality of the source water is unaffected. For these type of projects, permit conditions should be strait-forward. Even so, a developer may still be required to cool the geothermal water before discharging into a surface water source. In some instances a developer may be able to proceed with a general permit versus an individual permit. A general permit covers a set of like facilities, such as a coal facility or a fish farm. Here, a set of conditions are already developed which meet the general operating conditions of these similar facilities. In these cases, a developer would complete Form 1 to see if they qualify under the general permit. If eligible the developer would also need to submit a Notice of Intent form or equivalent, which provides additional information needed by the resources agency administering the NPDES Washington State University Extension Energy Program

11 program. The advantage of the general form is that the resource agency can issue the permit as soon as all information needs are satisfied. For individual permits, there is an additional 30 day public notice process, as well as the potential for intervention on the terms and conditions of the permit. Aquaculture projects To assist developers of aquaculture projects, the State of Idaho has developed a guidebook entitled Idaho Waste Management Guideline for Aquaculture Operations. The Idaho Department of Water Resources regulates commercial aquaculture operations under Title 42 when public water is appropriated for fish propagation. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality oversees the development and permitting of waste management plans for aquaculture facilities. The Idaho Department of Agriculture licenses commercial fish facilities under Title 22, Section 4601 of the Idaho Code. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game also need to be contacted as they regulate the importation of fish into the state. Agency contacts are presented in the guidebook and in Appendix A. Washington State University Extension Energy Program

12 Appendix A State Contact Information Water Right, Well Construction and Underground Injection Well Contacts Idaho Department of Water Resources State Office Boise 1301 North Orchard Street Boise, ID Tel: (208) Fax: (208) Coeur d'alene Northern Regional Office 1910 Northwest Blvd., Suite 210 Coeur d'alene, ID Tel: (208) Fax: (208) Regional Offices Twin Falls Southern Regional Office 1341 Fillmore St., Suite 200 Twin Falls, ID Tel: (208) Fax: (208) Boise Western Regional Office 2735 Airport Way Boise, ID Tel: (208) Fax: (208) Idaho Falls Eastern Regional Office 900 North Skyline Drive, Suite A Idaho Falls, ID Tel: (208) Fax: (208) Wastewater Disposal Contacts State Office Department of Environmental Quality 1410 N. Hilton, Boise, ID Phone: (208) ; fax: (208) Regional DEQ Offices Coeur d Alene Regional Office Region Boise Regional Office 2110 Ironwood Pkwy 1445 N. Orchard Coeur d'alene, ID Boise, ID (208) (208) Fax: Fax: (208) Lewiston Regional Office Twin Falls Regional Office 1118 "F" Street 601 Pole Line Road, Suite 2 Twin Falls, ID Washington State University Extension Energy Program

13 Lewiston, ID (208) Fax: (208) toll free: (877) Pocatello Regional Office 444 Hospital Way, #300 Pocatello, ID (208) Fax: (208) (208) Fax: (208) Idaho Falls Regional Office 900 N. Skyline, Suite B Idaho Falls, ID (208) Fax: (208) EPA Region 10 NPDES Contacts Idaho Operations Office 1435 North Orchard Street Boise, ID Permits Unit (NPDES) Point of contact: Sharon Wilson wilson.sharon@epa.gov Phone Number: (206) Idaho Geothermal Resources Contact Kenneth W. Neely, Technical Hydrogeologist Idaho Department of Water Resources Hydrology Section - Ground Water Monitoring 1301 N. Orchard Street Boise, ID (phone) (fax) Idaho Aquaculture Contact Rob Sharpnack Department of Environmental Quality Twin Falls Regional Office (208) (800) rsharpna@deq.state.id.us Washington State University Extension Energy Program

14 Appendix B Geothermal References and Contacts References Bloomquist, R.G., Black, G. L., Parker, D. S., Sifford, A., Simpson, S. J., Street, L.V., 1985, Evaluation and Ranking of Geothermal Resources for Electrical Generation or Electrical Offset in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington: Bonneville Power Administration, US Department of Energy, pp Bloomquist, R. Gordon., Nimmons, John. T., Rafferty, Kevin, 1988,District Heating Development Guide, Legal, Institutional and Marketing Issues, Volume 1: for the Washington State Energy Office, funded by the US Department of Energy, pp Bloomquist, R. Gordon, 1991, Geothermal, A Regulatory Guide to Leasing, Permitting, and Licensing in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington: Bonneville Power Administration, Lund, John W., Lienau, Paul J., Lunis, Ben C., 1998, Geothermal Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook: Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology, sponsored by the US Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office, pp Rafferty, Kevin, 2000, Geothermal Power Generation, A Primer on Low-Temperature, Small-Scale Applications: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp Lund, John W., date, Pavement Snow Melting, Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology, pp1-13. Rafferty, Kevin, 2001, An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothermal Heat Pump Owner: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Grant No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp Rafferty, Kevin, 2001, Small Geothermal Systems: A Guide For The Do-It Yourselfer: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. FG01-99-EE35098, pp Lund, John W., date, Balneological Use of Thermal Waters: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, pp Boyd, Tanya, Rafferty, Kevin, date, Aquaculture Information Package: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp Rafferty, Kevin, Boyd, Tonya, date, Geothermal Greenhouse Information Package: Geo- Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp Washington State University Extension Energy Program

15 Contacts Geo-Heat Center Website: Geothermal Education Office Website: Geothermal Resources Council Website: Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium Website: International Ground-Source Heat Pump Association Website: U.S. Department of Energy Website: Washington State University Energy Program Website: Washington State University Extension Energy Program