Session 3: What is Ecosystem- based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)?
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1 Session 3: What is Ecosystem- based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)?
2 In Session 3 you will learn to 1. Acknowledge the links amongst environmental conditions, ecosystem services, livelihoods, disaster risks and climate risks 2. Recognise how ecosystem management and disaster risk reduction can jointly be implemented - case studies 3. Understand the potential role of environment management tools 4. Appreciate the challenges and opportunities in enhancing ecosystem based DRR
3 What is an ecosystem? N.Saalismaa C-L. Grayson/IRIN Dynamic complex of plants, animals and other living communities and the non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. Humans are an integral part of ecosystems. M. Deghati/IRIN UNEP Source: MEA, 2005 N.Saalismaa
4 Ecosystem services for DRR = the direct and indirect benefits people obtain from nature Provisioning services Regulating services Food, raw materials, fresh water, medicinal resources Natural hazard control, erosion control, air quality, climate regulation, water purification, disease and pest regulation, pollination Cultural services Recreation, tourism, spiritual experience, aesthetic and cultural inspiration Supporting services Soil formation, nutrient cycling Source: MEA, 2005
5 Ecosystems provide multiple functions and services Biodiversity Hazard mitigation Livelihoods Climate change adaptation MULTIPLE BENEFITS Poverty reduction Carbon sequestration Disaster recovery
6 Healthy ecosystems risk mitigation carbon sinks maintain ecosystem integrity regulate local/micro climate Provide livelihood security healthy yields and diversified crop options N. Saalismaa K.Holt/IRIN
7 Healthy ecosystems protective barrier Natural buffer and protection Floods pathways, water storage Rockfalls, avalanches and landslides retaining structures, reducing the acceleration of movement Coastal storms N. Saalismaa buffer/reduce wave energy Fire limit human encroachment, fire breaks K.Holt/IRIN
8 Vegetation stabilises slopes Papathoma & Glade, in press N. Saalismaa
9 Wetlands and floodplains control floods Michel Gunther / WWF-Canon
10 Mangroves, saltmarshes and sand dunes buffer coastal hazards M.Rautkari/WWF-Canon UNEP
11 Contributing to post-disaster needs Ecosystems provide essential resources for recovery L. Maung/IRIN M. Deghati/IRIN Avoid degrading ecosystems (and creating future risks) during response and reconstruction!
12 Contributing to post-disaster needs (cont d) Serve as alternative sources of following - food - fuel - medicine - shelter material Serve as shelter for communities, livestock and fauna Livelihood source in short to medium term recovery process
13 China: Wetland restoration for flood mitigation Removing earlier works: Reconnecting lakes to river Yangtze Wetland restoration Results: Flood mitigation Increased income from fisheries Biodiversity Water quality (now drinkable level) Replication in other areas Source: WWF, 2008
14 Bangladesh: Integrated coastal zone management Coastal afforestation since 1960s for: Reducing the impact of cyclones and tidal surges Stabilisation of newly accreted mud flats Timber production Alternative livelihoods for rural communities, Protecting biodiversity Multi-stakeholder: government, NGOs and local people Results: Coastal protection Improved livelihoods Settlement of poor and displaced people UNEP
15 Mexico and Guatemala: Integrated watershed management Aims: Securing water supply downstream Reducing flood risk from tropical storms Multi-stakeholder participation How: Watershed restoration (soil conservation, sustainable agriculture) Capacity building on water resource management plans Micro-watershed councils in communities, micro-watershed management plans River-basin committee Source: ORMA/IUCN
16 Women, disasters and environment Often more exposed and vulnerable to hazards Highly dependent on natural resources Providers of food, water and fuel for the family D.Gough/IRIN Have unique knowledge on natural resource management Agents of change for using ecosystems for risk reduction M.Deghati/IRIN
17 Ecosystem management tools and approaches Integrated Coastal Zone Management Integrated Water Resource Management Integrated Fire Management Protected Area Management Community-based Natural Resource Management Land use planning and zoning
18 Ecosystem management tools Cost effective strategies when compared to alternatives Tried and tested - lessons learnt and best practices from application (different ecosystems, geographical regions, scales) Easily accessible guidance material, manuals and scientific knowledge
19 Ecosystem management tools (2) Based on participatory, local ownership, social and institutional governance mechanisms Facilitate holistic management approaches with defined monitoring mechanisms Promote global, regional and national dialogue and cooperation
20 Ecosystem management tools matrix Description Application within ecosystembased DRR Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) ICZM provides a comprehensive approach to coastal zone management that ensures the continued functions and services (including DRR-related ecosystem services) supported by the coastal zone in a sustainable manner. The aim of ICZM is to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to manage the coastal zone including planning, resource management, information bases, and community involvement. Coastal areas are exposed to multiple hazards and often have high concentrations of human populations. ICZM provides an opportunity for addressing coastal risks in an integrated manner, including enhancing and safeguarding the services provided by coastal ecosystems by adopting a combination of ecosystem-based measures Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) IWRM is a governance and development process to manage water, land and related resources, in order to maximize economic and social welfare (GWP 2000). The founding principles are Efficiency, Equity, and Environmental sustainability, and the process itself is framed within (i) Creating an enabling environment; (ii) defining the institutional framework, and (iii) developing appropriate management instruments. IWRM is not a dogmatic framework, but a flexible common-sense approach to water management and development guided by the Dublin Principles. The process is characterized by integrated techniques, stakeholder involvement and has the potential to minimize land-water related disaster risks or its impacts. Many disasters are a result of too much or too little water, elements exacerbated by climate change. IWRM is built on good governance including policy development, management agencies, skills and good practice. Good IWRM means better policies for improved catchment management, enhanced sanitation services, reduced pollution, and good governance all factors which can help in DRR practice. Integrated Fire Management (IFM) The aim of IFM is to balance the beneficial and negative effects of fire on the natural environment and socioeconomic circumstances in a given landscape or region, and reduce risk of wildfire disasters threatening human life and healthy ecosystem functions. Multiple functions and services including early warning for wildfire disaster risk reduction, decreased wildfire hazard, improved land use, environmental and natural resource management with associated co-benefits for local communities and national economies. Protected Area (PA) Management A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The Protected Area Management Effectiveness (PAME) Assessment is a means of ensuring that PAs are managed to protect their values for the foreseeable future. Assessments cover the significance and value of protected areas, threats to PAs, PA vulnerability to threat and issues relating to PA stakeholders, whether local or national. It generates recommendations concerning conserving the integrity of natural ecosystems; cultural, spiritual and aesthetic values; socio-economic and community engagement; governance and capacity to manage. There are 140,000 government designated PAs globally, in every country and every context and in the terrestrial, coastal and marine environments. Together with community conservation areas, these PAs cover almost 20% of the earth, making them a dominant form of land and water management. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an approach to the management of natural resources that engages local community members and builds stakeholders capacities to manage or co-manage these resources in a given area. It is based on the notion that the best way to secure ecosystem health and promote local livelihoods through sustainable development is to delegate natural resource management responsibility to communities and harness and build upon related local knowledge, technologies and practices. It aims to promote locally-led initiatives under a common vision and foster a sense of ownership and responsibility for the present and future state of a community s natural resource base. It focuses on participation and collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including marginalized groups within the community (e.g. women, elderly, youth and indigenous peoples) and building the capacity of local institutions to sustainably manage resources in a culturally sensitive and site-specific manner. Helping people help themselves : Concepts and methods from CBNRM can be applied to community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) Better ecosystem management thanks to recognized value and delegated responsibility Improved governance for balanced and credible decision-making Secure resources for resilience/contingency planning
21 Challenges Convening stakeholders Tools and methods for documenting/demonstrating links between ecosystem degradation and increased exposure to risks vulnerability Impact assessments on ecosystems Economic case
22 Opportunities Opportunity to convene unconventional partners and mobilise cross-ministerial action Frameworks to capture learning from ecosystems as part of ongoing projects Leverage limited resources for multiple benefits Collaborate with economists for multiple objectives DRR, livelihoods Strenghten prevention and preparedness initiatives within humanitarian aid
23 Core elements of Eco-DRR 1. Ecosystems provide multiple functions and services. 2. Ecosystems-based risk reduction is linked with sustainable livelihoods and development. 3. Sound environmental management is one element of DRR strategies. 4. Environmental management critical to addressing the risks associated with climate change and extreme events. 5. Integrating environmental approaches into disaster risk management requires multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary collaboration. 6. It is essential to involve local stakeholders in decision-making. 7. Existing instruments and tools in ecosystems management provide an opportunity to integrate DRR considerations.
24 Eco-DRR: Reducing risk, not removing it REMEMBER Effectiveness dependent on: Type and intensity of hazard event Health and composition (size, density species) of ecosystems ALSO: Appropriate ecosystem expertise needed Time to establish Not always feasible (i.e. space constraints, land-use priorities, costs) Sometimes best combined with hard infrastructure (hybrid solutions)
25 Tools carousel entry points Why would I consider these tools in my work? Do I really need them? (Yes! ) How would I integrate these tools in my work What would I be doing differently in my implementation framework if I were to utilise these tools? What (who) would I need to integrate these tools?
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