NUTRIENT CYCLES REVIEW
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1 52 Name A.P. Environmental Science Date Mr. Romano NUTRIENT CYCLES REVIEW 1. Which of the following chain of events would occur as a result of land clearing/deforestation? (vocabulary check: efflux means flowing away) (A) nutrient efflux water pollution water runoff soil erosion (B) soil erosion water runoff nutrient efflux water pollution (C) water pollution nutrient efflux soil erosion water runoff (D) water runoff water pollution nutrient efflux soil erosion (E) water runoff soil erosion nutrient efflux water pollution Base your answers to questions 2 and 3 on the diagram of the nitrogen cycle below. In the diagram, letters A through E represent organisms carrying on a process at that particular point in the cycle. 2. Nitrifying bacteria are represented by letter (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E 3. Letter B represents (A) inorganic nitrogen fixation (B) assimilation (C) decomposition by bacteria (D) nitrification (E) denitrification 4. Which of the following gases is the most abundant in the lower part of the atmosphere? (A) nitrogen (B) carbon dioxide (C) oxygen (D) argon (E) water vapor 5. In order to classify groundwater as a potentially renewable resource, which of the following must be true? (A) The rate of precipitation must be greater than the rate of transpiration. (B) The rate of infiltration must be greater than or equal to the rate of percolation. (C) The rate of infiltration must be greater than or equal to the rate of use. (D) The rate of seepage must be greater than the rate of evaporation. (E) The rate of evaporation must be greater than or equal to the rate of infiltration.
2 6. After which process can only decomposition by bacteria return nitrogen to the soil? (A) photosynthesis (B) assimilation (C) decomposition (D) denitrification (E) evapotranspiration All of the following can lead to an increase in carbon dioxide and therefore climate change except (A) deforestation (B) burning fossil fuels (C) agricultural runoff (D) wildfires (E) slash and burn agricultural practices 8. Which of the following processes in the hydrologic cycle does not represent a phase transition of water? (A) condensation (B) evaporation (C) precipitation (D) transpiration (E) none of the above 9. Which of the following processes in the water cycle serve to move water back into the ground? I. evaporation II. precipitation III. infiltration IV. percolation (A) I, II, and III only (B) I, II, and IV, only (C) II, III, and IV only (D) III and IV, only (E) I, II, III, and IV 10. Rhizobium bacteria in the root systems of legumes convert nitrogen into ammonia by the process of (A) ammonification (B) assimilation (C) denitrification (D) nitrification (E) nitrogen fixation 11. Which cycle does the human influence of combustion play a large role? (A) nitrogen (B) carbon (C) oxygen (D) phosphorus (E) water
3 12. Terrestrial plants CO 2 in the atmosphere, aquatic plants CO 2 in the water, and animals CO 2 in the atmosphere. (A) remove, remove, remove (B) remove, remove, replenish (C) remove, replenish, replenish (D) replenish, remove, replenish (D) replenish, replenish, replenish 54 `13. CaCO 3 is a compound of carbon that I. is found in the chemical composition of limestone II. is found in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms III. Is used by plants as a major source of nutrition (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II, only (D) I and III, only (E) I, II, and III 14. Most evaporation from oceans and lakes is caused by (A) chemical energy from deep sea vents (B) nuclear energy from deep sea vents (C) radiant energy from condensed water on the surface of the Earth (D) the gravitational pull of the Earth (E) solar energy released by the Sun 15. What is the primary abiotic source of nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? (A) the atmosphere (B) plants (C) salt-water environments (D) rocks and minerals (E) bacteria 16. The amount of dissolved oxygen that must be present in water in order for bacteria to decompose the organic matter in the water is known as (A) DOB (B) BOD (C) BO (D) DO (E) DOH
4 What is the percentage of nitrogen gas in the lower atmosphere? (A) 71% (B) 2% (C) less than 1% (D) 78% (E) 97% 18. Increased fossil fuel use has affected the nitrogen cycle by (A) decreasing the ph of precipitation through HNO 3 formation (B) decreasing NO 2 formation (C) increasing nitrous oxide formation (D) A and B, only (E) A and C, only 19. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1% of Earth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 21% percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by (A) respiration and photosynthesis (B) the ozone shield (C) assimilation and ammonification (D) carbonification and sedimentation (E) evaporation and precipitation 20. Processes involved in the water cycle are represented by letters in the diagram below. In which group are these processes correctly identified? (A) A-precipitation; B-transpiration; C-condensation; D-evaporation (B) A-transpiration; B-evaporation; C- precipitation; D-condensation (C) A-condensation; B-precipitation; C-transpiration; D-evaporation (D) A-transpiration; B-evaporation; C-condensation; D-precipitation (E) A-transpiration; B-condensation; C-evaporation; D-precipitation 21. Which of the following is not a form of condensation? (A) clouds (B) rain (C) dew (D) fog (E) frost 22. Nodules on the roots of legumes contain (A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which help produce nitrates (B) denitrifying bacteria, which produce amino acids (C) bacteria that release ammonia into the soil (D) bacteria that produce protein for absorption by plants (E) nitrifying bacteria that produce toxic nitrites
5 Fossil fuels form by a process known as (A) sedimentation (B) carbonification (C) combustion (D) decomposition (E) B and C, only 24. Which organisms are capable of converting ammonia to nitrates? (A) legumes (B) animals (C) denitrifying bacteria (D) nitrifying bacteria (E) flowering plants 25. Which combination correctly pairs a product from a reaction in the nitrogen cycle with a molecule synthesized by plants using that product? (A) nitrates proteins (B) ammonia carbohydrates (C) nitrogenous wastes nitrites (D) atmospheric nitrogen nitrates (E) atmospheric nitrogen ammonia 26. Saltwater intrusion can occur when (A) groundwater storage exists close to an ocean (B) human extract freshwater from the ground for use (C) precipitation and infiltration increases (D) A and B, only (E) A, B, and C 27. Water re-enters the atmosphere by the processes of (A) evaporation and precipitation (B) evaporation and transpiration (C) percolation and infiltration (D) evaporation and condensation (E) evapotranspiration and precipitation 28. Carbon exists in aquatic systems (A) in aquatic plants (B) as carbonate ions (C) as dissolved carbon dioxide (D) incorporated in the shells of organisms (E) all of the above 29. How do humans influence the carbon cycle? (A) agricultural practices (B) extracting fossil fuels from the ground (C) aquaculture (D) releasing fertilizers into the environment (E) all of the above
6 Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? (A) N 2 (B) O 2 (C) N 2O (D) NO 3 (E) HCO 3 - True or False If the statement is false, write a new statement in the same context to make it true. (Do not just negate the statement!) 31. Eutrophication is always caused by human activities. 32. The largest storage of carbon is in the oceans. 33. Burning fossil fuels only affects the carbon cycle. 34. Runoff and soil erosion are only a significant part of the water cycle. 35. Denitrification is carried out by aerobic bacteria in swampy, marshy environments. 36. Plants assimilate nitrites to make DNA and amino acids. 37. NH 3 is the chemical composition of ammonia. 38. Allotropic means nutrient-poor. 39. Natural diffusion adds dissolved CO 2 gas to the oceans % of all of the water on the Earth surface is freshwater. 41. Nitrogen is the only substance that contributes to cultural eutrophication. 42. The chemical formula for the carbonate ions dissolved in seawater is CaCO Lightning can cause nitrogen fixation. 44. Eutrophication occurs when the BOD increases and therefore dissolved oxygen in water decreases. 45. As runoff of water increases, the amount of water that infiltrates the ground decreases.
7 46. Humans contribute to the increased sulfur in the atmosphere by (A) adding hydrogen sulfide into commercial fertilizers (B) burning coal and oil to produce electric power (C) deforestation (D) producing dimethyl sulfide as a commercial fertilizer (E) being decayed by aerobic decomposers as dead matter and releasing hydrogen sulfide gas Of the following, which are commonly found in the gaseous phase? I. Carbon II. Phosphorous III. Sulfur IV. Nitrogen (A) I, II, and III only (B) I, II, and IV, only (C) I, III, and IV only (D) III and IV, only (E) I, II, III, and IV 48. Which gas pollutants from anthropogenic sources would be responsible for the formation of acid rain (acid deposition)? (A) NO 2 and N 2 (B) SO 2 and NO 2 (C) N 2 and CaCO 3 (D) NO 3 and CO 3 2- (E) PO 4 3- and CaCO Human influences have resulted in all of the following inputs of phosphorus except (A) acid rain (B) runoff from private golf courses (C) dumping of commercial fertilizer (D) discharge from a city sewer (E) runoff from commercial detergents 50. Which of the following elements would be the most influential limiting factors involving plant growth? (A) oxygen (B) phosphorus (C) hydrogen (D) calcium (E) potassium
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