Reused Water for Turf. Bernd Leinauer Professor & Extension Turfgrass Specialist New Mexico State University
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1 Reused Water for Turf Bernd Leinauer Professor & Extension Turfgrass Specialist New Mexico State University
2 STRATEGIES TO REDUCE (POTABLE) WATER CONSUMPTION ON TURF 1. Use of adapted lowwater use (turf)grass species 2. Increase irrigation efficiency 3. Irrigation with nonpotable water A golf course in Southern California uses as much water in a month as a course in Maryland would use in a year (Platt, 1994) 37% of Southwestern golf courses are irrigated with recycled water (GCSAA, 2009)
3 ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES FOR TURF IRRIGATION 1. Recycled (Effluent) Water discharge from treatment plants gray water 2. Saline Groundwater 3. Surface Water Stormwater Brackish water Sea water 4. Reversed Osmosis Concentrate (Brine) 5. Coalbed Methane Produced Water
4 Terminology Electrical conductivity (EC) [ds/m] ds/m [decisiemens m -1 ] = mmhos/cm [millimhos cm -1 ] = μmhos [micromhos cm -1 ] x 1000 Total dissolved salts (TDS) [ppm] ppm [parts per million] = mg/l [milligrams l -1 ] 1% = 10,000 ppm EC [ds/m] x 640 = TDS [ppm]
5 Water Quality Comparisons El Paso Ground Water Las Cruces Carlsbad Alamogordo Recycled Water CA Las Cruces Sea Water ph EC TDS 1,644 2,560 3,925 SAR ,217 5, ,266 1,410 34, Data from Assadian, 2006; Asano et al., 1985; Duncan et al., 2009, and Rice et al., 2000
6 Types of salts Cations: Na +, Ca + +, Mg + +, K +, NH 4 + Anions: Cl -, NO 3-, SO 4 --, BO 3 3-, CO 3 --, HCO 3 -
7 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) / adjsar SAR [ Na ] Ca 2 Mg 2 2 meq/l ppm ( mg/l) equivalent weight Equivalent weights: Na: 23 Ca: 20 Mg 12.2
8 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) RSC = (HCO 3- + CO 3 2- ) (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) Irrigation water Precipitation potential of Calcium and Magnesium carbonates at the soil surface Sodium hazard of irrig. water based on RSC (Harivandi, 1994) RSC value (meq l -1 ) < > 2.5 Na- Hazard None no precip. of carbonates Low some removal of Ca and Mg from irrig. water Medium appreciable removal of Ca and Mg from irrig. water High most/all of Ca and Mg removed as precip. from irrig. water
9 Las Cruces Recycled Water (1) EC = 2.3: SAR = 6.7: moderately saline to saline low to medium RSC = 2.7: none
10 Las Cruces Recycled Water (2) NO 3- = 2.5 mg/l = 6.75 lbs N / acre foot 48 irrigation:27 lbs N / acre & season 0.6 lbs N / 1000ft 2 PO 2-4 = below detection limit
11 Effects of salts on plants Salts in soil solution increase osmotic pressure Reduced water uptake (physiological drought), wilting and desiccation Affects nutrients balance Susceptibility to drought Reduction in top growth Tip die-back, loss of roots Death
12 Soil salinity classification Classification EC (ds/m) ph SAR ESP (%) Saline (White alkali) Sodic (Black alkali) > 4 < 8.5 < 13 < 15 < > 13 > 15 Saline-sodic > 4 < 8.5 > 13 > 15 saturated paste extract
13 Correcting salinity problems 1. Reduce salt inputs 2. Remediate saline/sodic soils: Control calcium and sodium to avoid structural problems 3. Salt tolerant grasses
14 Correcting salinity problems Reduce salt inputs Apply excess water to cause leaching: 1. Leaching requirement (LR) 2. Leaching fraction (LF) Improve drainage (infiltration and percolation) 1. Sand topdressing 2. Cultivation 3. French Drains 4. Sand capping
15 Leaching requirement LR Rhoades, 1974 ECw 5 ECTS EC W Tall fescue Bermudagrass EC TS (ds m -1 ) 7 15 EC W (ds m -1 ) 4 4 LR 0.13 (13%) 0.06 (6%) Water requirement (ET) Irrigation requirement (ET + LR) 51 37
16 Correcting salinity problems Identify problem: Is soil saline or sodic? Sodic soils Basic If clayey or loamy: stabilize structure through Gypsum (CaSO 4 ) Acidify irrigation water (e.g. sulfuric acid) Acid Lime (CaCO 3 / MgCO 3 ) Saline soils Drainage! Leaching!
17 Managing Sodic Soils Na + Na+ Na + Na + Na + Na Na Na Na + Na + Na + Na + Na Na Na Na + Na + Na + Na + Na Na + + Na + Na Ca Ca -Na- + Na Ca CaCa Ca Na + Ca Ca Ca CaCa Ca Gypsum Ca ++ SO = 4 Ca ++ SO = 4 Ca ++ SO = 4 Na + SO 4 = Na + Na + SO 4 = Na + Na + SO 4 = Na + Na + SO 4 = Na + Na + SO 4 = Na +
18 Soil type ph EC (mmhos/cm) SAR Problem Green (sand) likely
19 Soil type Green (sand) ph EC (mmhos/cm) SAR Problem unlikely
20 Soil type ph EC (mmhos/cm) SAR Problem Fairway (clay loam) Highly likely
21 Soil type Fairway (sandy clay loam) ph EC (mmhos/cm) SAR Problem Highly likely
22 Soil type ph EC (mmhos/cm) SAR Problem Green (sand) Highly likely
23 Screening for Salinity, Heat, Drought and Cold Tolerant Turfgrasses
24 Estimated Relative Salinity Tolerances 1 (Marcum, 1999) Species Disticlis sp. var. stricta Sporobolos virginicus Paspalum vaginatum Zoysia matrella, tenuifolia Puccinella spp. Grass type EC e (ds/m) for 50% growth reduction Warm >35 Warm Cool Stenotaphrum secundat. Warm 18 Cynodon spp. Warm 15 Zoysia japonica Warm 12 Agrostis stolonifera Cool 9 Festuca arundinacea Cool 7 25
25 Estimated Relative Salinity Tolerances 2 (Marcum, 1999) Common name Grass type EC e (ds/m) for 50% growth reduction Lolium perenne Cool Buchloe dactyloides Warm 5 Bouteloua spp. Warm Poa pratensis Cool Poa trivialis Festuca longifolia /elatior /ovina Lolium multiflorum Axonopus spp. Eremochloa ophiuroides Agrostis tenuis/canina Paspalum notatum Cool Cool Cool Warm Warm Cool Warm 3 2
26 Salinity Tolerance Shoot saline ion exclusion central to salinity tolerance Salt sensitive plants: accumulate saline ions to toxic levels Salt tolerant plants: excrete excess saline ions from shoots
27 Cool and Warm Season Turfgrass Quality under Saline Irrigation Grasses: Bermudagrass: 45 cvs. Zoysiagrass: 12 cvs. Seashore paspalum: 12 cvs. Tall fescue: 108 cvs. Kentucky bluegrass: 120 cvs. Irrigation Warm season: 80% / 100% ET Cool Season Tall fescue: 100% / 120% ET Kentucky bluegrass: 100% / 150% ET
28 Management of Salt Affected Sites Monitoring strategy: Soil and water testing Cultural practices: Soil cultivation Irrigation uniformity Leaching of salts: adding leaching fraction to irrigation Amendments: e.g. Gypsum (sodic soils) Grass selection
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