Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into Energy and Value Added Products

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Louisa McKenzie
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1 Third Nova Scotia Energy Research & Development Forum 2008 Antigonish, Nova Scotia Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into Energy and Value Added Products A.E. Ghaly Professor Biological and Environmental Engineering Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada May 21-22,2008

2 Energy Uses in Canada 2007 Residential 16% Industrial 38% Commercial 14% Transportation 29% Agricultural 3% Total = x Joules

3 CRUDE OIL NATURAL GAS COAL

4 Fuel Fossil Fuels Uses in Canada Amount Energy Content (Peta Joules) Oil 803 million barrels 4914 Natural Gas 3.4 trillion cubic feet 3587 Coal 31.5 million metric tonnes 923 Total Peta Joule = Joules Fossil Fuels 84.61% of Energy Demand

5 Alternative Sources Of Energy Hydro Nuclear Wind Biomass Geothermal Tidal Solar

6 Alternative (Non-conventional ) Sources Uses in Canada Source GWh Peta Joules Hydro Nuclear Wind Biomass (Wood & Others) Geothermal Tidal Solar Total Peta Joule = Joules Alternative Sources % of Energy Demand

7 Current Uses Source % Oil Natural gas Coal 8.30 Hydro Nuclear 2.31 Wind 0.81 Biomass 0.40 Geothermal 0.05 Tidal Solar Total 100

8 Need for Alternative Energy Sources No single fuel source is likely to meet future energy needs Great diversity of options is desirable Development of domestic energy reserves is a national priority Energy consumption at present levels must depend on renewable sources Minimize Environmental problems (CO 2 and So x ) Provide a continuous supply of various forms of energy

9 Can These Alternative Sources Replace Fossil Fuels?

10 Alternative Sources Of Energy Hydro Nuclear Wind Geothermal Tidal Solar ENERGY Biomass ENERGY + VALUABLE PRODUCTS

11 Energy Value added products

12 CRUDE OIL Fuels Lubricants Resins/ Adhesives Solvents Fibers/ Polymers Petroleum gas (LPGs) Gasoline Kerosene Jet fuels Diesel oil Fuel oil Poly-α-olefins Diesters Alklylated napthlenes Alkyklated benzenes Polyolesters Glycerol Epichlorohydrin Epoxy resins Polyurethane Acrylic Cyanoacrylate Paraffin wax Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol Benzene Acetone Toluene Xylenes Cyclohexane Styrene Nylon Polyvinyl chloride Acrylonitrile Polypropylene 1,3-butadiene

13 NATURAL GAS Fuels Chemical Feedstocks Fertilizer Plants Electricity generation Steel plants Automobile/ Transportation Home/commercial appliances Fuel cell Hydrogen generation Fabrics Glass Paint Plastics Urea Hydrogen Heating requirement

14 COAL Fuels Electricity generation Syngas Gasoline Diesel Methanol Chemical Feedstocks Coke Coal tar Ammonia Food preservatives Insecticides Industrial Uses Clay and glass Dyes Fertilizers Synthetic fibers Explosives Synthetic rubber

15 Biomass All organic matters (except fossil fuels) Agricultural Crops and Plant residues Forest materials Microbial mass Any other renewable residuals/by products Fish processing waste Food processing wastes Municipal solid waste Animal products/wastes

16 Agricultural Biomass Crops vs Wastes? Wheat Barley Rice Oats Rye Corn Sorghum Rape Sugar cane Corn stover Soy beans Flax Corn cobs Corn stalks Sugar cane tops Bagasses Groundnut shells Sea weeds Olive husks Cotton gin trash Wood chips Saw dust Oat hulls Rice husk

17 Biomass Fuels Agriculture (and Forestry) is an energy conversion process through photosynthesis (biomass fuels) Lower emission CO 2 nutralization Production of other value added products

18 Cereals Straws Straw 60x10 6 tons in Canada 360x10 6 tons in USA 60 80% of the straw is available Canada replaces 14% of the total energy use (1.56x10 12 MJ) 90% of coal used for power generation (0.44x10 12 MJ)

19 Emission Form District Heating (mg/mj) Fuel SO x NO x CO 2 PAH Solid particulates Unfiltered Bag Filter Ash Oil , Coal , , ,000 Natural Gas , Straw , ,000

20 Automobiles Electricity Agriculture/ forestry Power plant Biomass Transportation Alcohol plant Carbon Dioxide Cycling and Bioenergy Production

21 What are the Problems/Solutions? Sustainability of production/consumption Systems Biorefinary (Energy + Valuable products)

22 Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to obtain their own needs. Integration of environmental issues with economic development in order to meet the immediate needs of the population today without undermining the aspirations of future generations. The term includes a) fairness and interdependence between generations countries b) social, cultural, economic and natural environments

23 Sustainability Most industrial production and consumption systems are not sustainable The natural indigenous systems provide models that should be mimicked

24 Linear Mode of Industrial Production Resources Extraction Production Consumption Waste Waste Waste

25 Natural Ecosystem at Equilibrium Species interaction is common (waste of one species is the food supply for another)

26 Cycle Mode of Production Resource Extraction Limited Waste Production Residual Consumption

27 Sustainable Development (Industrial Ecology) Involves design of industrial infrastructures as they were a series of interlocking manmade ecosystems Maximizing resources use efficiency (Sustainability) Maximizing energy use efficiency (Energy) Reducing cost (Economics) Reducing risk (Environmental problems) Identifying new opportunities (Value added products)

28 Coconut Production System in Trinidad Raw Materials Copra Bleaching Earth Bottles Energy Water Oil Production System Coconut oil Waste energy Wastewater Air emissions Solid waste Free fatty acids Spent bleaching earth Shells Coconut meal Coconut husk

29 Coconut Oil Production Bleaching Earth Materials Water Copra Bottles Energy Oil Processing Operation Heat Exchange Meal Husk Shells Waste Energy Charcoal Fatty Acid Biodiesel Fuel Wastewater Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Sludge Oil Animal Feed Cushions Activated Carbon Fertilizer

30 Energy Value added products Competing uses

Anaerobic digestion Alcoholic fermentation combustion

31 The routes of Energy Recovery from Crop Residuals Biomass Biochemical Thermochemical Extraction Transesterification Anaerobic digestion Alcoholic fermentation combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Biodiesel Methane Ethanol Heat Gas Oil and Char

32 Straw Possibilities for the Extraction of Chemicals from Straw

33 Biomass Competing Uses Crop Residue Agricultural Uses Production of Energy Industrial Uses Farm Animals Agricultural Fields Organic Chemicals Building Materials Papers Feeding Animals Bedding Materials Erosion Control Incorporation into the soil Field Burning

34 Fish Processing Waste Cheese Whey

35 Fish Processing Waste Handling and Pretreatment Extraction Fish Oil Chemical Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Conventional Biodiesel Production Process from Fish Processing Waste

36 Fish Processing Waste Handling and Pretreatment Chemicals Thermal Energy Extraction Fish Oil Chemical Transesterification Environmental Problems Loss of value added Products Biodiesel Glycerol Problems Associated with Conventional Process

37 Fish Processing Waste Characterization Fish oil Neutraceuticals Collagen Protein Amino acids Enzymes Handling and Pretreatment Extraction Fish Oil Chemical Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Characterization of Fish Processing Waste

fatty acids carotonoids, isoflavones, lutein Biological Transesterification Low energy requirement

38 Fish Processing Waste Characterization Fish Meal Handling and Pretreatment Collagen Proteins Amino acids Fish silage Extraction Fish Oil Proteases, lipases, collagenases Nutraceuticals omega-3 fatty acids carotonoids, isoflavones, lutein Biological Transesterification Low energy requirement High quality glycerol Biodiesel Glycerol Extraction of high value co-products from fish processing waste

Fish Processing Waste Characterization Fish Meal Handling and Pretreatment Collagen Proteins Amino acids Fish silage Extraction Fish Oil Proteases, lipases, collagenases Nutraceuticals omega-3 fatty

39 Fish Processing Waste Characterization Fish Meal Handling and Pretreatment Collagen Proteins Amino acids Fish silage Extraction Fish Oil Proteases, lipases, collagenases Nutraceuticals omega-3 fatty acids carotonoids, isoflavones, lutein Biological Transesterification Biodiesel Glycerol Fermentation Hydrogen Ethanol Dihydroxyacetone Lactic acid Methanol 1,2-propanediol 1,3-propanediol Production of value added products from glycerol

40 Cheese Manufacturing Canada Cheese Manufacturing (10 kg milk) Cheese Whey (9 kg) Biogas Ethanol Organic Acids Cheese (1 kg) Biodegradable Plastics Chemical Industry Anti-icing Agents Single Cell Protein Human Food Animal Feed Pharmaceutical

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER Biomass is a source of renewable energy which is biological material derived from living or recently living organisms such as wood, waste and alcohol fuels.