Warm Up Exercise. Based on your knowledge of the carbon cycle, what do you think might happen if vast areas of forest are cleared?

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1 Warm Up Exercise Based on your knowledge of the carbon cycle, what do you think might happen if vast areas of forest are cleared?

2 The Role of Climate Weather- the day-to-day condition of Earth s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate- the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.

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4 Latitude and Climate Earth has 3 main climate zones Polar Zones- cold areas where the sun s rays strike Earth at a very low angle (located near North and South poles) Temperate Zones- sit between the polar zones and tropics (climates in these zones range from hot to cold, depending on the season) Tropical Zone- near the equator (receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round making the climate almost always warm)

5 Heat Transport The unequal heating of Earth s surface drives wind and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere.

6 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Habitat- the area where an organism lives. Biotic Factors- biological influences on organisms in an ecosystem. Abiotic Factors- physical or nonliving factors that shape ecosystems. Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism.

7 The Niche Niche- the physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way the organism functions under those conditions. Includes: what the organism eats, how it obtains food, what other organism eat it, physical condition needed for survival, when and how it reproduces, etc.

8 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Feeding height (m) 6 Bay-Breasted Warbler Cape May Warbler 0 Yellow-Rumped Warbler

9 Community Interactions Competition- organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Predation- an interaction in which one organism feeds on another organism.

10 Community Interactions (cont.) Symbiosis- any relationship in which two species live closely together. Mutualism- both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism- one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism- one organism live son or inside another organism (host) and harms it.

11 Ecological Succession Ecological Succession- series of predictable changes that occurs in an ecosystem over time. Primary Succession- occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Secondary Succession- community interactions restore the ecosystem to its original conditions.

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13 Exit Slip How are the three types of symbiotic relationships similar? How are they different?

14 Student Presentations-Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Desert Temperate Grassland Marine Ecosystems Northwestern Coniferous Forest Temperate Forest Boreal Forest Tundra Freshwater Ecosystems Estuaries Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

15 Warm Up Exercise Name the three types of symbiotic relationships and the differences between them.

16 Characteristics of Populations Geographic Distribution- the area inhabited by a population. Population Density- the number of individuals per unit area.

17 Population Growth 3 factors affect population size: number of births number of deaths number of individuals that enter or leave a population Immigration- the movement of individuals into an area. (increase population) Emigration- the movement of individuals out of an area. (decrease population)

18 Exponential Growth Occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. Produces a J-shaped curve.

19 Logistic Growth As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops. Logistic growth follows a period of exponential growth. Produces an SCarrying Capacity- the largest shaped curve. number of individuals that a given environment can support.

20 Limiting Factors Limiting Factors- a factor that causes population growth to decrease. Density Dependent Factors- become limiting only when the population density reaches a certain level. Ex: competition, predation, parasitism, disease Density Independent Factors- affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size. Ex: unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, and human activities

21 Warm Up - Clickers What is the shape of an exponential growth curve? S shaped J shaped The number of individuals a given environment can support is called: Limiting Nutrient Density Dependent Factor Density Independent Factor Carrying Capacity Emigration is when: Individuals leave an area Individuals come into a new area

22 Human Population Growth The size of human population tends to increase with time. Demography- the scientific study of human populations.

23 Patterns of Population Growth Demographic Transition- a dramatic change in birth and death rates. Age Structure Diagrams- population profile Shows the population of a country broken down by gender and age group.

24 Age-Structure Diagrams U.S. Population Rwandan Population Percentage of Population Percentage of Population

25 Warm Up Exercise List the levels of biological organization in order from smallest to largest. What is the greenhouse effect?

26 Human Activities Human activities greatly affect the environment. Hunting and Gathering- early hunters and gatherers caused a mass extinction of animals.

27 Human Activities Agriculture- humans began growing crops and raising livestock and horses. This provided humans with a dependable supply of food. Monoculture- large fields are planted with a single crop year after year. The Green Revolution- agricultural advances that greatly increased the world s food supply

28 Human Activities Industrial Growth and Urban Developmentthese processes pollute air, water, and soil. Dense human communities produce waste that must be disposed of. Suburban growth consumes farmland and places stress on natural habitats.

29 Warm Up Exercise What percentage of energy is passed on to the next trophic level? What happens to the rest of the energy? What is the demographic transition?

30 Biodiversity Biodiversity- the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere. Ecosystem Diversity Species Diversity Genetic Diversity

31 Threats to Biodiversity Human activity can reduce biodiversity by: Altering habitats Hunting species to extinction Introducing toxic compounds into food webs Introducing foreign species to new environments.

32 Pollution Biological Magnificationconcentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain/web.

33 Introduced Species Invasive Species- plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native. Reproduce rapidly because they lack predators that control their population.

34 Conserving Biodiversity Conservation- the wise management of natural resources.

35 What is a niche? Warm Up What types of organisms would you find in the photic zone? In the aphotic zone?

36 The Ozone Layer Ozone Layer- layer of atmosphere with a high concentration of ozone gas (O 3 ). Absorbs harmful UV radiation before it reaches Earth. (global sunscreen) Gases called CFC s (chlorofluorocarbons) damage the ozone layer.

37 Global Climate Change Global Warming- increase in average temperature of the biosphere. Evidence: melting of polar ice caps. Question: is the current warming trend part of a natural cycle of climate change, or due to human activities? Prediction: increased CO 2 levels are causing increase in temperature.

38 Global Climate Change Problems: melting ice caps may cause sea levels to rise, flooding coastal areas and affecting nearby ecosystems and human communities. Warmer temperatures may cause drought that affects growing seasons in many areas.

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