Overview of ISGS Remediation Technology. Jim Mueller, PhD FMC Corporation

Transcription

1 Overview of ISGS Remediation Technology Jim Mueller, PhD FMC Corporation

2 The NAPL Challenge Secondary Sources Primary Sources - Excavation and Disposal $100 to $250/yd 3 Secondary Sources More Challenging >$250/yd 3

3 ISGS Chemistry ISGS solution is a proprietary blend of permanganate and mineral salts that form a stable mineral precipitate In the presence of an organic compound (R), MnO 4 reactions yield an oxidized intermediate (Rox) or CO 2, plus MnO 2. R + MnO 4 - MnO 2 + CO 2 or Rox

4 Birnessite is an oxide of Mn and Mg along with Na, Ca and K with the composition: (Na,Ca,K)(Mg,Mn)Mn 6 O 14.5H 2 O

5 Non-Treated Soil ISGS Treated Soil

6 Treated Soil Core Close-up Showing ISGS Crust or Coating and NAPL Ganglia Likely NAPL ISGS coating Soil Grain Epoxy (open pore space) Conclusion: Soil grains and NAPL blobs coated with ISGS crust

7 Contaminant Flux Definition (Enfield, 2001) Pre-Remediation: A A Control Plane Contaminant Flux (Jc) Most contaminated Source Zone B A A Least contaminated Post-Remediation: Contaminant Flux (Jc) B B Control Plane Control Plane Contaminant flux = f (HS, DS) HS - hydrodynamic structure DS DNAPL architecture

8 ISGS Potential Advantages Rapid reaction yields reduced aquifer permeability and COI flux in days Applicable to wide range of organic and inorganic COIs Simple systems depending on site conditions Little waste disposal Relatively low cost for localized source areas Long term (est. >15 years) Logical alternative to mass removal

9 Field Pilot Tests Results Gainesville, FL

10 Cabot Carbon / Koppers Superfund Site, Gainesville, FL 90 acre site Pump & treat in place Secondary NAPL issues

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13 DIP Parameter Value Treatment area 2,000 ft 2 Thickness of treatment interval (conservatively assumes 8-28 ft bgs) 20 ft Soil density (estimated) 94.4 lbs/ft 3 Soil mass within treatment area 3,778,000 lbs MnO 4 to soil mass 3.2 g MnO 4 / kg soil Mass NaMnO 4 required for test plot 14,400 lbs Soil NOD 122 g MnO 4 / Kg soil Application rate 10 % of soil pore vol Total volume 4.5% solution to inject 6,200 USG Number of injection points 10 Volume 4.5% solution per point 620 USG Volume 4.5% NaMnO 4 solution IP 155 USG

14 Direct Push Injections

15 ISGS Sealed Vertical Migration Pathways 4.5% ISGS solution has specific gravity of 1.05 to 1.10 Most visual evidence of reagent along clay aquitard at ca. 28 ft bgs However, ISGS reagents found its way through clay suggesting preferential pathway created by creosote

16 RESULTS - NAPL Monitoring Wells Monitoring Well Pre-Injection Post-Injection NISBS- 1 NAPL stain NISBS-2 NAPL stain TIP-3 ND ND TIP-4 ND ND UGH Recovery NAPL No NAPL No measurable free-phase NAPL in any of the monitoring wells.

17 Total PAH Concentrations in Soil 6 cores (3 sections) before treatment 6 cores (2 depths) after treatment DIP area: 11% reduction TIP area: 50% reduction Best matched cores: dropped from 7,250 mg/kg to 3,600 mg/kg PAH concentrations in soil reduced by up to 50% within 3 months.

18 PAH Concentrations in Soil Leachate 6 cores (3 sections) before treatment 6 cores (2 depths) after treatment DIP area: 71% reduction TIP area: 98% reduction Best matched cores: dropped from 11,700 mg/l to 560 mg/l PAH leachate concentrations dropped by up to 98% reduction in within 3 months.

19 Field Pilot Tests Results Dolomite, AL

20 Woodward Coke Site Overview Coal Tar Site Traditional 5 point injection scheme Fractured Bedrock / Karst Geology Target interval feet below grade 10,000 lbs 4.5% solution 4 Drums to 1,000 gallons of water for ~1% injection solution Average 20 PSI injection pressure. Permitted up to 50 PSI. Average 1,000 gallons in 1 hour 15 minutes (~13 gpm)

21 ISGS Injection Dolomite, AL

22 ISGS Field Data Decrease in K Values Woodward Coke Site Dolomite, AL 2 years post ISGS injection 1-2 log decrease in values No NAPL in MW

23 ISGS Material Cost Field Applications Denver, CO Dolomite, AL Gainesville, FL TOD = 18 g/kg TOD = 1 g/kg TOD = 122 g/kg Dense Alluvium Injection Wells Fractured Karst Push-Pull Sand/Silt Direct Push and Injection wells 1,273 m 3 area 3% solutions 1,850 USG/IP 2-5 gpm (20 psi) Cost = $40-50/m 3 $31-38/yd 3 1,500 m 3 soil area 1% solutions 20,000 USG 13 gpm (20-50 psi) Cost = $45-50/m 3 $34-38/yd 3 1,415 m 3 soil 4.5 % solutions 620 USG/DIP 2-5 gpm (<50 psi) Cost = $60-75/m 3 $50-60/yd 3

24 ISGS Summary

25 ISGS - A Tool for the NAPL Tool Box ISGS can help address DNAPL Challenges Immobilizes DNAPL surface Reduces near field permeability Reduces flux of constituents into GW Enhances natural attenuation potential of GW

26 Regulatory Issues for Full-Scale Applications Crust Longevity Effect of change in Eh on crust weathering Validate models Mineralogy Performance Monitoring What to monitor? How to monitor? In situ velocity flow sensors? Flux reduction?

27 Crust Longevity Crust longevity will be dependent on the ph and Eh at the site More soluble The theoretical maximum is 400 years, we have estimated crust lives of years at sites Eh-pH diagram from Hem (1985)

28 ISGS Experience Active Wood Treating Site Denver, CO Superfund Site Site COI / Environmental Setting ISGS Approach / Status Phase separated creosote (PAHs) and pentachlorophenol (penta). Consolidated shallow alluvium. KMnO 4 (no catalysts; no buffer) successful bench and pilot studies completed; full-scale application completed (Active) Wood Treating Site Gainesville Florida Superfund Site Phase separated creosote (PAHs). Sand silt environment, 5 to 22 ft bgs. NaMnO 4 (catalyzed, buffered) completed bench-scale engineering optimization tests; Pilot-scale technology validation performed in January Full-scale application recommended as part of the final design. Former Wood Treating Site Montgomery, AL Former Wood Treating Site Cape Fear, NC Former American Creosote Works Winnfield, Louisiana Former Wood Treating Site Sand Point, ID Former Wood Treating Site Netherlands Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Field Scale application completed One to two orders of magnitude reduction in permeability. Conceptual design completed. Engineering optimization bench work completed. Engineering optimization bench work completed; Field Pilot Completed Q3 2010; monitoring in progress Engineering optimization bench work in progress; Field Pilot scheduled for Q2 2011

29 ISGS Experience (continued) Site COI / Environmental Setting ISGS Approach / Status Former Coke Manufacturing Site South Eastern USA Manufactured Gas Plant Dover, NJ Manufactured Gas Plant, Indiana Former Wood Treating Site Montgomery, AL Manufactured Gas Plant Ferndale Michigan Fuel Terminal MASSPORT Fuel Terminals El Paso Energy Manufactured Gas Plant New York Manufactured Gas Plant Burlington, Iowa Phase separated creosote / tar (PAHs) in fractured limestone. 15,700 ft 3 treated from 28 to 30 ft bgs. Phase separated coal tars; goal is to reduce COC flux and EPR. Phase separated coal tars; goal is to reduce COC flux and facilitate EPR. Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Phase separated coal tars Phase separated hydrocarbons NaMnO 4 (catalyzed, buffered) completed bench-scale engineering optimization tests; Full-scale technology implementation completed spring 2007 Engineering optimization bench work completed Engineering optimization bench work completed Field Scale application completed One to two orders of magnitude reduction in permeability in Karst Engineering optimization bench work completed; Pilot scheduled for Q Engineering optimization bench work completed; Field work pending Phase separated hydrocarbons Field Pilot completed Q monitoring in progress Phase separated coal tars Engineering optimization bench work completed; Field work pending Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Engineering optimization bench work pending; Field pilot pending

30 ISGS Experience (continued) Former Wood Treating Site, Nashua, NH Manufactured Gas Plant New Jersey Fuel Terminal Philadelphia, PA Site COI / Environmental Setting ISGS Approach / Status Phase separated creosote (PAHs) Engineering optimization bench work completed Field Pilot planned for Q Phase separated coal tars Full scale application completed Q3 2013; effective NAPL stabilization within 2 weeks Phase separated hydrocarbons Engineering optimization bench work completed Field Pilot completed Q Industrial Process Area, Europe Creosote and PCBs Engineering optimization bench work planned for Q1 2014

31 FMC and ISGS are trademarks of FMC Corporation or its subsidiaries FMC Corporation.