Nutrient Cycles. & how Humans impact nutrient cycling. Accel Bio. Where do energy & nutrients come from?

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1 Nutrient Cycles & how Humans impact nutrient cycling Accel Bio Where do energy & nutrients come from? What are nutrients? What else do organisms need to survive and grow? Organisms need, Energy, water and a number of key elements like, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and. hydrogen How do organisms get all of the above?

2 Energy Flows, Nutrients Cycle Energy enters the biosphere continually from. the SUN However, all the water and matter (the stuff) organisms need to survive already exists in the biosphere -- it simply gets reused over and over. If the water & matter we need to live wasn t, recycled we would eventually run out. We have no other source of these things entering the biosphere. So the recycling of matter is very important. How does matter get recycled? A variety of ways The Water Cycle Atmospheric water vapor (13) Condensation Condensation Water content of oceans (1,380,000) Water content of sedimentary rocks near earth s surface (210,000) # s in parentheses indicate amount of water as billion billion (10 18 ) grams/yr

3 Water Cycles Through the Biosphere 1a: Liquid water in rivers, lakes & oceans evaporates as it turns into water vapor (gas). 1b: Water vapor is also released from plants during transpiration. 2: Water vapor in atmosphere condenses to form clouds (liquid again). 3: Water returns to earth during precipitation. 4: Precipitation over land may runoff into bodies of water or infiltrate the soil and percolate into the ground to become groundwater (which is stored in aquifers). 5: Water in ground is absorbed by plants through roots. Surface water & groundwater flows to ocean. Now go back to the beginning Water Cycle is Affected by Human Action Clearing vegetation from land for agriculture, mining, road & building construction often increases runoff and can reduce infiltration that recharges underground water supplies Use of groundwater for irrigation increases evaporation over land and depletes groundwater supplies (aquifer depletion). Ex) Ogallala aquifer (world s largest known aquifer) Found under parts of WY, SD, NE, KA, CO, OK, NM, TX Used to irrigate vast areas of arid high-plains prairie into one of largest, most-productive agricultural regions in US (produces 1/5 of US agricultural output) In some areas, water is being pumped out 8-10 times faster than the (slow) natural recharge rate

4 Ogallala Aquifer These maps can be misleading remember that aquifers are UNDERGROUND (these look like inland seas). Carbon Cycle Decomposers (bacteria in soil & others) Dead Plants and Animals

5 Carbon: From Air to Organism Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in air is used by plants during. photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O + sunlight! C 6 H 12 O O 2 Carbon moves from CO 2 in atmosphere into sugars in plants. Carbon: From Organism to Air Organic compounds (like C 6 H 12 O 6 ) in plants, animals and microbes are used ( burned ) as an energy source. This process, which organisms carry out to release energy from their food, is called. cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2! 6 CO H 2 O + ATP (chemical energy) CO 2 As part of this process, waste is released.

6 Other Ways Carbon Circulates (including Human Impact) Burning of forests or other organic matter releases CO and CO 2 into the atmosphere. coal oil Burning of fossil fuels (,, ) natural gas for industry, transportation, and municipal energy production also releases CO and CO 2. Anaerobic bacteria (like those in mammalian digestive systems) produce methane gas (CH 4 ) as a byproduct of their metabolism. %20coach%20trips.htm! Carbon Cycle Decomposers (bacteria in soil & others)" Dead Plants and Animals"

7 Nitrogen Cycle Ammonia (NH 3 ) taken in by legumes! Dead Plants & Animals! Decomposers! Nitrogen: From Air to Soil Why do organisms need nitrogen? Molecular nitrogen gas (N 2 ) in atmosphere not directly usable by most organisms 1: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume root nodules and in soil fix nitrogen, converting N 2 into ammonium (NH 4+ ) Clover root nodules inhabited by Rhizobium bacteria

8 Nitrogen: From Soil to Plant 2: Some ammonium in soil is used directly by plants (absorbed through roots) to make, plant proteins but many plants still cannot use this form of nitrogen. 3: Most ammonium in soil is converted to nitrite (NO 2- ) and then nitrate (NO 3- ) by nitrifying bacteria. 4: Nitrate (NO 3- ) is the form of nitrogen that most plants can absorb (through roots) and use to make. plant proteins Nitrogen: From Plant to Animal to Soil Again! 5: Animals get their nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. 6: Plants & animals die, are broken down by decomposing bacteria, producing ammonium (NH 4+ ) in the soil again. Guess what can happen to this NH + 4 now? can be assimilated (taken in & used) by Plants to make Proteins can be used by Nitrifying Bacteria & converted to Nitrate

9 Nitrogen: From Soil to Air again 7: Denitrifying bacteria in soil convert nitrites & nitrates to molecular nitrogen gas This is especially true in low O 2 conditions Implications for farmers? Other Factors in the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation also occurs in some amount due to lightening strikes Nitrogen compounds also released into atmosphere by volcanoes

10 Nitrogen Cycle Dead Plants & Animals! Decomposers! Ammonia (NH 3 )! Eutrophication as a process:

11 Human Effects on Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen oxides emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels (from industry, transportation) Excess nitrogen compounds released into environment via improper disposal of livestock waste/manure (think pig poop) or even untreated human sewage Nitrate and phosphate-rich fertilizers used heavily in agriculture ==> can lead to eutrophication (enrichment of a previously limiting nutrient) of freshwater ecosystems due to fertilizer-contaminated runoff from farmland. What s so bad about this? Let s see Eutrophication Effects (in pictures) Also check out: wiki/eutrophication

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