Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content. 20 April Alan R.

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1 Extending Financing Strategy Methodology and Feasible tool to the RWSS Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content 20 April 2005 by Alan R. Jacobsen Senior Water Engineer 1

2 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Project Steps in Implementation Data collection and review Review and identification of relevant projects which can provide data on rural water and sanitation technologies and their costs Compilation of data base of technologies technological overview Rural cost functions Bottom-up development of cost functions Participation in expert workshop where cost functions are presented and review by external experts. Calibration of cost functions Revision and finalisation of cost functions Integration of cost functions in FEASIBLE Design of rural water and sanitation components for FEASIBLE 2 integration Programming of rural water and sanitation component Test of revised and extended FEASIBLE model Preparation of user guide for stand-alone model or revision and preparation of documentation annexes to be integrated in FEASIBLE manual 2

3 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Data Base Report Content (act as a guide/manual to RWSS Feasible): 1. Introduction 2. Technological Options Water Supply/Sanitation Key factor influence the choice of technological options Description of technology Related site works Expected lifetime Experience with option Operation and Maintenance Unit cost 3

4 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Unit Cost Technology Handpump Capital Cost EUR Annual O&M Cost EUR/year Replacement Cost EUR/year Total Cost Cost/cap 4

5 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Technological Option Overview Water Supply Non-piped WS (decentralised system) Rainwater collection Protected dug-wells Protected spring Borehole with handpump Piped WS (centralised system) Protected spring box/intake with gravity piped system Boreholes with piped system with and without treatment River intake with gravity/pumped piped system with treatment 5

6 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Water Supply Service Level Piped Water Supply Non-piped Water Supply House Connections Private Connections Yard Taps Standposts Handpumps, rainwater collection Improved Community Supply Dug-wells, Springs 6

7 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Ggg 7

8 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Spring Box 8

9 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Technological Option Overview - Sanitation On-site sanitation Simple pit latrine Improved pit latrines Pour flush latrine Septic tank Off-site sanitation Sewerage interceptor tanks Simplified sewerage with and without treatment Conventional sewerage with and without treatment 9

10 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Corresponding Water and Sanitation Service Levels Water Supply Service Level House Connections Yard Taps Standposts/Handpumps Service Level Options for Sanitation Waterborne Sewerage (only large towns) Septic Tanks Septic Tanks Improved Pit Latrines Improved Pit Latrines 10

11 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Improved (ventilated) pit latrine 11

12 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Technological Overview Water Supply Sanitation Water Supply Structures Sanitation Structures Technology Variance/source Type of Supply Service Level Options Structures to be Implemented Structures to be Implemented Simple pit latrine Ventilated pit latrine Sanplat latrine Pour-flush latrine Rainwater One tap Improved latrine Storage Protected spring Protected spring - one tap Protected Spring Handpump Hand dug well Hand dug well Hand augered well Handpump -do- Hand augered well Handpump Pits unlined Borehole Non-piped supply Borehole Pits lined Handpump with small reservoir Hand dug well Hand dug well Hand augered well Small reservoir -do- Hand augered well Borehole Borehole Superstructure with sanplat Small pipe system, spring with gravity Spring box Reservoir Standpost supply Superstructure with ventilation Pipe Small pipe system, spring with -dopumped supply Small Piped One tap/standpost Small piped system, well with Hand dug well Supply Hand dug well Pump handpump Hand augered well Hand augered well Piped supply from protected spring with gravity supply Surface water, River intake with gravity supply Piped supply, borehole(s) with pump Piped supply, surface water with treatment Borehole Protected Spring Stream/river no treatment Borehole with treatment Slow sand filter Pre-treatment+slow sand filter Full treatment Piped system Multi-tap standpost Yardtap housecon nection -do- plus On-site septic tank Simplified sewerage Condominal sewerage Sewered interceptor tanks Conventional Sewerage Borehole Protected Spring Stream/river no treatment Borehole with treatment Pump Pipes Reservoir Multi-tap standpost Yardtap Houseconnection Septic tanks Small pipe network Pipe network Tank and pipes Pipe network and manholes Treatment 12

13 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Technologies Water Supply Sanitation Technology Variance/source Type of Supply Service Level Options Service Level Options Rainwater One tap Simple pit latrine Ventilated pit latrine Sanplat latrine Pour-flush latrine Protected spring Handpump Handpump with small reservoir Small pipe system, spring with gravity supply Small pipe system, spring with pumped supply Small piped system, well with handpump Piped supply from protected spring with gravity supply Surface water, River intake with gravity supply Hand dug well Hand augered well Borehole Hand dug well Hand augered well Borehole Protected Spring Protected Spring Hand dug well Hand augered well Borehole Protected Spring Stream/river no treatment Non-piped supply Small Piped Supply Protected spring - one tap Handpump Small reservoir One tap/standpost Improved latrine -do- -do- -do- -do- plus On-site septic tank Piped supply, borehole(s) with pump Piped supply, surface water with treatment Borehole with treatment Slow sand filter Pretreatment+slow Full treatment Piped system Multi-tap standpost Yardtap housecon nection Simplified sewerage Condominal sewerage Sewered interceptor tanks Conventional Sewerage 13

14 Database on rural water supply and sanitation technologies (local solution): Structure and Content Water Supply Structures Sanitation Structures Structures Structures to be Implemented Gutter, Storage Structures to be Implemented Hand dug well Hand augered Borehole Hand dug well Hand augered well Borehole Protected Spring Handpump Protected Spring Reservoir Standpost Pits lined? Pipe Superstructure with ventilation Hand dug well Pump Hand augered Borehole Spring Box Pipes Reservoir Stream/river no treatment Borehole with treatment Piped supply, surface water with treatment Pump Multi-tap standpost Yardtap Houseconnection Septic tanks Small pipe network Pipe network Tank and pipes Treatment Pipe network and manholes 14

15 Deriving Cost Functions for Rural WSS Technologies and Extending the FEASIBLE Tool Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices 20 April 2005 by Alan R. Jacobsen Senior Water Engineer 15

16 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Overall Structure of Cost Elements in Technological Options Water Supply Cost Function Component Source Abstraction Transmission Treatment Pumping Reservoir Distribution Point of Use Pipe Pipe Roof "Tap" Dug well, handpump "Tap" Handpumps Handpump Protected Spring Tap/standpost Spring Box (+) + Tap/standpost Borehole + + (+) (+) (+) (+) Standpost, yard tap, house connection Surface water intake (+) + + Standpost, yard tap, house connection 16

17 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices How to obtain the most precise cost estimate? Concentrate on: Assessment of present and future level of service (technological options, demand etc.); Development of robust cost function with focus on major cost elements (60-70% of water supply cost are related to pipe systems!); Introduce variable cost/design elements which can vary between area/regions/countries changing of default values; Cost/price correction to local price level 17

18 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Cost Functions Supply Water Rainwater: unit cost per house Dug well: unit cost per house/? Handpump: Function variable borehole depth Springs: Function - cost per m3/day Borehole: Function Cost: f (depth of borehole, yield m3/h) Pipe system: Transmission main: Function Cost: f (mean diameter) x length (variable) Distribution pipes: Function Cost: f (mean diameter) x f (length (Pop. density) Service connections: Default value of 15 m Treatment: Function - cost per m3/day Pumping: Function - cost per m3/day or KW installed Reservoir: Function - cost per m3/day (50% of peak demand variable) Point of use: unit cost per connection type 18

19 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Cost of Distribution Pipes Mean diameter= (10.63*(1/S)*((m3/day/hours/3600/Cfactor)^1.85))^(1/4.86)*1000 Default values: Hydraulic energy slope (S), C-pipe friction factor Length of distribution pipe= (191*(pop/pop/ha)^0.92) Cost= (0.0009*(d mean ) *(d mean ))*f (pipe length) Further consideration: Length of pipe network for distribution need to consist of population density/area and also plot size, or also lay-out of town; Core and fringe area with standposts. Cost per m pipe in EUR Cost of pipes y = x x R 2 = Mean Dia. (mm) 19

20 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Cost Level and Price Correction to Local Prices Cost function based on international prices, and what is international prices? Depending on location, tender form, tender size, complexity etc.; Will use average estimated prices. 20

21 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices How to correct to local price level? Propose to use the Feasible model approach ; Adjustment for own contribution rural population own contribution non direct project cost. International Components Land Power Fuel Labour Professional Equipment Building and construction material % % % % % % % % Local Components Other cost % % % % % % % % Corrections factor Landlocal/landint. etc etc etc etc etc etc etc 21

22 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Model Structure Water Supply Sanitation INPUT Input Form - Existing situation - Future targets Main Input Form - Technologies - Treatment options Default Values - Lcd - Household seize - Pop/handpump - Peak factors - Depth of borehole - Yields of boreholes - Population density - Unit costs - etc. INPUT Input Form - Existing situation - Future targets Main Input Form - Technologies - Treatment options Cost Functions Cost Water Supply Cost Sanitation 22

23 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Input Form 1 Water Supply Phases Planning Year Non-improved supply Rainwater Dug well and HP Protected spring and tap Borehole and HP Existing 2005 Present OK 2005 Future 2010 New Construction - 30% 5% 20% 25% 20% 0% 3% 2% 18% 18% 0% 4% 8% 20% 22% 0% 1% 6% 2% 4% Sanitation Phases Planning Year Non-improved Sanitation Simple Pit Latrine Improved Latrine Pour Flush Latrine On site septic tank Existing 2005 Present OK 2005 Future 2010 New Construction - 30% 5% 5% 25% 35% 0% 8% 0% 18% 30% 0% 4% 8% 16% 22% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 23

24 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Water Supply Main Input Form 2 Water Supply Technological Options Water Supply Connection Type Total Population Served with Improved Water Supply Population Served with New Construction Nonimproved supply Rainwater Dug well and HP Protected spring and tap Borehole and HP Piped system, protected spring, gravity pipe, reservoir Piped system, boreholes, pumps Piped system, boreholes, pumps, reservoir Piped system, surface water, gravity, reservoir Piped system, surface water, pumps, reservoir % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd Total Tap % % 30 Handpump % % 30 Standpost % 40 20% 40 20% 40 20% 40 20% 40 Yard Tap % 50 40% 50 40% 50 40% 50 40% 50 House connection % % % % % 100 Water Treatment Technologies No treatment Groundwater treatment Surface water treatment 1% 2% 10% 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 24

25 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Sanitation Main Input Form 3 Sanitation Sanitation Technologies Water Supply Connection Type Wastewater Treatment Technologies Population Served with New Construction Nonimproved Sanitation Simple Pit Latrine Improved Latrine Pour Flush Latrine On site septic tank Sewered interceptor tanks +/- treatment Simplified sewerage +/- treatment Convention al sewerage +/- treatment Tap 66 Handpump 4 Standpost 54 Yard Tap 122 House connection 100 No treatment Sandfilter/reed bed Stabilisation ponds M&B treatment 20% 20% 30% 5% 15% 10% 0% 10% 5% 5% 5% 0% 0% 0% 30% 30% 20% 5% 10% 5% 0% 2% 3% 5% 30% 40% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 40% 10% 0% 5% 10% 2% 4% 5% 40% 5% 6% 40% 6% 8% 30% 25

26 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Default Values and Variables Default Values General Default Values Present Target Year Demand Connection Type Lcd lcd Rainwater-tap 30 Dug-well, HP 30 Spring-tap 30 Borehole-Hp 30 Standpost 40 Yard Tap 100 House connection 150 Disharge Factor Sewerage Interceptor 0.9 Simplified Sewerage 0.6 Conventional Sewerage 0.9 Household-water Pop/units Taps 6 Handpumps 6 SP 250 Yard Connection 18 House Connection 6 Household-Sanitation Simple Pit Latrine 6 Improved Latrine 6 Pour Flush Latrine 6 On site septic tank 6 Peak Demand Factor Peak-day 2 26

27 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Water Supply default Values Default Values Population served Dug Wells 6 Borehole/Hp 30 Average Depth in m Cap.m3/day Transmission Length -m Borehole/Hp Borehole Spring 1000 Spring, Gravity 1000 Surface Water 1000 Reservoir Capacity for peak day Steel-elevated demand tank 50% yes Core Area (Ha) SP Area Population Density Pop. In % in Area 50% 50% Open Closed Treatment, groundwater 0% 100% Treatment, surface water Yes - Treatment, spring No - 27

28 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Input Form 1(for translation only) Water Supply Phases Planning Year Non-improved supply Rainwater Dug well and HP Protected spring and tap Borehole and HP Existing 2005 Present OK 2005 Future 2010 New Construction - 30% 5% 20% 25% 20% 0% 3% 2% 18% 18% 0% 4% 8% 20% 22% 0% 1% 6% 2% 4% Sanitation Phases Planning Year Non-improved Sanitation Simple Pit Latrine Improved Latrine Pour Flush Latrine On site septic tank Existing 2005 Present OK 2005 Future 2010 New Construction - 30% 5% 5% 25% 35% 0% 8% 0% 18% 30% 0% 4% 8% 16% 22% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 28

29 Deriving cost function for RWSS and price correction to total prices Water Supply Main Input Form 2 /for translation only) Number of Towns Average Population Water Supply Technological Options Water Supply Connection Type Total Population Served with Improved Water Supply Population Served with New Construction Nonimproved supply Rainwater Dug well and HP Protected spring and tap Borehole and HP Piped system, protected spring, gravity pipe, reservoir Piped system, boreholes, pumps Piped system, boreholes, pumps, reservoir Piped system, surface water, gravity, reservoir Piped system, surface water, pumps, reservoir % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd % Lcd Total Tap % % 30 Handpump % % 30 Standpost % 40 20% 40 20% 40 20% 40 20% 40 Yard Tap % % % % % 100 House connection % % % % % 150 Control 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Water Treatment Technologies No treatment 10% 10% 10% 0% 0% Groundwater treatment Surface water treatment 2% 10% 10% 0% 0% 29

Appendix 3: Documentation of Expenditure Functions - Wastewater

A3-1 Appendix 3: Documentation of Expenditure Functions - Wastewater S:\Applic\NMCB\Tf 2003-2006\Finance\Rural cost functions\rural cost functions_final OUTPUTS\UserManual\Rural_cost_functions_database\Feasible_Rural_Costfunctions_WW_Annexdoc