Mike Cahn, Laura Murphy, Richard Smith, Tim Hartz UCCE Monterey and UCD Plant Science
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1 Fertilizer Value of Nitrogen in Irrigation Water for Coastal Vegetable Production Mike Cahn, Laura Murphy, Richard Smith, Tim Hartz UCCE Monterey and UCD Plant Science
2 Acknowledgements Staff research assistants: Laura Murphy, Trisha Love, Barry Farrara, Tom Lockhart CDFA FREP California Leafy Green Research Board USDA-ARS (Sharon Benzen, David Lara, Jim McCreight) Sakata Seeds, Enza Seeds
3 SWRCB SBX2 1 Pump and fertilize was proposed as a partial solution for remediating nitrate contamination of ground water Harter and Lund 2012
4 How much fertilizer credit should be taken for nitrogen in well water? Does the volume of applied water affect N recovery? Is there a minimum concentration of nitrate in water that has fertilizer value? Does the form of N (nitrate vs ammonium) affect recovery?
5 Replicated Trials USDA-ARS Spence Research Farm Chualar sandy loam soil Well water (2 to 3 ppm NO 3 -N) Iceberg lettuce (cv. Telluride), broccoli (cv. Patron) 2 lettuce trials: summer and fall harvests; 1 broccoli trial: fall harvest N at planting (anti-crustant) Plots = 45 ft x 4 beds (40 inch width)
6 Water N treatments were applied by drip # Treatment Description 1 Unfertilized control (approximately 2 PPM NO 3 -N in the irrigation water) 2 Standard Fertilizer (150 lb N/Acre applied in 5 weekly fertigations of AN20) 3 12 PPM NO 3 -N in irrigation water 4 22 PPM NO 3 -N in irrigation water 5 42 PPM NO 3 -N in irrigation water 6 42 PPM mineral N (12 PPM NO 3 -N and 30 PPM NH 4 -N in irrigation water)
7 Irrigation Manifold for Simulating Water with Varying Concentrations of Nitrate Nitrogen salts: Calcium Nitrate, Sodium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulfate Salts proportioned to maintain sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) between 1.8 and 2.4 or a Ca:Na ratio = 0.85 Water EC ranged from 0.5 to 0.85 ds/m
8 Two irrigation rates were evaluated Applied Water Irrigation Treatment Sprinkler Drip Total inches summer crop % Crop ET % Crop ET fall crop % Crop ET % Crop ET
9 How is nitrate in irrigation water lbs of N/acre= converted to applied N? applied water (inches) x NO 3 -N conc (ppm) x 0.23 Fertilizer N value Applied NO 3 -N ET Treatment Water 12 ppm 22 ppm inches lbs N/acre % %
10 Verifying N concentration of irrigation water treatments Measured N concentration x # Irrigation water treatments NO 3 -N NH 4 -N Mineral N ppm Unfertilized Control Fertilized Standard ppm NO 3 -N ppm NO 3 -N ppm NO 3 -N ppm N (30 ppm NH 4 -N) x Average of 17 irrigations
11 Nitrogen in water affected both plant size and color 42 ppm N 2 ppm N
12 Irrigation Water Treatments Affected Biomass Yield Summer Fall Biomass yield (lbsx1000/acre) N fertilizer at planting = 17 lb/ac water N (110% ETc) fertigation N (110% ETc) water N (160% ETc) fertigation N (160% ETc) Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre) Biomass yield (lbsx1000/acre) N fertilizer at planting = 38 lb/ac water N (120% ETc) fertigation N (120% ETc) water N (210% ETc) fertigation N (210% ETc) Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre)
13 Irrigation Water Treatments Affected Crop Uptake of Nitrogen Summer Fall Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) N fertilizer at planting = 17 lb/ac water N (110% ETc) fertigation N (110% ETc) water N (160% ETc) fertigation N (160% ETc) Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) water N (120% ETc) fertigation N (120% ETc) water N (210% ETc) fertigation N (210% ETc) N fertilizer at planting = 38 lb/ac Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre) Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre)
14 Crop uptake of N was similar for NH 4 and NO 3 sources in irrigation water Summer Fall 120 NO 3 b b 120 NO 3 Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) NO 3 + NH 4 a a Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) NO 3 + NH 4 a a b b 0 110% ETc 160% ETc Water N treatment (40 ppm N) 0 120% ETc 210% ETc Water N treatment (40 ppm N)
15 Crop Recovery of N from irrigation water: Summer Fall Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) N uptake = N applied R 2 = 0.99 water N (110% ETc) water N (160% ETc) Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) N uptake = N applied R 2 = 0.99 water N (120% ETc) water N (210% ETc) Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre) Total Applied Nitrogen (lbs/acre) H 2 O = 86%, Fertilizer std = 55% H 2 O = 41%, Fertilizer std = 20%
16 Broccoli: Deep rooted + high N demand (> 250 lbs N/acre)
17 Measured N concentration x # Irrigation water treatments NO3-N NH4-N Mineral N ppm Unfertilized Control Fertilized Standard ppm NO3-N ppm NO3-N ppm NO3-N ppm N (30 ppm NH4-N) x Average of 14 irrigations Applied Water Irrigation Treatment Sprinkler Drip Total inches % Crop ET % Crop ET
18 Irrigation Water Treatments Affected Marketable Yield Marketable Yield (lbs/acre) N fertilizer at planting = 22 lb/ac 110% Crop ET, water N 180% Crop ET, water N 110% Crop ET, fertilizer N 180% Crop ET, fertilizer N Total Applied N (lbs N/acre)
19 Irrigation Water Treatments Affected Crop Uptake of Nitrogen in Broccoli 250 Crop N uptake (lbs N/acre) N fertilizer at planting = 22 lb/ac water N (110% ETc) water N (180% ETc) fertigation N (110% ETc) fertigation N (180% ETc) Total Applied N (lbs N/acre) H 2 O = 100%, Fertilizer std = 55%
20 Integrating ambient N in water with soil nitrate testing Soil Nitrate N in water + Current N status of Soil Future N contribution
21 Estimating Fertilizer N needs using Recommended Fertilizer N = the soil nitrate quick test Future Crop N uptake (Quick Test N - threshold NO 3 -N) Plant residue N Soil Mineralization N Irrigation water N
22 Commercial Trial in Iceberg Lettuce N fertilizer treatments: 1. Grower Standard N Fertilizer Practice 2. N recommendation based on soil nitrate quick test 3. N recommendation based on SNQT + N in water Clay loam soil Planted 4/11/14 and harvested 6/16/14 N in irrigation water: 5 ppm as NO 3 -N, 31.6 ppm as NH 4 -N
23 Commercial Iceberg Recycled water (N = 37 ppm) Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatment Date Crop Stage Soil NO 3 -N Fertilizer Standard Quick NO 3 test Quick NO 3 test + water NO 3 ppm lbs N/acre st drip 5/23/2014 fertigation 31.3 CAN nd drip 6/2/2014 fertigation 20.0 CAN Total
24 Commercial Iceberg Yields Carton Yield Marketable Yield Treatement Jumbo 24-size 30-size Total Jumbo 24-size 30-size Total cartons/acre lbs/acre Standard Quick Nitrate Test Quick Nitrate Test Water LSD 0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS means are not statistically different at p < 0.05 level
25 Estimating N concentration when irrigating from multiple wells: Determine average nitrate concentration in irrigation water
26 Estimating N applied in irrigation water from flow rate / = N concentration in well water (ppm) Well flow rate gpm lbs N per hour
27 Estimating applied N in irrigation water Example : Well flow rate = 1000 gpm Nitrate-N concentration = 20 ppm Irrigation time = 5 hours Irrigated area = 10 acres Step 1: calculate lbs of N applied per hour = 1968 =10.2 / Step 2: calculate lbs of N applied per acre = = 5.1 /
28 Summary N in irrigation water has the same nutrient value for lettuce and broccoli as fertilizer sources of N Low concentrations of nitrate-n (12 ppm) in irrigation water were taken up by lettuce and broccoli Fertilizer value of NH 4 and NO 3 sources of N were equivalent Volume of water applied to the crop did not affect the recovery rate of N from the irrigation water
29 Various approaches for estimating N in irrigation water 1. / = ( / ) / = = / = 1968
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