Population size and Conservation
|
|
- Tracey Mills
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Population size and Conservation Determining whether a population is growing or shrinking Predicting future population size Non-genetic risks of small populations 1
2 Population Viability Analysis (PVA) Use of quantitative methods to evaluate and predict the likely future status of a population 2
3 Definitions PVA = Use of quantitative methods to evaluate and predict the likely future status of a population Status = likelihood that a population will be above a minimum size Minimum size, quasi-extinction threshold = number below which extinction is very likely due to genetic or demographic risks 3
4 Uses of PVA Assessment Assessing risk of a single population (for example Grizzly population) 4
5 NPS Photo 5
6 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park 6
7 Grizzlies are listed as threatened 1975; less than 200 bears left in Yellowstone 1983 Grizzly Bear recovery area (red) Increase of protection area discussed (blue) 7
8 Uses of PVA Assessment Assessing risk of a single population (for example Grizzly population) Comparing risks between different populations 8
9 9
10 Sockeye and Steelhead catch
11 11
12 Uses of PVA Assessment Assessing risk of a single population (for example Grizzly population) Comparing risks between different populations Analyzing monitoring data how many years of data are needed to determine extinction risk? Example: Gray Whale 12
13 13
14 Gray Whale 14
15 How many data points do we need? 5 years? 10 years? 15 years? Gerber, Leah R., Douglas P. Demaster, and Peter M. Kareiva* Gray Whales and the Value of Monitoring Data in Implementing the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology 13:
16 Uses of PVA Assessment Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles 16
17 17
18 Uses of PVA Assessment Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles Determine necessary reserve size. Example: African elephants 18
19 PVA indicates minimum of 2,500 km 2 needed to sustain population 19
20 Uses of PVA Assessment Assisting management Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles Determine necessary reserve size. Example: African elephants Determine size of population to reintroduce Example: European beaver 20
21 21
22 Uses of PVA Assessment Assisting management Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles Determine necessary reserve size. Example: African elephants Determine size of population to reintroduce Example: European beaver Set limit to harvest (intentional and unintentional) 22
23 23
24 Uses of PVA Assessment Assisting management Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles Determine necessary reserve size. Example: African elephants Determine size of population to reintroduce Example: European beaver Set limit to harvest (intentional and unintentional) Intentional Harvest and By-Catch Habitat degradation 24
25 Assessment Assisting management Uses of PVA Identify best ways to manage. Example: loggerhead turtles Determine necessary reserve size. Example: African elephants Determine size of population to reintroduce Example: European beaver Set limit to harvest (intentional and unintentional) Intentional harvest Habitat degradation By-catch How many populations do we need to protect? 25
26 The Saga of the Furbish Lousewort Kate Furbish was a woman who, a century ago, Discovered something growing, and she classified it so That botanists thereafter, in their reference volumes state, That the plant's a Furbish lousewort. See, they named it after Kate. There were other kinds of louseworts, but the Furbish one was rare. It was very near extinction when they found out it was there. And as the years went by, it seemed, with ravages of weather, The poor old Furbish lousewort simply vanished altogether. But then in 1976, our bicentennial year, Furbish lousewort fanciers had some good news they could cheer. For along the Saint John River, guess what somebody found? Two hundred fifty Furbish louseworts growing in the ground. Now, the place where they were growing, by the Saint John River banks, Is not a place where you or I would want to live, no thanks. For in that very area, there was a mightty plan, An engineering project for the benefit of man. The Dickey-Lincoln Dam it's called, hydroelectric power. Energy, in other words, the issue of the hour. Make way, make way for progress now, man's ever-constant urge. And where those Furbish louseworts were, the dam would just submerge. The plants can't be transplanted; they simply wouldn't grow. Conditions for the Furbish louseworts have to be just so. And for reasons far too deep for me to know to explain, The only place they can survive is in that part of Maine. So, obviously it was clear that something had to give, And giant dams do not make way so that a plant can live. But hold the phone, for yes, they do. Indeed they must in fact. There is a law, the Federal Endangered Species Act, And any project such as this, though mighty and exalted, If it wipes out threatened animals or plants, it must be halted. And since the Furbish lousewort is endangered as can be, They had to call the dam off, couln't build it, don't you see. For to flood that louseworth haven, where the Furbishes were at, Would be to take away their only extant habitat. And the only way to save the day, to end this awful stall, Would be to find some other louseworts, anywhere at all. And sure enough, as luck would have it, strange though it may seem, They found some other Furbish louseworts growing just downstream. Four tiny little colonies, one with just a single plant. Dickey-Lincoln Dam was too laden with ecological and economic problems to ever be built, and the Furbish lousewort has held its own along the ice-scoured banks of the Saint John. In 1989 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported finding 6,889 flowering stems--far more than the 250 or so that were thought to exist earlier. Pedicularis furbishiae, a species with close relatives in Asia but nowhere else in North America, is still endangered, however. The current threats are new dam proposals, logging, and real-estate development 26
27 Types of PVA Count based PVA: simple -- uses census data (head counts) Structured PVA: uses demographic models (age structure) 27
28 28
29 PVM: Count based model N t = λn t 1 population size at time t population size at time t-1 lambda = growth rate includes birth and death does not include gene flow (movement among different populations) 29
30 What does λ mean N t = λn t 1 λ < 1 λ =1 λ > 1 Population is shrinking Population is stable Population is growing 30
31 Predicting future population sizes N 1 = λn 0 N 2 = λn 1 = λ(λn 0 )=λ 2 N 1 N t = λ t N 0 31
32 Example N t = λ t N 0 For some insect,!=1.2 and N 0 = 150 How many insects will we have in 10 years? N 10! =! 150*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2*1.2!!!!!!! =! 150 * !!!!!!! =! 150 * 6.19!!!!!!! =!!
33 Measuring! from data If we known the population size in two generations we are able to calculate the growth rate λ = N t N t 1 33
34 Incorporating stochasticity into model Cyclical example!! For some insect, good = 1.3, bad = 1.1 and N 0 = 150 Assume good/bad years alternate. How many insects will we have in 10 years? N 10 = 150*1.1*1.3*1.1*1.3*1.1*1.3*1.1*1.3*1.1*1.3!!!!!! =
35 Stochasticity Cyclical example With no variability of! (= 1.2) With variability of! (! good = 1.3,! bad = 1.1) N 10 = 929 N 10 = 897 Influence of small! is larger 35
36 N 0 = 150 λ = Stochasticity { 1.3 with p = with p =0.5 N 10 = = 642 N 10 = =
37 N 0 = 150 λ = Stochasticity { 1.3 with p = with p =0.5 N 10 = = 642 N 10 = =
38 Mean! = 1 Population Density (Ln) TIME 38
39 Stochasticity Models without a stochastic component produce ONE population size Models with a stochastic component produce a distribution of possible population sizes 39
40 Distribution of population sizes Population size Population size frequency 40
41 Measuring! from data If we known the population size in two generations we are able to calculate the growth rate λ = N t N t 1 41
42 Estimation of growth rate with more than two time points λ t G = λ t λ t 1 λ t 2...λ 0 N t = λ t N 0 λ G =(λ t λ t 1 λ t 2...λ 0 ) 1/t µ = ln(λ G ) λ = N t N t 1 = (ln(λ t)+ln(λ t 1 )+ln(λ t 2 )...ln(λ 0 ) t 42
43 Estimation of average growth rate µ = (ln(λ t)+ln(λ t 1 )+ln(λ t 2 )...ln(λ 0 ) t " is the average over all ln(!) > 0 then λ G > 1and population is mostly growing µ 0 then λ G 1 and population size is constant < 0 then λ G < 1 and population is mostly shrinking 43
44 Example: Grizzly bears in Yellowstone park NPS Photo 44
45 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park 45
46 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park Female grizzly bears Census year 46
47 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park Growth rate! λ t = N t N t 1 Change of growth rate over time Census year 47
48 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park Change of ln(growth rate) over time Ln(Growth rate!) ln(λ t )=ln( N t N t 1 ) Census year 48
49 Average growth curve Change of ln(growth rate) over time Ln(Growth rate!) ln(λ t )=ln( N t N t 1 ) average growth Census year 49
50 Grizzly population size in Yellowstone national park ˆµ = 1 T T t=1 ln( N t N t 1 ) ˆσ 2 = 1 T 1 T t=1 (ln( N t N t 1 ) ˆµ) 2 µ = σ 2 = The average growth rate is positive, so Grizzlies survive in Yellowstone park, right? 50
51 Confidence intervals Freq ˆµ = ˆµ σ 2 = σ = % ˆµ 2σ ˆµ σ ˆµ + σ 95% of all values 2.5% ˆµ +2σ µ 51
52 Extinction probability One does not try to predict when the last individual is gone but when the population size goes below a threshold, the quasi-extinction threshold, under which the population is critically and immediately imperiled (Ginzburg et al. 1982) A value of 20 reproductive individuals is often used for practical purposes. Genetic arguments would ask for 100 or more reproductive individuals 52
53 Relationship between the probability of extinction and the parameters " and # 2 A population goes extinct when its size falls below the quasi-extinction threshold. if " is negative, eventually the population goes extinct, independent of the variance of the growth rate # 2. if " is positive, there is still a risk to fall under the quasiextinction threshold, depending on the magnitude of the variance of the growth rate, with high variance, the risk is higher to go extinct than with low variance. Extinction risk depends on the average growth rate ", the variance of the growth rate, and time. 53
54 Cumulative risk of extinction Extinction probability µ = 0.01 σ 2 = µ = 0.01 σ 2 =0.04 N threshold =1 N census = 10 Years from now 54
55 Cumulative risk of extinction Extinction probability N threshold =1 N census = µ = 0.01 σ 2 = Years from now µ = 0.01 σ 2 =0.04 µ =0.01 σ 2 =0.12 µ =0.01 σ 2 =
56 Extinction risk for Grizzlies Extinction Probability [Log 10 ] Years from now Confidence }interval [Blow-up of top part of graph] 56
57 Using Extinction time estimates for conservation planning Adult birds: NORTH CAROLINA 460 Extinction probability Year 0.5 Adult birds: FLORIDA Year Year 57
58 When to use count-based PVMs? When only few data is available, we still need about 10 years of census data to get usable extinction risk estimates. This method is useful to compare multiple populations; to give a relative population health (in comparison to these other populations). Simplicity [there are many assumption] 58
59 Key assumptions of count based PVAs The parameters " and # 2 are constant over time. No density dependence: growth rate is independent of population size. Small populations might enjoy more resources. Pessimistic estimates of extinction risk. [but density dependence of finding mates: Allee effect] Demographic stochasticity is ignored for derivation of extinction probability formula: # 2 is considered to be constant over time and independent of the population size (Remedy is to set quasi-extinction threshold sufficiently high) Environmental trends are ignored. 59
60 Key assumptions of count based PVAs The parameters " and # 2 are constant over time. No environmental autocorrelation: No catastrophes or bonanzas The extinction probability calculations was derived by assuming only small changes of the population size over time: Catastrophes, such as ice storms, wild fires, droughts, etc. will reduce numbers fast, and are not taken into account [too positive view]; bonanzas (good years) are also not taken into account [too pessimistic view] No observation error, the numbers are treated as true population sizes. (only one population: no population structure) Individuals are all treated all the same NO λ t 1 λ t 60
Population size and Conservation. Definitions. Population Viability Analysis (PVA) Uses of PVA TEST 1
TEST 1 Mean = 83, Geometric mean = 82, Harmonic mean = 81, Median = 85. Population size and Conservation I will add tonight the grades to Blackboard (and also add key on Tu/We) To get the test back you
More informationThe Western Section of The Wildlife Society and Wildlife Research Institute Western Raptor Symposium February 8-9, 2011 Riverside, California
The Western Section of The Wildlife Society and Wildlife Research Institute Western Raptor Symposium February 8-9, 211 Riverside, California Symposium Sponsors February 9 9:15-9:35 am Session: Raptor Management
More informationMenagerie Farms Grade 3 Curriculum Ideas
Menagerie Farms Grade 3 Curriculum Ideas Grade 3- MS State Standards Science Describe the characteristics, structures, life cycles, and environments of organisms. Grade 3 : Interdependence Conceptual Strand
More informationRare Beauty: Volunteers Monitor Swamp Pink
Rare Beauty: Volunteers Monitor Swamp Pink Citizens United, a local watershed organization in southern New Jersey, works in cooperation with the federal government to protect a rare species, swamp pink.
More informationBIODIVERSITY THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
BIODIVERSITY THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH Human impacts on biodiversity Degradation of the 50% of the earth's land surface We are affecting to the aquatic biodiversity Premature extinction of species All these
More informationDraw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection on the board. Explain disruptive selection using an example. What effects speciation most?
Draw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection on the board. disruptive selection using an Disruptive selection is when the average physical characteristic of a population is not beneficial. Example:
More informationEnvironmental Issues & Problems ENV 150. What do we mean by biodiversity? What do we mean by biodiversity? What do we mean by biodiversity?
REVIEW Environmental Issues & Problems ENV 150 What do we mean by biodiversity? Guillaume Mauger Today: Loss of Biodiversity REVIEW REVIEW What do we mean by biodiversity? What do we mean by biodiversity?
More informationConsei va ti on. Biology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Puhlishe. Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A
r y S Consei va ti on Biology ft Sinauer Associates Inc. Puhlishe. Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A Contents Preface xiii PART I Major Issues that Define the Discipline 1 What Is Conservation Biology} 3
More informationCHAPTER. 7 Biodiversity and Conservation
CHAPTER 7 Biodiversity and Conservation S aving the S iberian Tiger Siberian tigers are one of five remaining tiger subspecies. In the early 20th century, hunting and habitat loss reduced the wild population
More informationThe One Plan Approach: Connecting In Situ and Ex SituConservation Communities for Biodiversity Conservation
The One Plan Approach: Connecting In Situ and Ex SituConservation Communities for Biodiversity Conservation Karin Schwartz, PhD Conservation Biologist In situ andex situ In situ :in the wild + Ex situ
More information2
QUIZ 2 2 FINAL EXAM 2a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FINAL EXAM 29 Question. Define biodiversity. Anything along these lines is okay:..the sum total of all living things the immense richness and variation of the living
More informationFive Major Threats to Biodiversity in Ecosystems
Five Major Threats to Biodiversity in Ecosystems Ecosystems around the world are home to an astounding number of organisms. Scientists predict that there are at least 8.7 million different species of plants,
More informationINTRODUCTION. Why Save Endangered Trees?
INTRODUCTION Why Save Endangered Trees? As we walk through the world every day, we are surrounded by trees and plants. They are so ubiquitous and common that we take them for granted. They are part of
More informationChapter Four: Overview. Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e. Case History: Endangered Trout. Ecology and Geology Linkage
Chapter Four: Overview Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e Chapter 4 Ecology and Geology Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Linkages between geology with ecology and relationships with
More informationS Describe potential consequences of introducing new species and species extinction on an ecosystem. S Observe and document a range of
Declining Populations S2-1-07 Describe potential consequences of introducing new species and species extinction on an ecosystem. S2-1-08 Observe and document a range of organisms that illustrates the biodiversity
More informationThreat to Species: Extinction Most serious aspects of the loss of biodiversity extinction of a species Extinction when no number of the species remain
THREATS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ANI MARDIASTUTI DEPARTMENT OF FOREST CONSERVATION FACULTY OF FORESTRY BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 2002 Threat to Species: Extinction Most serious aspects of the loss of biodiversity
More information16 Biological Resources
16 Biological Resources Overview of Chapter 16 Biological Diversity Extinction and Species Endangerment Endangered and Threatened Species Where and why species are endangered Conservation Biology Conservation
More informationBee Detective: Discover the Culprit Behind Declining Bee Populations
Bee Detective: Discover the Culprit Behind Declining Bee Populations Science Topic: Food Webs Essential Question: What are the possible causes behind the collapse of bee colonies? Lesson Overview: Learn
More information2. 4 dispersion patterns: clumped, uniform, random, gradient
Honors Biology Unit 5 Chapter 36 POPULATION ECOLOGY 1. 13 levels of organization in biology 2. 4 dispersion patterns: clumped, uniform, random, gradient 3. population growth curves: 3 phases of growth
More information1. The characteristics of populations are shaped by the interactions between individuals and their environment
1. The characteristics of populations are shaped by the interactions between individuals and their environment Populations have size and geographical boundaries. The density of a population is measured
More information1. The characteristics of populations are shaped by the interactions between individuals and their environment
1. The characteristics of populations are shaped by the interactions between individuals and their environment Populations have size and geographical boundaries. The density of a population is measured
More informationWildlife Conservation Prioritization &
Wildlife Conservation Prioritization & Recovery (WCPR) An Approach to Identify Monitoring Needs Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission Division of Habitat & Species Conservation -Terrestrial Habitat
More informationPLANT AND ANIMAL DIVERSITY
by the planning rule team as of. These ideas are for discussion purposes and do not What we want to achieve PLANT AND ANIMAL DIVERSITY The Forest Service is committed to protecting species and sustaining
More informationFisheries LECTURE 4 (1)
LECTURE 4 Fisheries Models of population growth may be used in the management of renewable resources such as in the regulation of fisheries. Here the object is to achieve an optimal rate of extraction
More informationa. Use of fossil fuels b. Population Boom c. Improved Quality of Life d. Growth of Cities
Environmental Issues Final Exam Study Guide 1. What are some results of the Industrial Revolution? a. Use of fossil fuels b. Population Boom c. Improved Quality of Life d. Growth of Cities 2. List the
More informationMODELING POPULATION VIABILITY AND HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR THE ENDANGERED WOOD STORK (MYCTERIA AMERICANA) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
MODELING POPULATION VIABILITY AND HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR THE ENDANGERED WOOD STORK (MYCTERIA AMERICANA) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By RENA REBECCA BORKHATARIA A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE
More informationHabitat Restoration, Longleaf Pine Forests, and the Flatwoods Salamander. Goals of Today s Talk. Habitat Restoration. Habitat Restoration
Habitat Restoration, Longleaf Pine Forests, and the Flatwoods Salamander Kenny Wray Goals of Today s Talk Introduce you to the science of Restoration Ecology. Give you examples of the theory and processes
More informationHabitat Conservation Planning for the Threatened Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma. coerulescens) in Charlotte County, Florida
Habitat Conservation Planning for the Threatened Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in Charlotte County, Florida Presented by Dr. Reed Bowman (Archbold Biological Station) Andy Stevens (Charlotte
More information9/23/2013. Mass extinction events change the course of evolution and induce a dramatic shift in the types of organisms inhabiting the planet
Mass extinction events change the course of evolution and induce a dramatic shift in the types of organisms inhabiting the planet HABITAT LOSS, BIODIVERSITY, AND CONSERVATION Chapter 29 70 percent of species
More informationBiodiversity and Biomes Power Point Notes
Name Date Period 1. One teacher is to as all teachers is to. 2. Teachers and students are to as George West is to. 3. Vocabulary: fill in the correct definition habitat species population ecosystem biome
More informationREGIONAL EXPERT ADVISORY WORKSHOP REPORT 01 MAR 2011 VIENTIANE, LAO PDR WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY AND CC
Mekong Wetlands ecosystem services and biodiversity and Climate Change Peter-John Meynell, based on paper by Mark Bezuijen Outline Wetland Ecosystem services a means of valuing the importance of wetlands
More informationA Primer of Conservation Biology
A Primer of Conservation Biology FIFTH EDITION Richard B. Primack Boston University Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, MA U.S.A. Contents Chapter 1 Defining Coservation Biology 3 The New Science
More informationENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Victorian Certificate of Education 2004 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Written examination 1 Tuesday 8 June 2004 Reading time: 2.45 pm to 3.00 pm (15 minutes) Writing
More informationFish and Wildlife Population Ecology:
Fish and Wildlife Population Ecology: Population Ecology in practice Prepared by J. Horne (2010) & D. Oleyar (2011) Okaloosa Darters How are they doing? Choctawhatchee Bay drainage in Florida Inhabit vegetated
More informationPALM PLANET Can we have tropical forests and our palm oil too?
CHAPTER 12 BIODIVERSITY PALM PLANET Can we have tropical forests and our palm oil too? 12 PALM PLANET Can we have tropical forests and our palm oil too? Biodiversity on our planet is our greatest asset.
More informationEcology is the he study of how organisms interact with the environment and each other.
Ecology: Ecology is the he study of how organisms interact with the environment and each other. Ecology can often be subdivided into different types such as: Population ecology: Population ecology - examines
More informationIntegrating environmental data into the assessment of eastern North Pacific gray whales
Integrating environmental data into the assessment of eastern North Pacific gray whales John R. Brandon University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Motivation Increase understanding
More informationHuman Impact. Chapter 5
Human Impact Chapter 5 Loss of Biodiversity Biodiversity - variety of life in an area Tropical regions contain two-thirds of all land species Number of mammals, for example: Canada - 163 U.S. - 367 Mexico
More informationThe natural world around us is filled with many types of wildlife. Everything
Raccoon and Squirrel Population Studies Joel Michaelson Kurt Gajewsky Kris Mielnik The natural world around us is filled with many types of wildlife. Everything from mice to bears can be found roaming
More informationQuammen Excerpt (Song of the Dodo) Walther et al Phenology and Climate Change Marmontel et al (PVA Manatee) Gilpin 1996 (PVA commentary)
Lecture 14, 08 Oct 2009 Biodiversity Threats con t PVA Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall 2009 Kevin Bonine Mary Jane Epps 506 meet in BSE129 9am Wed (21 Oct) Sarah P. Descriptive
More information4.C.3.a.Using one of the following examples, explain how population ability to respond to changes in the environment is affected by genetic
4.C.3.a.Using one of the following examples, explain how population ability to respond to changes in the environment is affected by genetic diversity. Species and populations with little genetic diversity
More informationCorrelation of Next Generation Science Standards with Aquatic WILD Activities
1 Correlation of Next Generation Science Standards with Aquatic WILD Activities This document correlates the activities in the Aquatic WILD K-12 Curriculum & Activity Guide with the Performance Expectations
More informationWetlands Walk Adelaide Botanic Garden
Wetlands Walk Adelaide Botanic Garden Student Activities Middle School Education @ Adelaide Botanic Garden Globally, just 1 in every 100 droplets of water is fit to drink. Most of the rest is salty or
More informationCategories and Criteria for Status Assessment used by the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO)
Categies and Criteria f Status Assessment used by the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) March 2014 In December 2013, COSSARO passed a motion to develop and use a single set
More informationBio-What? Engaging Interest Ask students to speculate on how many species of plants and animals they think there are in the world?
Science Grade 7 and 8 Living Respectfully Respecting Diversity Bio-What? Contributor Gareth Thomson, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) Education Director, Canmore, Alberta, Website: www.cpawscalgary.org/education
More informationBiomes and Biodiversity Power Point Notes
Name period date assigned date due date returned Biomes and Biodiversity Power Point Notes 1. One teacher is to as all teachers is to. 2. Teachers and students are to as George West is to. Vocabulary Word
More informationTopic 2: Genetics and the logistic map
Attachment A4: Project option Topic 2: Genetics and the logistic map 2. Required background: 2.1 Science To complete this project you will require some background information on two topics: constrained
More informationGenetic drift is change in allele frequencies due to chance fluctuations; its strength depends on population size.
Roadmap Genetic drift is change in allele frequencies due to chance fluctuations; its strength depends on population size. Rate of fixation (recap) Proportion of homozygotes in population (genetic diversity)
More informationChapter 18 Land Resources
Chapter 18 Land Resources Overview of Chapter 18 Land Use Wilderness Park and Wildlife Refuges Forests Rangeland and Agricultural Land Wetlands and Coastal Areas Conservation of Land Resources Land Use
More informationTHIRD GRADE: DISCOVERING WETLANDS PROGRAM OVERVIEW
THIRD GRADE: DISCOVERING WETLANDS PROGRAM OVERVIEW Key Concepts: Plants and animals that dispersed to Hawai'i on the wind, the waves, or via birds are called native. Native species that evolved to become
More informationEEB 2208: INTRODUCTION TO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY - Midterm
EEB 2208: INTRODUCTION TO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY - Midterm Below each set of questions I ve added some explanation of the answers and the rationale for the question (i.e., what I was trying to test). If
More informationSpecies at Risk Act Policies and Guidelines Series PROPOSED. Species at Risk Act Policies. Policy on Survival and Recovery
PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Policies and Guidelines Series Species at Risk Act Policies Policy on Survival and Recovery 2016 Recommended citation: Government of Canada. 2016. Policy on Survival and Recovery
More informationFRWS 3810 Exam II. March 30, 2005
FRWS 3810 Exam II. March 30, 2005 ID code: I. Match the appropriate term. There is one best answer (8 points). a. character displacement e. mutation load i. pseudosink b. n-dimensional hypervolume f. natal
More informationChapter 38 Conservation Biology
Chapter 38 Conservation Biology Introduction Over the past century, wild tiger populations have been reduced from about 100,000 to 3,200. Tigers are threatened by declining habitat, poaching, and human
More informationCOSSARO Candidate Species at Risk Evaluation Form. for. White Prairie Gentian (Gentiana alba) Assessed by COSSARO as Endangered February 2011.
COSSARO Candidate Species at Risk Evaluation Form for White Prairie Gentian (Gentiana alba) Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) Assessed by COSSARO as Endangered February 2011
More information13-14 LL Final Exam (Science) Biology B Assessment ID: dna.5702 ib LL Final Exam (Science) Biology B
13-14 LL Final Exam (Science) Biology B Generated On March 26, 2014, 3:02 PM PDT 1 An ecosystem that has a wide VARIETY of species within it is said to have a large. A. population B. habitat C. niche D.
More informationWetlands and Habitat Loss By Elaine Mao
Wetlands and Habitat Loss By Elaine Mao What image comes to mind when you think of a swamp? How about a marsh or a bog? Chances are you had a similar image in your mind for all of these. That s because
More informationCh. 11 Biodiversity. Central Case: Saving the Siberian tiger
Ch. 11 Biodiversity Central Case: Saving the Siberian tiger The largest cat in the world The Russian Far East mountains house the last remaining tigers Nearly became extinct due to hunting, poaching and
More informationHow Water Loss Affects Biodiversity
How Water Loss Affects Biodiversity By ReadWorks In order for humans to live, they need access to fresh water. While nearly 70% of the earth s surface is water, most of it is salt water, which humans cannot
More informationKeystone Biology Remediation B4: Ecology
Keystone Biology Remediation B4: Ecology Assessment Anchors: to describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e. organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere) (B.4.1.1) to describe
More informationLow Northern Rockcress (Neotorularia humilis)
The Status of Low Northern Rockcress (Neotorularia humilis) in Newfoundland and Labrador THE SPECIES STATUS ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT NO. 1 September 30, 2004 1 ASSESSMENT Assessment: Endangered Current
More informationEssay styles. Structured populations. Metapopulations. Classic metapopulation model. Classical metapopulation model
Review paper Essay styles choose a topic, decide on a title after reading some more general papers, focus Make an outline Introduce the subject, explain your rationale, and state your central question,
More informationChapter 21 Populations and Ecosystems
Chapter 21 Populations and Ecosystems Learning0Targets For0each0of0the0following0targets,0please0circle0your0current0skill0level,0and0draw0an0arrow0poin-ng0to0your0goal. Vocabulary Advanced Proficient
More informationTwenty years with harvest control rules in ICES - what now? Dankert W. Skagen
Twenty years with harvest control rules in ICES - what now? Dankert W. Skagen Started with North Sea herring 1997: F-rule with trigger-point F decided according to risk-evaluations Separate Fs for adults
More informationDegradation of Land Resources
Lesson #4 Impacts of Growth on Ecosystems Chapter 5 Degradation of Land Resources Soil Concerns Overgrazing Soil Erosion Desertification Stalinization Deforestation Soil Fact It takes 200 1,000 years to
More informationHORIZONTAL PICTURE. Crisis & Opportunity: The Challenges of Messaging on Biodiversity Loss
HORIZONTAL PICTURE Crisis & Opportunity: The Challenges of Messaging on Biodiversity Loss W. Dominick Mach M.S. Candidate Sustainable Environmental Systems Programs for Sustainable Planning and Development
More informationClick the map to read about possible consequences of climate changes in different parts of the world. Africa
How are people changing the climate? Read more Unit2: What will the future be like? In the Basics-section you will find links to the Read more-section. Follow those links if you want to explore an issue
More informationForests. Are important!
Forests Are important! Wolves Change Rivers Questions 1. What is a TROPHIC CASCADE? 2. Why were there more deer in Yellowstone national park? 3. Connect reintroduction of wolves with more willow and aspen
More informationPOPULATIONS. Definition: All the members of a species that live in one place at one time.
POPULATIONS Definition: All the members of a species that live in one place at one time. PROPERTIES of Populations Geographic dispersion the way in which individuals of a population are spread in an area
More informationEnvironmental Changes
A long time ago, the human population was very small compared to what it is today. Eventually, humans figured out how to grow crops, which allowed more people to live in a smaller area. People discovered
More informationFurbish s Lousewort Pedicularis furbishiae
COSEWIC Status Appraisal Summary on the Furbish s Lousewort Pedicularis furbishiae in Canada ENDANGERED 2011 COSEWIC status appraisal summaries are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife
More information5.1 How Populations Grow. Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area.
5.1 How Populations Grow Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. 5.1 How Populations Grow KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 5.1 How Populations
More informationIMPACT OF HURRICANE "ANDREW" ON TROPICAL FRUIT ACREAGE IN DADE COUNTY
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 106:116-117. 1993. IMPACT OF HURRICANE "ANDREW" ON TROPICAL FRUIT ACREAGE IN DADE COUNTY Robert R. Terry Florida Agricultural Statistics Service 1222 Woodward Street Orlando,
More informationMicrohabitats #1: Quantitative Study of Microhabitats
Microhabitats #1: Quantitative Study of Microhabitats Adapted from: Microhabitats in Environmental Science Activities Kit by Michael Roa. The Center for Applied Research in Education, 1993. Microhabitats
More informationCarrying Capacity Has Greatly Increased
Earth s resources Chapter 16 Human Impact on Ecosystems Day One As the human population, the demand for resources. Earth s carrying capacity is actually unknown. What is carrying capacity? Earth s population
More informationEcology, populations & human
Basic Ecological Concepts What is ecology? A branch of biology that involves The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment Biotic factors: living part of the ecosystem, all the
More information9/4/2013 CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGY AND GEOLOGY. Ecosystem. Ecology & Geology Linkage. Fundamental Ecology Terms. Natural Service Functions of Ecosystems
CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGY AND GEOLOGY Ecology & Geology Linkage Ecology Study of relationships between living things and their environments; the study of control factors over the distribution, abundance, and health
More information[2]
1 On Christmas Eve 1987, the last female Spix s Macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii, was removed from the wild in Brazil. The last remaining male bird continued to live in the wild for a further six years. This
More informationChapter 1 Lesson 4 Changes in Ecosystems
Chapter 1 Lesson 4 Changes in Ecosystems PAGE 64 WORKBOOK PAGES 16-17 Look and Wonder: This stone building was once a magnificent temple built by kings. Today trees and plants grow out of the stone. What
More informationExam #2: BIOL/ECON 140 February 27, 2009
Exam #2: BIOL/ECON 140 February 27, 2009 Name: KEY 1. Imagine a case where you have 15 units of a resource. Demand for the resource is given by P = 8 0.4q and the marginal cost of harvest is constant at
More informationResource Use. Questions 1-3 refer to the diagram above.
Resource Use Questions 1-3 refer to the diagram above. 1. Which part of the diagram depicts the resource use that would be in competition if a new species moves into an area and is in direct competition
More informationENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Victorian Certificate of Education 2012 SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HERE STUDENT NUMBER Letter Figures Words Section ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Written examination 1 Wednesday 13 June 2012 Reading
More informationWhat s at Stake? The importance of protecting water resources in the Sacramento Valley
Like a human fingerprint, California s Sacramento Valley is truly unique. On the leading edge of ecological and economical sustainability, it s also an exceptional place to live, work and raise a family.
More informationAquaponics Survival Game
Objective Aquaponics Survival Game Grade 4-7 Duration: 20-30 Minutes Students will learn about the symbiotic relationship of the three organisms in the aquaponics cycle; fish, bacteria, and plants. Students
More informationJUVENILE SALMON MIGRATION SECTION 5. blank page
blank page FISH AND WILDLIFE PROGRAM 5-16 September 13, 1995 SECTION 5 JUVENILE SALMON MIGRATION temperature improvement measures contained in this program will have a substantial impact on the operations
More informationPopulation: Regulation
Population: Regulation MODULE 11: POPULATION: REGULATION UNIT 2: INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS Objectives At the end of this series of lectures you should be able to: Define terms. Distinguish between different
More information1) Genetic Drift. Genetic Drift - population with stable size ~ 10
1) Genetic Drift Flip a coin 1000 times 700 heads and 300 tails very suspicious. Flip a coin 10 times 7 heads and 3 tails well within the bounds of possibility. 700 7 300 3 The smaller the sample, the
More information*Endangered Species project due Wednesday December 11th (not the 9th)
*Endangered Species project due Wednesday December 11th (not the 9th) *If you scored below 30 on the multiple choice section for the Unit 3 test, you should come in during 7th and figure out why you are
More informationScientific Societies Statement on the Endangered Species Act
American Fisheries Society Ecological Society of America Entomological Society of America Society for Conservation Biology-North America Society for Range Management The Wildlife Society Scientific Societies
More informationAdvanced Subsidiary Unit 3: Practical Biology and Research Skills
Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level Biology Centre Number Candidate Number Advanced Subsidiary Unit 3: Practical Biology and Research Skills Wednesday
More informationEconomic value of biodiversity. in the UK. University of Glasgow. Economics Dept. Nick Hanley. Economic Value of Biodiversity
Economic value of biodiversity in the UK Nick Hanley Economics Dept University of Glasgow What is the meaning of Economic Value? Direct: utility impacts People care about biodiversity (BD) per se, or about
More informationBiology 2201 Populations. Unit 4
Biology 2201 Populations Unit 4 Population Growth The study of populations is referred to as demography. The characteristics of populations usually studied are size, density and growth rate. A population
More informationHarbor Creek School District. Grade Three Science. Concepts Timeframe Skills Assessment Standards
Grade Three Science Physical Science Structure, Properties, and Interaction of Matter and Energy Forms, Sources, Conversion, and Transfer of Energy Matter and Motion Unit of Energy Unit of (5 days) E Define
More information[Docket No. FWS R7 ES ; FF07CAMM00 FXES ] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of Availability of Draft Polar
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 07/06/2015 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2015-16249, and on FDsys.gov Billing Code 4310 55 DEPARTMENT OF THE
More informationBILL. Explain how parasitism differs from mutualism with reference to named organisms.
BILL Explain how parasitism differs from mutualism with reference to named organisms. BILL define parasitism / one benefits one suffers; define mutualism / both benefit (neither suffer); example of parasite
More informationBiodiversity and Ecosystems
Biodiversity and Ecosystems 1.1 Importance of Biodiversity 1.2 Parts of an Ecosystem 1.3 Stable Ecosystems (quick recap on food webs/chains here) 1.4 Sampling Ecosystems 1.5 Biological Keys 1.Biodiversity
More informationARE WE RECOVERING? AN EVALUATION OF RECOVERY CRITERIA UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
668 INVITED FEATURE Ecological Applications Vol. 12, No. 3 Ecological Applications, 12(3), 2002, pp. 668 673 2002 by the Ecological Society of America ARE WE RECOVERING? AN EVALUATION OF RECOVERY CRITERIA
More informationChapter 38 Conservation Biology
Chapter 38 Conservation Biology Introduction Over the past century, wild tiger populations have been reduced from about 100,000 to 3,200. Tigers are threatened by declining habitat, poaching, and human
More informationForest Service misled public about spotted owls in order to increase logging, agency expert says
Appendix G Scott Sonner July 29, 2004 Forest Service misled public about spotted owls in order to increase logging, agency expert says Dan Thrift / Tahoe Daily Tribune file Seven sites listed as destroyed
More informationSchool Programs Riverside Road, Jamestown, NY (716) auduboncnc.org
School Programs 600 Riverside Road, Jamestown, NY 470 - (76) 569-2345 - auduboncnc.org Table Of Contents Mission 3 Classroom Visit 4 Learning Standards 5 Pre-K School Programs 6 Kindergarten School Programs
More information