Update on Solid Waste and Alternative Conversion Technologies

Transcription

1 Update on Solid Waste and Alternative Conversion Technologies GTC Board/Member s Workshop and Meeting St. Augustine, FL Presented By: Bob Brickner Executive Vice President Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. Fairfax, VA February 7, 2014

2 GBB -- Quality Value Ethics Results Established in 1980 Solid Waste Management and Technology Consultants Helping Clients Turn Problems into Opportunities 2

3 GBB Waste Technology Services Economic, technical, and environmental reviews Markets development Process planning and design Waste characterization and sourcing Procurement and negotiation assistance Independent feasibility consultant Technology due diligence Acceptance testing and operations monitoring 3

4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE U.S. 4

5 EPA Significant Changes to the Waste Management Policy, 2005 EPA Waste Hierarchies 5

6 Disposition of MSW in the U.S. EPA Estimate: 250 million tons (2011) Biocycle Estimate: 389 million tons (2008) Combustion with Energy Recovery 11.70% Recovered 24.10% Combustion with Energy Recovery 6.70% Recovery 34.70% Discarded 53.60% Discarded 69.30% 6

7 Waste Generation & Management, MSW Generation Discards to Landfill, other Disposal Recovery for Recycling Source: US EPA, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 2011 Facts and Figures Combustion with Energy Recovery Recovery for Composting 7

8 Composition of the MSW MSW going to landfills, 2010 (by material after recycling) Glass 5% Wood, 8% Textiles, 4% Other 4% Paper & Paperboard 16% Rubber & Leather 17% Food Scraps 21% Metals, 9% Plastics, 17% Yard Trimmings 9% 8

9 Future System Changes Changes to residential services Changes to commercial services Adding food scraps 9

10 Cost of Collection and Disposal Costs and revenues affected by: community size government structure politics facilities used waste supply agreements Revenue sharing back to customer Example: Collection Costs Residential solid waste : $10 - $40 per month per household Residential recycling $2 - $4 per month per household Recycling Processing 8% Disposal 31% Collection- Recyclables 20% Collection- MSW 41% 10

11 Ave. Cost of Disposal, US Landfills (2013) Average Annual Increase of 2.3% $/Ton Source: Waste Business Journal,

12 U.S. Solid Waste Facilities, by Technology Technology Operating Plants1 Mass Burn W-T-E (see note) 74 RDF -Processing &/ or Combustion 20 Composting 481 Landfills ( Incl. MSW & C&D sites) 2967 Waste Transfer Stations 3362 Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) and Recycling Transfer Stations 1596 Estimate of Total U.S. Facilities 8500 Note: A few of these WTE (mass-burn) plants have recently announced closings, typically at end-ofterm of initial 20-year debt financings and/or due to other local economic reasons 1. Source: Waste Business Journal,

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14 European Landfill Tax Landfill Tax is paid on top of normal landfill fees by businesses and councils that want to dispose of waste using a landfill site. It is designed to encourage businesses to produce less waste and to use alternative forms of waste management. Friends of the Earth Briefing...September

15 How much are the EU Landfill Tax? The highest landfill tax rates are found in the Netherlands, (86 euros per tonne --- $105/ton --- for low density waste and 14 euros per tonne --- $17/ton for non-combustible high density waste) --- Denmark, (more than 50 euros per tonne --- $60/ton), Austria and Sweden (40 euros per tonne --- $48/ton). A major reason for assessing the success of landfill taxes across EU countries is a countries ability to comply with the 1999 EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC). Reduce biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill by 25%, 50% and 65% reduction of that produced in 1995 by years 2010, 2013 and 2020 respectively. 15

16 UK Landfill Tax And almost 17 years later, the UK tax is considered a big success according to BusinessGreen s Guy Newey, the tax helped increase recycling rates in the UK from around seven percent in 1996 to 43 percent now, reduced the amount of waste landfilled in absolute terms, and helped transform the waste sector and led to an increase in energy from waste plants. The tax was at first $10.66 per a ton for active waste and was among the lowest in Europe. Then it increased, at first slowly and later on faster, reaching a current level of $ per ton in Next year it is supposed to increase to $ per ton. Source: Triple Pundit -- April 8th,

17 Waste (RDF) into Pellets FUEL! 17

18 US Capacity to Grow Renewable Energy Landfilled Million Tons Composting Recycle WTE Year Recovery for recycling Recovery for composting Combustion with Energy Recovery Landfill The total installed US WTE capacity in 2010 was 2.7 GW, combusting 11.7% of the nation s MSW Source: USEPA,

19 Increased Interest in Renewable Energy from Solid Waste Technologies >590 Technology and/or Project Development Companies Worldwide 150 Commercial or Demonstration Facilities with MSW Worldwide Contributing factors: Renewable energy policy Funding Local gov ts desire to be greener GHG considerations Waste diversion from landfills Local jobs Higher Collection/Disposal Fees 19

20 150 Conversion Companies Operating either Commercial or Demonstration Facilities with MSW Worldwide 67 Anaerobic Digestion 48 Gasification 19 Plasma Gasification 16 Pyrolysis Source: Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc.,

21 Anaerobic Digestion is a HOT topic Example: Residential Collection of Food Waste 183 communities offer curbside collection of residential food waste 18 states 2.55 million household s 726,25 0 tons in 2012* Source: BioCycle Magazine, March

22 Growth of Commercial Food Waste Collection Programs Number of programs Source: Best Management Practices in Food Scraps Programs, US EPA Region 5, 2011; 22

23 RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM WASTE TECHNOLOGIES 23

24 Technologies and Products Conversion Technology Pyrolysis Primary Product Char Product Conversion Extraction Secondary Product Chemicals Gasification Tars & Oils Upgrading Gasoline Feedstock *may be preprocessed Combustion Syngas Heat Synthesis Engine Methanol Anaerobic Digestion Ethanol Fermentation Biogas Ethanol Gas Turbine Ammonia Aerobic Composting Compost Boiler Electricity 24

25 Technologies Processing Mixed MSW 25

26 WTE Plants in the U.S. Technology Operating Plants Daily Design Capacity (TPD) Annual Capacity (1) (Million Tons) Mass Burn (see note) 65 71, Modular 9 1, RDF -Processing & Combustion 10 15, RDF -Processing Only 5 6, RDF -Combustion Only 5 4, Total U.S. Plants (2) 94 98, WTE Facilities 89 92, Note: A few of these WTE (mass-burning) plants have recently announced closings, typically at end-of-term of initial 20-year debt financings and/or due to other local economic reasons 26

27 Mass Burn Waste-to-Energy Facilities North Broward County, FL - Wheelabrator Alexandria/Arlington, VA - Covanta Springfield, MA -Covanta Baltimore, MD - Wheelabrator 27

28 US has long-time RDF facility survivors with >20 years of operations, including RDF/Dedicated Boiler Facilities Rochester, MA Hartford, CT West Palm Beach, FL La Crosse, WI 28

29 Gasification Partial combustion in an air-controlled environment Product: Syngas for production of electricity, chemicals/ fuels (ethanol) Feedstocks: biomass, medical waste, demonstration-scale MSW Plasma gasification: a plasma arc is used as a heat source 29

30 Unprocessed, post-recycling waste Gasification with Syngas combustion Commercial Scale Demonstration Unit- Tulsa, Oklahoma (Unit 3 of their WTE plant)- 350 TPD, runs since July 2011 Commercial system- 300 TPD modular units 30

31 Gasification followed by biocatalyst fermentation and distillation MSW to Bioethanol (2014) Plant: Vero Beach, Indian River County, FLcommercial demonstration facility process ~150,000 TPY of yard, wood and vegetative wastes produce 8 million gal/year ethanol and 6 MW (gross) of electric power Indian River BioEnergy Center 31

32 Commercial scale demonstration facility in Westbury, CA (since 2009, 1.3 million gallons/year) Pilot plant in Sherbrooke, CA (since 2003) On-going work on commercial facilities: Edmonton, Alberta- 10 million gal/year, start-up 2013 Pontotoc, Mississippi & Varennes, Québec, each 10 million gal/year (MRF construction in 2015) Edmonton facility under construction- September

33 Gasification followed by plasma torches to refine the syngas product Plants: Commercial-scale demonstration, 94 TPD- Train Road, Ottawa, CA Recently signed contract with the City of Ottawa to build new 3-line plant to process 109,500 t/year of the city MSW Plasco has recently missed some contractual deadlines on putting financing in place for the Ottawa project and also announced a new CEO in Nov

34 Fiberight High-Solids Pulping Ethanol Fermentation Feedstock- MSW Plants: Demonstration plant in Lawrenceville, VA- opened October 2012 Blairstown, IA- 6 mill gal/year, expected to be fully operational in summer Has site control for first commercial-scale biofuel plant in Elkridge, MD Recent contract with City of Marion, Iowa; also recently selected as Preferred Contractor by Iowa City, Iowa (Dec. 2013) 34

35 Technology partner Sierra BioFuels- commercial plant under construction in City of McCarran, NV 10.5 million gal/year Permitting completed Feedstock and off-take agreements completed USDA $105 million loan guarantee in August 2012 Secured $175 million for construction as of Nov 2012 Expected startup in 2015 (maybe?) 35

36 Technologies Processing Mixed Non-Recyclable Plastics Company Technology Product Status Featured plants in N. America Pyrolysis Crude oil & combustible gas commercial Demo: Tigard, OR, 10 TPD Commercial: Hennepin County, MN; Lithia Springs, GA, Manatee County, FL No. of commercial plants 3 Microwave Pyrolysis Crude wax & combustible gas demo Under construction: Blackville, SC 20 TPD 1 under construction Catalytic Pyrolysis Crude oil & combustible gas demo demo: Niagara Falls, NY (45TPD) none Pyrolysis Crude oil & combustible gas Pilot Pilot and commercial under development: Akron, Ohio none 36

37 Technologies Processing Organics & Generating Biogas 37

38 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Biological degradation of organic material in absence of oxygen Results are biogas and digestate: Biogas can be used to produce electricity and/or heat or can be conditioned to pipeline quality Digestate can be used as a soil amendment, animal bedding, or feedstock for composting There are 19 AD plants accepting food waste from commercial, institutional and industrial sources in the U.S., including demonstration, pilot and commercial projects. Kroger AD plant, California GBB, June

39 International AD company (North America, Europe and Asia) Offer technology and serve as project developer Proprietary AD technologies: TRITON Two stage AD; OMNIVORE retrofit for co-digestion- Approx biogas projects with most of them at WWTP worldwide Projects in the US: Michigan State University- under construction 16,800 TPY capacity of commercial food scraps and manure; County of Maui, HI- under development, mixed waste processing with AD unit system AD plant in Hungary 39

40 Clean World Partners Founded in 2009 in Gold River, CA Three proprietary anaerobic digestion systems developed at UC Davis: Anaerobic Phased Solids (APS) Digester System Dynamic Biofilm Reactor (DBR) High Rate Digestion (HRD) Projects: American River Packaging- 2,900 TPY of food Processors Waste Sacramento s South Area Transfer Station (with Atlas Disposal)- 10,000 TPY currently upgrading to 40,000 TPY of commercial food waste UC Davis (demonstration plant since 2002)- 20,000 TPY of food waste Sacramento plant UC Davis Demo Plant 40

41 FEED Resource Recovery Inc. US company founded in Boston 2007 AD for Food Processing Industry Kroger Project at Ralphs/Food 4 Less distribution facility in Compton, CA- operating 55,000 TPY (150 TPD) Food waste from Kroger distribution center 41

42 US company founded in 2008 in Waltham, MA Licensed European AD technologies More than10 composting plants Three AD plants Richmond Energy Garden, Canada- 40,000 TPY of food and yard waste London Ontario Energy Garden, Canada- 65,000 TPY of mixed organic waste Energy Garden in Bay Lake, FL- under construction- 100,000 TPY of Mixed organic waste Richmond Energy Garden London Energy Garden 42

43 US company established in 2006 in Cleveland, OH Initially European technology, now, more than 98% of the components are purchased in the U.S. and more than 76% of those are from Ohio-based companies Integrated Anaerobic Digestion System (iads) is patent pending technology developed at Ohio State University Projects: 8 operating commercial AD projects in the US 3 commercial projects under construction Cleveland, Ohio- 42,600 TPY of Biosolids, FOG and food waste Wooster, OH- 20,000 TPY, Pumpable and high solids organic biomass 43

44 US company based in Lafayette, CA Dry Anaerobic Digestion licensee for: Plants: KompoFERM SmartFERM Monterey Regional Waste Management District- 5,000 TPY of food and green waste City of San Jose (start-up Dec. 2013)- 90,000 TPY of commercial food waste Operating at ½ capacity in Jan Scaling up through Spring plants under construction and development Monterey, CA San Jose, CA 44

45 MSW Landfill Gas (LFG) MSW landfills are the third-largest source of human-related methane emissions in the U. S. Landfill gas (LFG) is a by-product of the decomposition of MSW: ~ 50% methane (CH4) ~ 50% carbon dioxide (CO2) <1% non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) For every 1 million tons of in-place MSW: ~ 0.8 MW of electricity ~ 400,000 cubic feet per day of LFG 45

46 State of the U.S. LFG Industry LFG is extracted from landfills using a series of wells and a blower/flare system Collected gas goes to a central point for treatment and conversion/sale As of July 2013: 621 operational LFG energy projects in the U.S. EPA estimates an additional 450 MSW landfills could turn their gas into energy Enough to power 500,000 homes Maui, HI LFG System 46

47 Featured Ongoing Projects in North America City of Cleveland- Long-Term Waste Recycling and Disposal Project City of Houston- One Bin for all Prince William County- Demonstration plant of an emerging MSW WTE conversion technology County of Maui- Integrated Waste Conversion and Energy Project Iowa City- Conversion technology as part of the solid waste management system 47

48 MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT- [MBT] EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE 48

49 Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Originated in Germany in 1999 (now 36 operating MBTs) 330 plants in EU most of them in: Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands, while UK is catching up Includes: Mechanical Sorting of recyclables and organics Food scraps and green waste are processed through anaerobic digestion and composting units Dry materials into a high BTU fuel fraction as RDF RDF is the key to MBT, with 54% to dedicated boilers, 16% to coal plants, 11% to cement kilns and 19% to other users Source: Mechanical Biological Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste. UK Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). February

50 Example of the MBT Plants in Europe Avonmouth, UK Veolia - Southwark UK Hanover, Germany 50

51 MBT Equipment 51

52 SUMMARY AND TRENDS FOR FUTURE 52

53 Examples of State Regulatory Initiatives State goals to drive action: CA- 75% of MSW & 50% organic waste by 2020 WA- 50% recycling met in 2011; eliminate yard waste from landfills by 2012; OR- 50% recovery goal met in 2010; Material management 2050 Vision; States with bans on food waste from commercial generators: MA 2014 VT 2014 (large generators); 2020 (all generators) CT 2014 (large generators); 2020 (all generators) 53

54 Government Support Programs USDA Rural Development- grants and loan guaranteed through BioRefinery Assistance Program Energy Policy Act of DoE s Loan Guarantee Program Near Term Energy Efficient Technologies (NTEET) Program- DoD program Rural Energy for America Program (REAP)- Renewable Energy System and Energy Efficiency Improvement Guaranteed Loan and Grant Program 54

55 Questions and comments? Thank you! Bob Brickner Executive Vice President Elizabeth Rice Consultant II