Annual Report

Transcription

1 Annual Report INTRODUCTION The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted as Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (CBPCWP) on 22nd September, 1974 under the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and later under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1988 (No. 53 of 1988) its name was amended as Central Pollution Control Board. The main functions of CPCB, as spelt out in The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, are: (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States through prevention, control and abatement of water pollution; and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing key role in controlling pollution by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. The Central Board has enlisted thrust areas requiring immediate attention and assisted government to formulate National Plans and to execute these appropriately through continuous follow up and review. 1) FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air; Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water and air pollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement; Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programmes for prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Organise through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or abatement of water and air pollution; Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution and the measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement; Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts; Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and control; Lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the standards for stream or well, and lay down standards for the quality of air; and, Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India. 2) FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD AS STATE BOARD FOR THE UNION TERRITORIES Advise the Governments of Union Territories with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air pollution; Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for emissions from automobiles, industrial plants, and any other polluting source; Evolve efficient methods for disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land; Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade effluents and air pollution control equipment; Identify any area or areas within Union Territories as air pollution control area or areas to be notified under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and, Assess the quality of ambient air and water, and inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution control equipment, industrial plants or manufacturing processes to evaluate their

2 performance and to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution. 3) DELEGATION OF POWERS BY CPCB As per policy decision of the Government of India, the Central Pollution Control Board, delegated its powers and functions under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect to Union Territories to respective Pollution Control Committees under the local Administration. 4) VISIT OF IMPORTANT DIGNITARIES AT CPCB The CPCB was visited by various important dignitaries and delegations. The details are as follows: Egyptian Delegation visited CPCB between 9th to 12th December, Kenyan Delegation comprising five Senior Officials from National Environmental Tribunal, Kenya, visited CPCB on 26th February, Canadian Delegation visited CPCB during August 2002 and again during January Shri K.C.Mishra, Secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forests, visited CPCB on 5th April, Justice P. Bhaskaran, Chairman, and Dr. K. R. Ranganathan, Member Secretary, Loss of Ecology Authority, Chennai, visited CPCB on 7th May, CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARD 1) According to the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Board consist of the following members : a full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central Government; such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government to represent Government; such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two shall be from amongst the members of the local authorities; such number of non-officials, not exceeding three to be nominated by the Central Government, to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented; two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by the Government; and a full time Member Secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the Central Government. 2) The organisational structure of the Central Board is provided in Annexure-I. Staff strength as on March 31, 2003 is furnished in Annexure-II. List of Board Members during the year is provided in Annexure-III. 1) MEETINGS OF THE BOARD MEETINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD

3 During the reporting period (April 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003), four meetings of the Central Board were held. The details of the meetings are presented in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Details of the Board Meetings during Year Meeting No. Date Place th April, 2002 Delhi th September, 2002 Delhi th January, 2003 Delhi th March, 2003 Delhi 2) MAJOR DECISIONS TAKEN BY THE BOARD Laboratories were recognized under the Environment (Protection) Act, The name and address of recognized laboratories has been presented in Annexure IV. Annual Action Plan for , Annual Report , Annual Statement of Audit for and were approved. Implementation of projects on Eco-cities (Scheme under the X Plan). Emission standards for hazardous waste incineration. Enforcement of coke oven standard in integrated iron and steel plants. Policy to control pollution from asbestos industry. Construction of training facility at CPCB under the World Bank funded EMCBTA project subcomponent - Zoning Atlas. Construction of new office-cum-laboratory building for Eastern Zonal Office of CPCB, Kolkata and Western Zonal Office at Vadodara. Approved the constitution of Research Advisory Committee of CPCB. Collaboration with the Environment Canada under the Canada-India Institutional Strengthening Project. COMMITTEES CONSTITUTED BY THE BOARD AND THEIR ACTIVITIES No Committee has been constituted by the Central Board, during the reporting period. AIR AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK 1) WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT Water quality monitoring is an important exercise, which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution control required, and effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. It also helps in drawing the water quality trends and prioritising pollution control efforts. Keeping this in view, the Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has established the water quality network comprising of 784 stations spread over the country. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and half yearly in case of groundwater. Monitoring Results The monitoring results obtained during 2002 indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominant form of pollution at aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) & coliform count gives the indication of extent of water quality

4 degradation. It is observed that nearly 60% of the observations out of 5000 observations, are having BOD recording less than 3 mg/l, 20-25% between 3-6 mg/l & 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly total & fecal coliform, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also of major concern. Nearly half of the observations are having coliform more than 500 Nos./100 ml. Water Quality Trend An attempt is made to plot trends of percentage of observations obtained during last 10 years in different levels of pollution with respect to BOD & coliform. The trend is presented in Fig.5.1. It is clear from the Fig.5.1 that there is a increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l & colform below 500 Nos./100 ml. This indicate that there is a gradual improvement in water quality. However the percentage of observations having BOD more than 6 mg/l & coliform more than 5000 Nos./100 ml is also increasing. This is due to the shifting of moderately polluted water bodies to higher level of pollution as clear from the decreasing trend in the percentage of observations having BOD between 3-6 mg/l and coliform

5 between Nos./100 ml. 2) POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IN INDIA The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with concerned State Pollution Control Boards is carrying out water quality monitoring at 784 locations. The monitoring data are compiled, analysed and compared with desired water quality in different water bodies. The monitoring programme helps in prioritising pollution control efforts, establishing water quality trends and evaluating effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. In order to prioritise the pollution control efforts, CPCB identifies areas of high priority based on the severity of the problem. In , CPCB identified 10 problem areas and 10 polluted river stretch to concentrate the pollution control efforts the list of polluted stretches formed the basis for formulation of River Action Plan of the National River Conservation Directorate. The list was further extended based on increasing pollution problem in our country. The water quality data of Year 2000 and 2001 analysed and 86 polluted water bodies are identified. Among these 71 are rivers and 15 lakes and tanks (Table 5.1). These water bodies are not meeting the desired level of water quality for defined uses with respect to Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand. In the present exercise, those water bodies having BOD more than 6 mg/l are identified as polluted water bodies.

6 State Table 5.1 STATEWISE POLLUTED STRETCHES IN RIVERS AND LAKES No. of Surface Water Bodies Rivers Lakes/Tanks/ Reservoirs/Drains Andhra Pradesh Assam Delhi Jharkhand Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Meghalaya Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Sikkim Uttar Pradesh West Bengal TOTAL River Table 5.1 (Contd.) Riverwise Polluted Stretches No. of Polluted Stretch Godavari 2 Nagavalli 1 Musi 1 Kalong 1 Bharalu 1 Yamuna 3 Subarnarekha 1 Sabarmati 1 Amlakhadi 1 Shedi 1 Damanganga 1 Ambika 1 Bhadar 1 Khari 1 Kolak 1 Par 1 Ghaggar 3 Markanda 1 Bhadra 1 Tunga 1 Kali 1 Tungabhadra 1 Khan 1 Kshipra 1 Chambal 2

7 Tapi 2 Kalu 1 Ulhas 1 Weinganga 1 Panchganga 1 Wardha 1 Bhima 1 Mula & Mutha 1 Bhatsa 1 Patalganga 1 Kundalika 1 Krishna 1 Girna 1 Nira 1 Kharkhala 1 Brahmani 1 Ib 1 Mahanadi 1 Kuakhai 1 Kathjodi 1 Satluj 1 Beas 1 Banas/Berach 1 Vaigai 1 Palar 1 Adyar 1 Coovum 1 Tambiraparani 1 Noyyal 1 Cauvery 1 Ranichu 1 Hindon 1 Western Kali 1 Buri Yamuna 1 Kali Nadi Eastern 1 Gomti 1 Ganga 2 Damodar 1 TOTAL 71 Table 5.1 (Contd.) Polluted Lakes/Tanks/Drains Tank/Lake/Drain/Pond etc. 1. Kishtra Reddy Pet Tank, Andhra Pradesh 2. Dharamsagar Tank, Andhra Pradesh 3. Hussain Sagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh 4. Sarronagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh 5. Pulicate Lake, Andhra Pradesh 6. Drain No. 8, Haryana 7. Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh

8 8. Heballa Valley Lake, Karnataka 9. Ulsoor Lake, Karnataka 10. Lower & Upper Lake, Madhya Pradesh 11. Umiam Lake, Meghalaya 12. Ward Lake, Meghalaya 13. Umtrew Lake, Meghalaya 14. Thadlaskena, Meghalaya 15. Kankoria Lake, Gujarat The respective State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees were requested to take remedial measures and formulate action plans to restore the water quality of the water bodies. 3) WATER QUALITY OF MAJOR RIVERS Water quality profiles of 14 major rivers as studied have been presented in Annexure V. For this purpose, the criteria parameters considered are DO, BOD and Total Coliforms. ph has not been plotted as it remained within desired levels at almost all monitored locations. The significant observations about the major rivers are presented below: River Baitarni: DO values of this river stretch are meeting the desired class throughout the year. In case of BOD, the entire river stretch under monitoring is not meeting the desired class. Average values in first two locations are within the desired class for both BOD and Total Coliform, thereafter from Jajpur onwards it is never meeting the desired class for BOD. In case of Total Coliform, average values are beyond the desired class due to higher concentration up to 11,000 Nos./100ml in the stretch from Anandpur to Chandbali and at Dhamra, it has touched 21,000 Nos./100ml. River Brahmani: DO values of this river stretch are meeting the desired class (3 mg/l) except one value in the month of July at Raurkela D/s. In case of BOD, there is much fluctuation in values. BOD values are observed violating the desired class at all the locations and touched 5 mg/l and 6 mg/l at D/s Pamposh and Kamalanga respectively. Total Coliform values are violating the desired class at D/s Pamposh, Rourkela D/s, Samal, Talcher U/s, Kamalanga, Dhamasala & Pattamundai. At other locations it is well within the limit of desired class River Brahmaputra : DO values of water in this river stretch are meeting the desired class throughout the year. BOD values are meeting the desired class in the entire stretch except at Kherghat in the month of December (3.7 mg/l). Total coliform values were observed violating the desired class at all the locations. River Cauvery : On an average DO & BOD values have been found meeting the desired class. But DO values were not within the desired level at Erode in the months of January (3.8 mg/l) & October (3.5 mg/l), at Mohanur in the month of August (0.5 mg/l), at Tiruchirappalli U/s in the month of May (4.8 mg/l), at Tiruchirappalli D/s in the months of January (3.8 mg/l), September (3.5 mg/l) and October (4.3 mg/l), at Trichy in the month of February (4.7 mg/l), at Pitchavaram all months except February & March and at Near Boarder in the month of March (1 mg/l). It is observed that BOD values was exceeding the desired limit at Erode, Mohanur, Thirumukkudal, Musiri, Tiruchirappalli U/s, Tiruchirappalli D/s, Trichy, Thanjavur, Pitchavaram and Near Boarder. Total Coliforms values were well within the desired class except at Napokulu Bridge. D/s in all months except June, at Kushal nagar U/s in all months, at Sri Rangapattanna all the months except January, Tiruchirappalli U/s in all the months except October, at Tiruchirappalli D/s in all the months except May & June and Trichy, Grand Anaicut in the months of March, April, June, August and September. Eutrophication symptoms were observed at three locations Thirumukkudal, Musiri and Tiruchirappalli U/s. It seems that due to eutrophication, the oxygen concentration has risen upto 20 mg/l at Thirumukkudal, 17.9 mg/l at Musiri and 16.5 mg/l at Tiruchirappalli U/s, as the observations were taken during day time, when photosynthetic effects were prominent. River Ganga : DO values have been meeting the desired level except at six locations (at Kanpur D/s, Varanasi U/s, Varanasi D/s, Trighat, Dakhineswar and Uluberia) in the river. In case of BOD, there is much fluctuation in values. Except at five locations (Buxar, Patna U/s, Khurji, Patna D/s, Rajmahal and Behrampur), BOD is exceeding the desired level at all other locations. Total Coliforms values were exceeding the desired level in the entire stretch and it is observed that concentrations were very high in

9 the stretch from Behrampur to Palta (touched 3.5 million MPN/100ml at Behrampur in the month of September). River Godavari : DO values have been observed meeting the desired class in the entire stretch except at Jayawadi dam in the month of June (4.2 mg/l) and at Nasik D/s in the months of January (4.2 mg/l), May (2.9 mg/l), June (4.3 mg/l), July (1.2 mg/l), October (4.9 mg/l) and November (2.1 mg/l). BOD values were violating the desired class at all the locations in the stretch. At Nasik D/s, it touched 66 mg/l in the month of July. Total Coliforms values were violating at all the monitoring stations except the two locations (Dhalegaon and Raher) in the stretch. River Krishna : DO & Total Coliforms values were meeting the desired class except at Mahabaleshwar in the month of July (3.8 mg/l), at Rajapur weir in the months of January (4.6 mg/l), April (4.2 mg/l), at Kurundwad in the months of January (3.8 mg/l), April (3.9 mg/l) & Hamsala Deevi in the month of September (2.6 mg/l) and Total Coliforms at Rajapur Weir in the months of September (550 MPN/100ml), December (550 MPN/100ml) and at Tintini Bdg. in all the months except January, February, March, May touching the maximum value 500 MPN/100ml. BOD values were meeting the desired class after Kurundwad except at Thangadi for all the months having maximum of 3.6 mg/l and Hamsala Deevi in the months from May to September having maximum concentration of 10.5 mg/l. BOD values were not meeting the desired class in the stretch from Mahabaleswar to Kurundwad even in a single month monitored during the year. River Mahanadi : In the entire stretch from Rudri U/s to Paradeep D/s, all DO values were meeting the desired class throughout the year. BOD values were observed violating (during certain months) at five locations at Hirakund Reservoir, Sambalpur U/s, Sambalpur D/s, Sonepur D/s and Cuttack D/s. At other locations it is meeting the desired class. Total Coliform values were not meeting the desired class in the stretch at Hirakud Reservoir, Sambalpur U/s, Sambalpur D/s, Cuttack U/s and Cuttack D/s. Total Coliforms values were meeting the desired class at other locations. River Mahi : During the year, DO, BOD and Total Coliform values have been found meeting the desired class in the entire stretch from Badnawar to Vasad except BOD in the month of August (3.1 mg/l) at Sevalia. River Narmada : DO values are meeting the desired class in the entire stretch except at Amarkantak in the months of February, April, May, June, August with minor deviations. In case of BOD & Total Coliforms, it is meeting the desired class in the stretch from D/s of Omkareshwar till end of the stretch upto Bharuch except Total Coliforms at Garudeshwar. In addition to this, all the values of Total Coliforms were meeting the desired class at Amarkantak, Mandla, Narsinghpur and Hoshangabad D/s. River Penner : DO values are meeting the desired class at all the locations throughout the year. In case of BOD, minor violations (up to a maximum of 3.6 mg/l) in all the monitored locations were obsereved. River Sabarmati : DO Values are violating the desired class at Railway Bridge in the months of January (3.0 mg/l), June (0.4 mg/l), July (1.3 mg/l), August (1.2 mg/l), October (1.4 mg/l), November (4.0 mg/l) and December (3.0 mg/l). At the same time maximum values of 19 mg/l in the month of April and 13 mg/l in the month of March were also observed due to eutrophication effect. At other locations, it is well within the limit of desired class. BOD and Total Coliform values were violating the desired class at all the monitored locations. At V.N. Bridge, BOD is violating in all the months touching the level of 517mg/l in the month of March and Total Coliforms value is 4.6 million MPN/100ml in the month of March at Railway Bridge and at Miroli Taluka. The Sabarmati river is probably the heaviest polluted river. River Subarnarekha : DO & BOD values are meeting the desired class except BOD in the months of February (3.2 mg/l), April (4.6 mg/l) and May (3.8 mg/l) at Tata Nagar. Total Coliforms values were not meeting the desired class at all locations except at Chandil Bridge and observed more than 24,000 MPN/100ml at Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Tata Nagar. River Tapi : DO values were found meeting the desired class at all the locations except in the month of April (5.8 mg/l) at Ajnand Village. BOD values were observed violating at all the locations except at Nepanagar. In addition to this, BOD values are always observed violating throughout the year at Ajnand Village, Bhusawal U/s and Uphad Village. Total coliform values were found meeting desired class at two locations i.e. Bhuswal U/s and Uphad Village. 4) SEWAGE MANAGEMENT IN GANGA BASIN

10 The major source of organic pollution in fresh water bodies is sewage because the cities and towns did not have adequate sewage treatment facilities. Untreated or improperly treated human wastes disposed into aquatic resources. At downstream, other city's draw water for its water requirements. This constitute a big public health hazard in terms of their potential for spreading water borne diseases. As per the recent estimate, out of 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, only about 5,900 MLD (26%) is treated while as much as 17,000 MLD is disposed untreated. Twenty-seven cities have only primary treatment facilities and forty-nine have primary and secondary treatment facilities. The level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5% to 89% of the sewage generated. The river Ganga is the largest river in the country having catchment area of 861,404 square kilometres, covering 26.2 percent of total geographical area of the country. The river watershed spread over ten States, namely:- Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. Urban population consisting of Class I Cities and Class II Towns in the Ganga basin is 57 million (as per 1991) which is projected to be over 72 million in There are 101 Class I cities and 122 Class II towns in the basin. The recent survey of Class I and Class II cities indicate that about 8,250 MLD wastewater is generated in the Ganga basin (Table 5.2), out of which treatment facilities are available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD has been created under Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD under Yamuna Action Plan and about 2,189 MLD has been created by Delhi Government for restoration of water quality of river Yamuna. The treatment facilities at 48 additional towns along the Ganga and 23 towns on its tributaries/sub-tributaries are being created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-II and National River Action Plan. It is expected that after completion of these plans, an additional treatment capacity of about 1,500 MLD will be created. However, still there is a large gap between the wastewater generation (8,250 MLD) and treatment (3,500 MLD). Table 5.2 Summary of Sewage Generation Treatment and Disposal in Ganga Basin Total number of towns generating significant amount of 222 sewage ( class I cities and class II towns ) Sewage generation from 222 towns Sewage directly disposed into the Ganga river Sewage disposed into tributaries of the Ganga Sewage disposed on land or low lying areas Sewage Treatment capacity created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-I Sewage treatment capacity created along the Yamuna Additional towns (48 towns) where sewage treatment capacity is being created under GAP Phase-II Number of towns where sewage treatment capacity is being created on tributaries of the Ganga 8250 MLD 2538 MLD 4491 MLD 1220 MLD 882 MLD 2631 MLD 600 MLD 750 MLD Sewage Treatment Plants under the Ganga Action Plan Central Pollution Control Board carried out a detailed study of Ganga river basin in which was culminated into an action plan to restore its water quality. The action plan was accepted by the Government of India for implementation in and on 14 th June 1986 an ambitious plan called the Ganga Action Plan was launched with following objectives: Pollution abatement to improve the water quality, interception, diversion and treatment of domestic sewage entering into the river; Control of non-point pollution from agricultural run off, human defecation, cattle wallowing and throwing of unburned and half burnt bodies into the river; Research and development to conserve the biotic diversity of the river to augment its productivity; and, To act as trend setter for taking up similar action plans in other grossly polluted stretches in other rivers.

11 In order to achieve the objectives of improving the water quality, 261 scemes covering 25 class I cities of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal were taken up. It was targeted to intercept, divert and treat 873 million litres per day (MLD) of domestic wastewater, out of 1340 MLD being generated from the 25 class I cities in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. For controlling industrial pollution, 68 grossly polluted units discharging 260 MLD industrial wastewater into the river were taken up for close monitoring and forcing the industries to set up effluent treatment plant. The Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) were either upgraded or constructed to treat the domestic sewage by adopting treatment technologies, such as low cost waste stabilisation ponds, conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Trickling Filter (TF) and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment systems (Table 5.3). Table 5.3 Treatment Systems under GAP Phase I in Uttranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal Sl.No. Treatment System 1. Oxidation Pond 2. Activated Sludge Process 3. Trickling Filter Nos. Total Names of towns Capacity of STP (MLD) UTTARANCHAL (1) Lakkar Ghat- Rishikesh UTTAR PRADESH(1) Farukhabad, BIHAR (2) Chapra, Patna Eastern Zone WEST BENGAL (9 )South,Suburban, Bhatpara, Titagarh (2), Panihati, Bally, Kalyani, Bahrampore, Nabadwip UTTARANCHAL (1) Kankhal-Hardwar UTTAR PRADESH(5) Kanpur,Alllahabad, Varanasi- BHU, Varanasi Dinapur & Varanasi SPT-DLW BIHAR (2) Patna - Saidpur,Patna, Beur WEST BENGAL (4 ) Garden Reach, Cossipore-Chitpur (Bangur), BhatparaB, Titagarh West Bengal (5) Baranagar-Kamarhatti, Kalyani, Serampore, Howrah, Chandannagore 4. RBRC UTTARANCHAL (1) Swargashram- Rishikesh 5. UASB 3 55 UTTAR PRADESH (3) Kanpur(2),Mirzapur 6. Aerated Lagoon BIHAR(3) Patna-Sourthern Zone, Munger,Bhagalpur Note:- RBRC : Rotating Biological Rope Contractor, OP : Oxidation pond ASP : Activated sludge process, UASB : Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket AL : Aerated lagoon, TF : Trickling Filter Out of 35 STPs planned under GAP Phase I (3 STPs in Uttaranchal, 10 STPs in Uttar Pradesh, 7 STPs in Bihar, and 15 STPs in West Bengal), 32 are commissioned and 29 were found functioning. Adequate fund allocation for Operation & Maintenance of STPs is not provided particularly in States of Bihar and U.P. A number of sewage treatment plants are under-loaded e.g. Jajmau, Kanpur; DLW, Varanasi; Naini, Allahabad and some are over-loaded e.g. Dinapur and Bhagwanpur at Varanasi. Several treatment plants (STPs) need upgradation. These include all the STPs of Bihar, Swargashram at Rishikesh; Kankhal, Haridwar; Jajmau in Uttar Pradesh and Bhatpara, Titagarh, Panihati in West Bengal. Out of 1345 MLD sewage joining river Ganga as estimated during 1985, the STPs were planned for treatment of only 875 MLD sewage. Since then, the volume of sewage has increased significantly.

12 S. No. In Bihar, the treatment plants at Karmali Chak (Patna), and Munger are yet to be constructed. Similarly, STP at Chapra and Bhagalpur are under-designed as their capacity is 2 MLD & 11 MLD respectively against 8.74 and 28 MLD respectively. The Chapra STP is not receiving the sewage, as it is located far away (5 km) and there is siltation in the drain, which is supposed to carry sewage through gravity flow. None of the STPs have obtained consent from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards, although it is obligatory under the Water Act, Inadequacy of trained personnel for Operation & Maintenance work is a major shortcoming. Non-availability of uninterrupted power is another problem in most of the places. Since the STPs are biological in nature, their continuous operation is a must in order to maintain the biological growth at activated level. In most of the cities/towns included in GAP, proper sewerage system does not exist and the sewage flows in open drains causing several problems. In rainy season, the run-off water generally mixes with sewage. Since the diversion of drains through pumping is taken care of only dry weather flow, during rainy season it cannot pump the additional load of run-off water. Thus, such interception will not be effective in controlling pollution of the river during rainy season. In many cities, the sewage is not reaching the STPs due to non-existence or nonfunctioning of sewage transport system. There are 21 towns under Yamuna Action Plan, 3 under Gomti Action Plan, 12 under Damodar Action Plan, 3 under Betwa Action Plan, 3 under Chambal Action Plan and one each under river Shipra and Khan. There are 223 cities/ towns (Municipalities/Corporation) generating significant amount of sewage in the Ganga basin. These cities/ towns generate about 8,250 MLD ( million litre per day) of wastewater, out of which about 2,460 MLD is directly discharged into the Ganga river, about 4,570 MLD is discharged into its tributaries or sub-tributaries and about 1,220 MLD is disposed on land or in low-lying areas Out of 8,250 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, the treatment facilities are available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD is created under the Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD is created under the Yamuna Action Plan by NRCD, MoEF Govt of India and about 2,189 MLD treatment capacity is created by the Govt. of Delhi for restoration of water quality in Yamuna river. 5) MONITORING OF RIVER YAMUNA FOR ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring river Yamuna at 19 locations from its origin at Yamunotri to its confluence with river Ganga, under National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) sponsored project & under National Water quality Monitoring programme. The frequency of monitoring at each location varies with the significance and approach of respective location. The frequency of monitoring is once in a year at 2 locations viz. Yamunotri and Shyama Chetti, four times a year at three locations viz. Lakhwar Dam, Dak Pathar & Allahabad, while monthly at 14 locations. Based on the water quality characteristics, 1376 km long Yamuna river stretch can be segregated into five stretches i.e. Himalayan stretch, Upper stretch, Delhi stretch, Mixed stretch and Diluted stretch. The water quality characteristics of these stretches are depicted in Table 5.4. Table 5.4 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS STRETCHES OF RIVER YAMUNA (January December, 2002) River Stretch 1. Himalayan Stretch Stretch details ph Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 172 km from origin to Tajewala barrage Max Av Upper stretch 224 km from Tajewala barrage to Wazirabad barrage Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l Total Coliform Nos./100 ml Faecal Coliform Nos./100 ml Min Min

13 Max Av Delhi stretch 22 km from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage Max Av Mixed stretch 930 km Okhla barrage to river Chambal confluence Max Av Diluted stretch 628 km River Chambal confluence to river Ganga confluence Max Av Min 6.81 NIL Min 6.74 NIL Min As reflected from the water quality characteristics, the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna is critically polluted and having septic conditions. The mixed stretch is having both septic & eutrophic conditions. In this stretch the Agra city is the biggest contributor of pollution to the river. The water quality of river Yamuna at Agra is deteriorating because of construction of Gokul Barrage at upstream Agra, where the water is again blocked. During year 2002, the Bio-chemical oxygen demand at Agra downstream ranged between 8-42 mg/l, with annual average of 21 mg/l whereas Total coliforms varied from 4,60,000 to 24,30,00,000 Nos./100 ml. The major reason of pollution in river Yamuna is not only discharges from domestic and industrial sources but also over-exploitation of fresh water available in the river, which is essentially required to maintain self purification capacity of the river. In the entire stretch of Yamuna River, the water quality, specially in terms of Total coliform is not conforming with respective designated criteria. Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi The water quality of river Yamuna from origin upto Delhi u/s Wazirabad remains fairly good most of the time, while the river stretch from downstream Wazirabad Delhi to upstream Chambal confluence carries deteriorated water quality mainly because of contribution and impact of urban centers located on its bank. Out of 341 km stretch, 22 km of Delhi segment is most polluted. The main reason of pollution in this segment is the discharge from domestic and industrial sources. The Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring Yamuna on monthly basis in Delhi segment at three locations i.e. Palla, Nizamuddin barrage and Okhla barrage. In addition, monitoring of 22 drains being undertaken regularly (20 drains joining the River Yamuna directly while two drains joins the canals), which are the major source of pollution to the river. The total calculated discharge of these 22 drains is approx m 3 /sec, which contribute tonnes of BOD load per day. From the total discharge from these drains, Yamuna receives more than 90% wastewater, while the wastewater contributed by other two drains joins canals. Accordingly, out of total BOD load of tonnes, Yamuna receives tonnes of BOD load per day and rest received by the canals (Table 5.5). The Delhi segment of river Yamuna has oligotrophic head and saprobic tail end and characterized by high bacterial load (except at Palla location its appearance is cloudy) having high BOD with strong disagreeable odour. There is significant contrast in the water quality status of the river between upstream Wazirabad barrage (Palla) and downstream Wazirabad (Nizamuddin bridge and Agra Canal) (Table 5.6). The anaerobic condition in river is frequently reflected by masses of gaseous sludge rising from the bottom and floating at the water surface. Table 5.5 POLLUTION LOAD OF DRAINS MEETING RIVER YAMUNA IN DELHI (January December 2002) S. No. Drains Flow m 3 /sec % Contribution BOD Load Tonnes/day % Contribution

14 1. Najafgarh Drain Magazine Road Sweepers Colony Khyber Pass Metcalf Drain Mori Gate Drain Tonga Stand Civil Mill Drain Power House Moat Drain Sen Nursing Home Drain No. 12 A Drain No Barapulla Drain Maharani Bagh Kalkaji Drain Tuglakabad Shahdara Drain Sarita Vihar Drain (Joins canal) Drain Near LPG Plant Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar Tehkhand Drain (Joins canal) Total Table 5.6 Water Quality of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch (January December 2002) S. No. Monitored Location Palla Nizamuddin Bridge Agra Canal (Okhla Barrage u/s) 1. ph Min Max Av Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l Min 6.7 Nil Nil Max Av Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l Min Max Av Total Coliforms Nos./100 ml Min Max Av Faecal Coliforms Nos./100 ml Min Max Av Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; Av = Average

15 6) SEWAGE TREATMENT STATUS IN THE YAMUNA BASIN Delhi generates about 3,600 MLD of wastewater, out of which treatment facility is available for only 2,109 MLD. It is observed that there is continuous effort by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to augment the treatment capacity. However, the exponential population growth is nullifying the results. Twelve towns in Haryana and 8 Towns in Uttar Pradesh are included for setting up of sewage treatment plants under Yamuna Action Plan. Two sewage treatment plants in Delhi also been constructed under this plan at Sen Nursing Home Drain and Delhi Gate Drain with a design capacity of 10 MLD each. Under the plan 34 STP's are commissioned with a treatment capacity of MLD (Table 5.7). Table 5.7 Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi Sewage Treatment Plant Total Capacity (Million litres Actual Flow(Million litres per day ) per day ) Mehrauli 22.7 Nil Vasant Kunj Okhla Najafgarh 22.7 Nil Papan Kalan Kesho Pur Nilothi Under Construction Coronation Pillar Rohini 68.1 Under Construction Narela Rithala Yamuna Vihar Kondli Sen Nursing Home Delhi Gate Rajghat Nehru Vihar Oxidation Pond Total Performance Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP's) under Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) (NRCD/MOEF Sponsored Project) The National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment & Forests has assigned project to Central Pollution Control Board for Performance Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants under Yamuna Action Plan. The performance monitoring of five sewage treatment plants (four in Haryana and one in Delhi) is being continuously undertaken since May, 1999 on monthly basis (Table 5.8). 24 Hrs composite samples of STP influent and effluent (2 hourly interval) are being collected from influent and effluent channels and being analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters i.e. ph, Temperature, Suspended Solids, Volatile Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, NO 3,-N, NH 3,-N, Phosphate, Total coliform, Faecal Coliform etc. In addition, the generated sewage sludge from STP is also being collected and analyzed for ph, Heavy metals (seven trace metals) and pesticides. Table 5.8 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STP'S) UNDER YAMUNA ACTION PLAN MONITORED UNDER NRCD PROJECT S. No. State Monitored STP Treatment Capacity Type of Treatment 1. Delhi Sen Nursing Home 10 MLD Aerobic 2. Haryana STP Gurgaon 30 MLD UASB STP Zone-I 20 MLD UASB Faridabad STP Faridabad Zone-II 45 MLD UASB

16 STP Faridabad Zone-III 50 MLD UASB Performance Monitoring of Oxidation Pond based Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttar Pradesh under Yamuna Action Plan The monitoring of Oxidation Ponds in Uttar Pradesh as identified by National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment & Forests being undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board Laboratories in addition to STP's already being monitored. Seven Oxidation ponds, as identified by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) are being monitored on monthly basis since January, 2002 (Table 5.9): Table 5.9 OXIDATION POND BASED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN UTTAR PRADESH MONITORED BY CPCB S. No STP Location Capacity (MLD) 1. Main Town, Vrindavan Kaliadah, Vrindavan Trans Yamuna, Mathura Masani, Mathura Trans Yamuna, Agra Buria Ka Nagla, Agra Main Town, Etawah 10.0 Grab Samples are collected on monthly basis from inlet and outlet of each Oxidation Pond and analyzed for flow (analyzed in field, temperature (Analyzed in field), ph, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen (Analyzed in the field) apart from bacteriological parameters viz. Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms. 7) WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT THROUGH BIO-MONITORING OF MAJOR WETLANDS IN WILDLIFE HABITATS OF INDIA The wetlands are the richest and most biologically diverse ecosystem. Many wetlands in the country support spectacular diversity of wildlife. Some are centers of rare, threatened and endangered species. Many of them are home of rich variety of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. There is also a phenomenal diversity of insects associated with wetlands. In recent years, wetlands have been the focus of innumerable studies. This is also the only ecosystem type to have its own international convention, namely, the convention on wetlands of International importance especially as waterfowl habitats better known as the Ramsar convention to which India is a signatory. The high biological productivity and bio-diversity values of wetlands, and the sustenance that these habitats provide to communities, have long been realized. However, the contribution of wetlands in maintaining the food chain in open waters, and in providing a variety of services such as; water quality improvement, flood control, and ground water recharge, among others been emphasized in the context of conservation. With the increase in human population, pressure on land for agriculture, urban and industrial expansion, wetland habitats in India have been over exploited. In many cases, such human excesses have greatly reduced bio-diversity, thus upsetting the ecological balance decreasing the values of wetlands. The need and importance of wetlands in water quality management has been greatly realized for improving water quality and wetlands species as bio-indicators. The project studies are undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board at various wetlands in the country with following major objectives: Bio-monitoring of wetlands in wildlife ecosystem will help in prediction and detection of ecological effects to protect rare and endangered biotic species in cost-effective manner. Generate base line data on bio-monitoring of water bodies being used for propagation of wildlife habitats in India. Training / interaction to local authorities, NGO's other institutions such as forest Department State Pollution Control Boards and other concerned organizations.

17 S. No. During the reporting year the bio-monitoring studies have been undertaken in vicinity of wetlands of important wildlife habitats in states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Meghalaya (Table 5.10). Table 5.10 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES (FRESHWATER) OF WETLANDS IN WILDLIFE HABITATS AND THEIR WATER USE STATUS State 1. Andhra Pradesh S. No. State Wildlife Habitat Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary Kolleru Wildlife sanctuary Wildlife Habitat District/Town/ Village East Godavari district Ramanapalam West Godavari District District/Town/ Village Wetland Surface Water Resources River Corangi River Godavari upstream at Rajamundry Kolleru Lake Wetland River Godavari downstream at Dowlaiswaram River Corangi Water Use Status Drinking water Intake, religious activities, washing ghat, domestic and industrial waste water discharge, prawn and fish ponds. Irrigation, washing, bathing, fishing, boating, aquaculture Aquaculture, Prawn and fish ponds, transportation through motor boats, Mangrove forest, bird sanctuary River Gaderu Commercial fishing, aquaculture, transport, confluence of river Godavari to Bay of Bengal, bird sanctuary, Mangrove forest Godavari Canal at Chettipeta Hydel Power generation, fishing, irrigation, bathing, washing, industrial cooling, raw water source Circar Channel Boating, aquaculture, at Alapadu transportation through motor boats, bird sanctuary, fishing Srigavarapupadu channel Lotus cultivation, bird's habitat, fishing, aquaculture, boating and drainage from villages Kolletikota Transport through motor boats, pumping water for fish ponds, cultivation, aquaculture, drainage of surface runoffs from villages, habitats for birds Upputeru Outlet Drain Polaraju Drain Surface Water Resources Chinaedlagadi Drain Aquaculture and cultivation, Kolleru lake outlet discharge, washing, cultivation, fishing, boating, birds habitat Domestic waste water and surface runoffs discharge to Kolleru lake, birds habitat, carrying industrial and domestic and agriculture runoffs joining Kolleru lake, raw water source to Kolleru lake Water Use Status Drain carrying surface water runoffs and domestic waste water joins Kolleru lake, water abstarction for fish pond, cultivation, fishing, bird's habitat, raw

18 2. Arunachal Pradesh D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary 3. Assam Deepor Beel Kaziranga National Park Pedaedlagadi Drain water source to Kolleru Lake Domestic waste water discharge, surface runoffs, raw water source for Kolleru Lake, boating for transportation of construction material, feed and fertiliser for fish pond and aquaculture East Siang River Siang River Siang, Wildlife sanctuary, District, River Sibia, Transport by ferry services, Pasighat River Geruing cultivation, forestry, bathing, fishing Lower Dibang Valley Roing Lower Dibang Valley, Roing Guwahati Sonitpur, Nagaon Golaghat District and River Dibang River Dibang Fishing, Migratory bird's habitat, Dibang Reserve Forest, Transport by ferry, cultivation River Ephipani Transport by boating, tourism, fishing, bathing Sally Resort ABA Nullah/ Cultivation, fishing, River Sisris bathing, transport through river, horticulture lake Streams from Bird's habitat, tourism, fish catchment of culture Mehao Sanctuary Deepor Beel River Brahmaputra upstream Tinsukhia Rongamotia Beel, Bhengrai Jan, Kalduwar Beel, Bhodia Jan, River Brahmaputra, Daflong Beel, River Jia- Didifaloo, Kawaimari Beel, Mona Beel, Karising Beel, Mihi Beel + Monidifaloo river, River Dhansiri NH-37 at Transport in between Assam at Dhollaghat to Arunachal pradesh at Sotia ghat by ferry services, cultivation, fishing, Tea Estates River Brahmaputra Bathing, religious activities, washing cloth, waste water Bamboo market discharge through drains, Guwahati NH- 37 Deepor Beel Migratory and Resident birds habitat, fishing, domestic and industrial waste water discharge, brick kilns River Brahmaputra, Flood waters Drinking, Bathing for wild animals like Buffalo, Rhino, Elephants, nesting habitats for migratory and resident birds, Waste water discharge of Numaligarh refinery, Surface run offs from Tea Estates, tree palntation in forest range

19 4. Bihar Braila Jubba Sahini Bird Sanctuary Vaishali Amthama Ecological Park Barauni Begusarai Kusheshwar Darbhanga sthan Bird Birol Sanctuary S. No. State Wildlife Habitat 5. Delhi Chhawla Ecopark 6. Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Okhla Barrage Pakshi Vihar District/Town/ Village Braila Jheel River Agriculture, Fishing, Bird Noon,Rainwater Sanctuary River Boya Outlet discharge of Braila jheel, cultivation, washing, bathing, surface drainage of Mahua village River Ganga Transport, bathing, and River religious activities, Gandak Dolphins habitat, cultivation Ecopond 2 Waste water Bird sanctuary, from Barauni amusement park, boating Refinery Kusheshwar sthan at Kamala, Balan Kosi Sangam Sangam of river Kamala, Balan and Kosi Shiv-Ganga Ghat Religious, bathing, washing, transport, through boating, tourism, bird's habitat Religious bathing, washing and offerings, bird's habitat River Kamala Makhana cultivation in ponds in vicinity, cultivation, bathing, washing and religious activities, brick formation River Bhagmati Cultivation, religious ceremonies, brick formation, open defaecation River Buri Cultivation, religious Gandak at Pusa ceremonies, bathing, washing, open defaecation Wetland Surface Water Resources Water Use Status Chhawla Najafgarh Sahibi Nadi Bird sanctuary, Irrigation, Forestry Gaziabad Janpad Okhla Barrage River Yamuna, Hindon Cut Migratory birds (Flamingoes) habitat, tourist resort at Kalindi Kunj, fishing, supply of irrigation water to Agra Canal, cultivation, cattle wading, discharge of domestic and industrial waste water of Delhi and Uttar

20 7. Haryana Sultanpur Bird sanctuary 8. Punjab Harike Bird Sanctuary Kanjli Bird Sanctuary Ropar Wetland 9. Rajasthan Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary Gurgaon between Shadhrana and Sultanpur Ferozepur, Maku Kapurthalla Kanjli Samaspur lake Harike wetland River Satluj Lohian Bridge Pradesh Gurgaon Migratory water supply and resident channel birds habitat, cultivation, Tourism, surface runoff drainage Bird's nesting habitats, Waste water discharge, cultivation Confluence Bird of River sanctuary, Satluj and Irrigation River Beas canals, at Harike cultivation, Barrage fishing, boating, tourism Kanjli wetland Kali bein Bird's rivulet of habitat, river Beas waste water discharge, irrigation, brick kilns, tourism, boating Ropar Ropar Barrage River Satluj Bird's habitat, Pinkassia tourist complex, boating, fishing, irrigation canals, cultivation, industrial and waste water discharge at upstream and downstream of barrage, cooling water intake for thermal power plants Bharatpur Ghana Lake Ghana Canal from Ajanbund receiving water supply from Gambir Banganga tributaries of river Yamuna Bird Sanctuary, Nesting habitat in K- block and L- river block of and national park. Receiving surface run offs from

21 10. Uttar Pradesh Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sur- Sarovar Bird sanctuary Unnao, Nawabganj Nawabganj Lake Rain water harvest Hardoi, Sandi Sandi lake Rain water harvest Agra-Keetham Keetham Lake surrounding residential and cultivated lands, domestic and industrial activities in the vicinity Tourism, brick kilns, pigs and cattle wading, forestry, surface runoffs from leather tanning and vegetable tanning industries Cultivation, grazing animals, bird's habitat, surface drainage overflow during monsoon, brick dry during summer kilns, lake River Garrah Raw water source to Sandi lake through a channel during monsoon, bird's resting habitat for migratory birds before reaching to sandy lake or during nonmonsoon period Jodhpur Water Intake branch of for Mathura Agra Canal Refinery water treatment plant, Chlorination of Intake water, Bird's nesting habitats,

22 Samaspur Bird sanctuary Rai Bareilly Samaspur 11. Meghalaya Chibragiri West Garo- Hills district Tura Siju South River Wildlife Garo Hills, Simsang sanctuary Siju Samaspur lake Rain water harvest, surface drainage River sai domestic and industrial waste water discharge through Agra Canal, Okhla Barrage Tourist resort, Migratory and residential bird's habitat, drinking water, farming, cultivation, fishing, brick kilns, drainage discharge, cattle wading Outlet discharge of Samaspur lake through drains, sewage and waste water discharge of Rai Bareilly, Leprosy Hospital on the bank River Ganol River Ganol Tourism, Irrigation, bathing, washing, fishing River Simsang Tourism, wildlife sanctuary, sand recovery, cultivation, fishing, bathing, forest range Bio-mapping of Perennial Rivers of Meghalaya State Case Study from North-east States Meghalaya state is one of the important North-Eastern state, where the development is yet to be explored for agriculture and mineral based industries. Meghalaya state is bounded on the North by Goalpara, Kamrup, Nagaon, and Karbi Anglong district of Cachar and North Cachar Hills. The total area of state is km 2 with a population of 2,306,069. There are ten important perennial rivers in the state spread over East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and West Garo Hills districts. The resources (Table 5.11) and their water use status (Table 5.12) is as below. The biomonitoring results are presented in Table S. No. River Table 5.11 Water Resources in Meghalaya Total stretch (km) Location District 1. Umkhrah 25.6 East Khasi Hills Shillong Major towns covered

23 2. Umshyrpi 19.2 East Khasi Hills Shillong 3. Umkhen East Khasi Hills Shillong and Jaintia Hills 4. Umiam Mawphlang East Khasi Hills Umtyngagar Mawphlang, Shella 5. Nonstoin 30.0 West Khasi Hills Nongstoin 6. Kynshi West Khasi Hills Sohiong, Ranikor 7. Myntdu Jaintia Hills Jowai 8. Lubha Jaintia Hills Sonapur Lumshnong 9. Umngot Jaintia Hills Dawki 10. Simsang West Garo Hills Williamnagar Baghmara Table 5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RELATED TO VARIOUS ACTIVITIES IN VICINITY OF PERENNIAL RIVERS IN EAST KHASI HILLS DISTRICTS OF MEGHALAYA STATE S. No. Rivers/Water bodies 1. River Umiam d/s April, River Umiam Mawphlong d/s May, River Umiew upstream April, River Umiew downstream April, River Umtyngngar Location of stretch Greater Shillong Water Supply Scheme (GSWS), Mawphlong, East Khasi District Hills Activities Water Intake point for GSWS, Power Station for pumping water, querying, fishing is done by using worms, potato cultivation, sherries, red rhododendron and black berry tree, forest of Pinus Khasiana, Temporary barrage across the river. Barapani Lake at d/s of river, Tourism, Hydroelectric generation power Shella in East Lime querying lime kilns, coal Khasi Hills mining, stone crushing, District on the Mawmluhcherra Cement border of company, cattle wading, Bangladesh near washing, bathing, bamboo Mawlong via cultivation, vegetables mainly Cherrapunjee potato cultivation on the bank of river. Trans boundary influence from Bangladesh, Land sliding. Nongkrem village on the Smit Nongkrem Road, East Khasi Hills District D/s of Umtyngngar village, NH-40 on crossing of Shillong Cherrapunjee and Shillong- Dawki Highway after confluence to River Umtyngngar. Upper-Shillong East Khasi Hills District Kyrgodmekhla village, Umtyngngar Construction of Road bridge, cattle wading, potato cultivation, cow dung, slurry from the adjacent dairy farm activities. Residential colonies in the near by areas, querying open defaecation. Massive querying and mining activities, constructions of road Bridge, Fishing, cultivation, stone crushing, hill sand recovery. Open defaecation, bathing etc. Environmental Problems Deforestation, silting in water body, outlet of GSWS drains, surface runoffs. Obstruction of fish migration and habitat destruction due to temporary barrage across the river. Air quality, deforestation, silting in water body, water quality due to surface run offs, habitat destruction, mining activity leads to land sliding on the way of river flow. Water quality from surface run offs, deforestations, silting in water body. Habitat destruction due to construction activities. Silting and turbidity in water body. Surface run off from surrounding affect water quality, habitat destruction. Radio transmission stations at Silting in water body, surface Mawjrong town, querying, run off from surroundings, potato cultivation, spray of deforestation

24 upstream May, River Dienglieng (Wahdienglieng) April, River Umkaliar April, River Umkhrah upstream April, River Umkhrah Risa April, River Umkhrah midstream April, River Umkhrah downstream April, 2002 Road near town on NH-40 Shillong- Cherrapunjee Highway, Khasi District Bridge fertilizers in cultivated lands, Mawjrong forest of pinus Khasiana and Rhododerdron, washing, bathing, cattle wading, confluence of hill side East tributary at upstream of road Hills bridge. At downstream confluence with river Umiew Near the Office of CPWD, Cleve Colony, Dhankheti, Shillong, Khasi District East Hills Nongmynsong, Shillong, East Khasi Hills District Demthring spring near Road Bridge, Shillong, East Khasi Hills District Secondary School, Shillong, East Khasi Hills District Umpling, Shillong Near Bridge East Khasi Hills Mawpdang, near Fire Station of Central Reserve Police Shillong, Khasi District Force East Hills Fish ponds developed by Department of Fisheries. Fish ponds empty due to water scarcity. Pipe lines passing across the water body for transportation of supply water. Washing clothes, dense forest in the river valley, leaf litter falling in water body, open defaecation, forest of pinus Khasiana, open defaecation Quarrying, deforestation, solid waste accumulation on the barrier on river. Near by spring water used for drinking purpose, slaughter house, washing Demthring spring water used for drinking, washing clothes etc., industrial and residential activities in the surrounding. Domestic wastewater and surface runoffs join at the origin of river at Demthring spring. Querying, stone crushing, brick formation, saw mill, tapping of ground water from querying, solid waste dumping directly in the stream. No plantation in the surrounding. Hill sand recovery. Flows in the form of a drain in between residential colonies. Direct discharge of domestic waste. No plantation on the bank. Residential colonies on the way to d/s. Collects spring water from hills, domestic wastewater, solid waste etc. is directly disposed off in the river. Automobile washing, open defaecation, bathing etc. Deforestation on the bank of river Confluence of River Umshyrpi from MES Colony at upstream of the road bridge, receives wastewater discharge from entire city of Shillong, spring water, near the location is collected in a tank for washing, bathing and drinking purposes. Community drain from Surface run off from uphill, organic matter, very small stream of water body. Latchets of decomposed leaf litter enters through surface run off in to water body. Surface run offs from surrounding silting in water body, municipal waste accumulated at the barrier, habitat destruction due to various human activities. Habitat destruction due to continuous human activities, silting, low flow in water body, water quality affected due to surface run off. Deforestation. Water quality affected due to surface run off and habitat destruction. Surface runoff from surrounding silting in water body. Solid waste hinders the flow of water in the river. Water quality deterioration due to wastewater discharge directly from residential colonies, through drains. Solid waste accumulation in the river at various places. Habitat destruction, silting in water body.

25 Mawprem joins the river, waste dumping on the banks. 12. River MES Colony, 101 Confluencing river Umkhrah at Water quality deterioration due Umshyrpi Army Head downstream of Shillong city at to organic matter, solid waste Quarter, near Mawpdang. Slaughterhouse obstructs flow of river, silt and April, 2002 ASC Butchery waste dumping on the bank of sedimentation in river, Army river from ASC Butchery. Dairy deforestation, and habitat Cantonment farm activities, cattle wading, destruction. area, Rilbong dumping of paddy husk, fish Shillong, East from slaughterhouse, manual Khasi Hills incineration near the bank. District 13. River Motupun Sderkariah Underground coal mining area, Surface run offs from coal village on the Lime caves on the way to river mining area, sand deposition, May, 2002 way from flow downstream, bathing, silting in water body, coal ash Laitryngew to washing deposition, habitat destruction. Cherrapunjee on the NH-40, East Khasi Hills Districts 14. River Mawkabor (IAPHATI) May, River Laisdt S. No. May, 2002 Air Water Laitryngew, on the way to Cherrapunjee on NH-40, East Khasi Hills District Mawkdok, Duman Singh Syiem, Dympen Bridge view point, Sohra East Khasi Hills District Coal storage, coal processing, burning of coal, querying, stone crushing, confluence to other rivers in the valley downstream. Water of the stream stored at a barrier. Heavy rainfall at Cherrapunjee, First civil and military station of the British on the Khasi Jaintia Plateau. Tourist activity at monumental Nohsugithiang falls (Mawsmai falls), the epic Dain-thlen falls and the Nohkalikai falls, lime stone caves, sacred forest developed by Ramkrishna Mission. Cultivation of orange, Orchards and honey extracted from the Apiaries. Cement factory, confluence of several hill streams, querying, stone crushing, forest pine nursery. Water quality affected due to surface run offs from coal mining area, deforestation and leads to silting of coal particles in water body, air quality and habitat destruction. Land sliding, silting in water body, solid waste and surface run off from villages enter the streams. Pristine water from torrential rain Table 5.13 BIO-MONITORING OF PERENNIAL RIVERS IN MEGHALAYA STATE Rivers 1. Umian downstream 2. Umian Mawphlong d/s Location of Stretch Temperature 0 C Dissolved Oxygen mg/l EAST KHASI HILLS DISTRICT ph Saprobic score Diversity score Biological water quality class Biological water quality Greater Shillong A Clean Water Supply Scheme (GSWS), Mawphlong Shella, Border A Clean of Bangladesh near Mawlong via Cherrapunjee 3. River Umiew Nongkrem C Moderate

26 upstream village 2.8 km from Smit on NH-44 pollution 4. Umiew d/s Umtyngngar d/s A Clean upper Shillong on NH Umtyngngar u/s Kyrgodmekhla village Umtyngngar Road Bridge 6. Dienglieng Office of (Wahdienglieng) thecpwd, Cleve Colony, Dhankheti, Shillong 7. Umkaliar Nongmynsong, Shillong 8. Umkhrah u/s Demthring Spring near Road Bridge, Shillong 9. Umkhrah m/s Umpling, Near Bridge Shillong 10. Umkhrah d/s Mawpdang, Near Fire Station of Central Police Force, Shillong 11. Umshyrpi MES Colony, 101 Army HQ near Butchery Rilbong, Shillong ASC 12. Motupun Sderkariah village on the way from Laitryngew to Cherrapunjee on NH Mawkabor (Iaphati) S. No. Air Laitryngew, Shillong Cherrapunjee on NH-40 Rivers Location of Stretch Water 14. Laisdt Mowkdok, Duman Sing Syiem, Dympen Bridge view point, Sohra 1. Lubha upstream A Clean B Slight pollution C Moderate pollution E Severe pollution D Heavy pollution C Moderate pollution D Heavy pollution C Moderate pollution C-D Moderate to Heavy pollution Temperature 0 C Dissolved Oxygen mg/l ph Saprobic score Diversity score Biological water quality class Biological water quality B Slight pollution JAINTIA HILLS DISTRICT Sonapur, on A Clean Shillong Jowai Badarpur- Silchar Road, NH-44 Between

27 Jowai and Silchar 2. Lubha Sonapur at A Clean downstream downstream of Lubha Road Bridge NH Thadlaskein Lake 4. Myntdu upstream 5. Myntdu midstream 6. Myntdu downstream Mukhla, 56 km from Shillong, 8 km from Jowai on NH-44 Jowai 67 km from Shillong in eastern direction on NH-44 Jowai, near road bridge, joining two hills Syntuksiar, Jowai, Jowai- Badarpur Road, NH C Moderate pollution B Slight pollution A Clean A Clean 7. Umngot Dawki on Indo A Clean Bangla Border, end of Guwahati- Shillong Dawki Road 96 km 1. River Simsang 2. River Sampathar 3. River Simsang 4. River Rambha 5. River Simsang 6. River Simsang 7. River Simsang WEST GARO HILLS DISTRICT William Nagar C Moderate near Market pollution East Garo Hills District Nangla Bibra, A Clean East Khasi Hills District Nangla Bibra, East Garo Hills District Dabakkol, 30 km north of Baghmara, Siju, South Garo Hills District Tinali, Dilsa at Baghmara South Garo Hills District Tinali, Dilsa at Baghmara, South Garo Hills District After confluence of River Rambha, Tinali, Dilsa Baghmara, South Garo Hills District Downstream Baghmara near 161 BSF E Severe pollution B Slight pollution E Severe pollution E Severe pollution C Moderate pollution B Slight pollution 8. River Ganol 9 km upstream A Clean

28 Tura, near Road Bridge on NH- 51, Chibragri West Garo Hills District 8) WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RAW WATER INTAKE SOURCES AT WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN NCT DELHI The estimated water availability at NCT Delhi from surface water sources viz. Yamuna, Ganga & Western Yamuna Canal is about mcm. The Yamuna river contributes a substantial part to this. Of the total 724 mcm water available in Yamuna river, (NCT Delhi share) the flood water is about 580 mcm, of which more than 50% could not being utilized but flows out of Delhi during monsoon season. It will be a definite foresight to trap and store this water for use during lean summer season. The installed capacity of water treatment plants to meet drinking water requirements of Delhi is 631 MGD as on To mitigate drinking water scarcity, the water supply is augmented through ground water abstraction from river bed of Yamuna through Ranny wells. A substantial quantity of ground water is being withdrawn by private houses, hotels, hospitals, etc. At the end of 9th five year plan, the installed capacity of water treatment is proposed to be augmented to 980 MGD. The major part of potable water was treated at two water treatment plants installed and commissioned during British period viz. Chandrawal and Wazirabad on River Yamuna till the year Later the water treatment was augmented by installation of Haiderpur and Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant. The raw water at Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant is drawn from Upper Ganga Canal, which originates from Har-Ki-Pouri at Haridwar. After travelling almost 160 km from Haridwar upto Murad Nagar, the water from Upper Ganga Canal is drawn into a by-pass to Muradnagar Head works and from there to the Water Works, Delhi through 25 km conduit pipes of 2800 mm dia and 3250 mm dia. The part of the raw water at Bhagirathi Water Works is also drawn from river Yamuna at Wazirabad. The water from river Yamuna and Upper Ganga Canal are collected separately and mixed together before treatment at Bhagirathi Water Treatment Plant. Two more water treatment plants were commissioned at Haiderpur in 1993 and 1995 on tail tributary of Western Yamuna Canal. Okhla Water Works is based on biological treatment process in Delhi using Ranny well water from the river bed of Delhi stretch of Yamuna. The water treatment capacities of these treatment plants had been augmented from time to time. The water treatment plants, their installed water treatment capacities & raw water sources is presented in Table With ever increasing population and rapid industrialization, the demand of fresh water is increasing day by day and simultaneously there is a growing threat to water quality deterioration in surface water sources, which are being used as raw water source for drinking water supply. Looking into the seriousness of the problem, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has conducted regular studies on water quality at raw water sources in NCT - Delhi, River Yamuna, Western Yamuna Canal (WJC) and Upper Ganga Canal, which are the main surface water sources for drinking water supply in Delhi. The findings on physico-chemical quality of raw water are presented in Tables 5.15, 5.16 and 5.17 ahead: Table 5.14 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER TREATMENT CAPACITY (As on 31 st March, 2001) S. No. MCM/day Water Treatment Plant Installed Water Treatment Capacity MGD/day Raw water source 1. Chandrawal I & II River Yamuna 2. Wazirabad I, II, III Bawana Haiderpur I & II Western Yamuna Canal 5. Nangloi Bhagirathi Upper Ganga Canal, U.P. 7. Sonia Vihar Ranny Well/Tube wells Ground Water

29 9. Okhla - - Total PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARATERISTICS OF RAW WATER SOURCE AT WAZIRABAD, BHAGIRATHI AND HAIDERPUR WATER TREATMENT PLANT (January- December 2002) Table 5.16 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARATERISTICS OF RAW WATER SOURCE AT WAZIRABAD, BHAGIRATHI AND HAIDERPUR WATER TREATMENT PLANT (January- December 2002) S. No. Raw Water Source Water Treatme nt Plant Phosphate (mg/l) Boron (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l) Sodium (mg/l) Min Max. Avg Min Max. Avg Min Max. 1. River Yamun a Waziraba d Bhagirathi /N T 2. Upper Ganga Canal Bhagirat hi 3. Wester n Yamun a Canal (Tail tributar y) Haiderpu r BIS (1991) Drinking Water Limits (mg/l) Permissib le S. No. Raw Water Source Desirabl e /N T Avg Min Max Avg Water Treatme nt Potassium (mg/l) Nitrite (mg/l) Nitrate (mg/l) TKN (mg/l) Plant Min Max Avg Mi n 1. River Yamun a Wazirab ad Bhagirathi Upper Ganga Canal 3. Wester n Yamun a Canal (Tail Bhagirat hi Haiderpu r Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg /N T 0.257/N T /N T

30 tributar y) BIS (1991) Drinking Water Limits (mg/l) Permissib le Desirabl e Table 5.17 Average Heavy MetalS Residue in Raw WATER SOURCE at Wazirabad, Bhagirathi AND HAIDERPUR Water TREATMENT PLANTS (January- December 2002) S. No. Raw Water Source 1. River Yamuna Bhagirathi Water Works 2. Upper Ganga Canal 3. Western Yamuna Canal (Tail tributary) BIS (1991) Drinking Water Limits (mg/l) Water Treatment Plant Wazirabad Water Works Cadmium (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Copper (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Nickel Lead (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) (mg/l) NT NT NT NT NT NT NT No relaxation Bhagirathi Water Works Haiderpur Water Works No relaxation NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT No relaxation 15 9) GROUNDWATER SURVEY Groundwater Survey for the Problem areas In the 29th Conference of the Chairmen & Member Secretaries of Central Board and State Pollution Control Boards, it was decided that an integrated approach towards environmental management was necessary for pollution related matters in the problem areas. CPCB had initially identified 22 problem areas and subsequently two more problems areas were identified. CPCB had conducted a major groundwater quality monitoring program at 22 problem areas during year 1994 and the findings were brought out as CPCB publications series GWQS/1 to 4 / In the current programme, it is proposed to conduct another round of groundwater quality monitoring at all the identified problem areas through Zonal Offices of CPCB. The reports will be brought in a staggered manner and the first part is under finalisation, wherein the data will be interpreted along with data of surveys already available with the Central Ground Water Board. The participating agencies are listed in Table 5.18 below. CPCB ZO - Kanpur Table 5.18 Agencies for Groundwater Quality Assessment Executing agency Problem areas (24 areas) Parwanoo, Kala-Amb, Singrauli, Govindgarh (4 areas) CPCB ZO - Bangalore Manali, North Arcot, Greater Cochin, Bhadravathi, Vishakapatnam, Bolaram-Patancheru (6 areas) CPCB ZO - Bhopal CPCB ZO - Vadodara CPCB, H.O., Delhi (Laboratory) CPCB ZO - Shillong Pali, Jodhpur, Korba, Ratlam-Nagda (4 areas) Vapi, Ankleshwar, Chembur, Tarapur Najafgarh Drain Basin area Digboi

31 CPCB ZO - Kolkata Durgapur, Howrah, Dhanbad Orissa PCB (3 areas) Angul, Talcher Durgapur, West Bengal The sampling locations (Table 5.19) and groundwater resources of Durgapur (Table 5.20) are presented below. The salient observations for the problem area Durgapur are given below: 1. The groundwater quality of the two tubewells located at Ashishnagar and Mayabazar stand out prominently in both the rounds that were conducted both in 1994 and in The following physico-chemical parameters exceeded the limits stipulated by BIS. Table 5.19 Groundwater locations in Durgapur, West Bengal Location Approx. Depth(m) Type Current use Mayabazar Tubewell Drinking & domestic purposes Ashisnagar Tubewell -do- Sagarbhanga Dugwell -do- Ganatantra Colony Dugwell -do- Palasdiha Dugwell -do- 2. Bacterial contamination was observed at all the five locations. 3. Fluoride levels were found quite low in most of the samples taken, about 65% of the samples in reported values less than 0.5 mg/l. The data received from Central Ground Water Board for the year indicated fluoride values from 0.18 to 0.45 mg/l at all the locations i.e. Piala, Bhiringi, Banscopa, Deshbandhunagar and Durgapur Barrage. 4. The concentrations of heavy metals were less than the stipulated values except for iron at the dugwell at Palasdiha. 5. The reported values for DDT were the most prominent, compared to other pesticides. Table 5.20 Ground Water resources for Durgapur Block (unconfined aquifer) Area (sq.km) Utilizable GW resources (85% of gross) MCM Net annual GW draft (70% of gross) MCM 0.33 Balance GW resources MCM Level of GW development (%) 0.52 Vapi, Gujarat Vapi in Gujarat is one of the biggest industrial estates with 1,800 industrial units in about 1,140 hectares of land. The groundwater samples collected from this problem area reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l and total hardness values were within the limit. The values of sulphate and nitrite were within the limit, but the conductivity values were ranging between 1,880 to 1,940 µmhos/cm, indicating contamination from surface pollutants. The measured values of chloride and fluoride were within the limit at IOC Godown, but values were exceeding at Charwad Road Station. The counts of Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform were below detectable limit except at IOC Godown during first round. There is a possibility of sewage contamination at this point. The concentrations of magnesium and calcium were exceeding at IOC Godown. Groundwater quality of Vapi has been presented in Fig 5.2.

32

33 Fig 5.2 Groundwater Quality of Vapi, Gujarat Ankleshwar, Gujarat The groundwater samples collected from Ankleshwar, another problem area in Gujarat, reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were high in concentration, and total hardness was exceeding the limits. The values of sulphate and chloride were exceeding the limits. The value of nitrite was observed within the limit near CETP and Bharuch Naka. The concentration of fluoride was within the limit. Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were not detected at Piraman School, however, both were found at Bharuch Naka. Total coliform was present near CETP, but faecal coliform could not be detected. The measured sodium values were mg/l near CETP, mg/l at Piraman School and mg/l at Bharuch Naka. The groundwater quality data has been depicted in Fig 5.3.

34 Fig 5.3 Groundwater Quality in Ankleshwar, Gujarat Najafgarh Drain Basin Area, Delhi Three rounds of Samplings were undertaken at 15 locations on the Najafargh drain Basin area. Analysis of around 40 physico-chemical parameters including Heavy Metals and Pesticides were completed. North Arcot District (Vellore District), Tamil Nadu. There are around 450 tanneries are located and functioning in Vellore District. 356 tanneries are connected to common effluent treatment plant. 95 tanneries are having individual treatment plant. Tannery treated/untreated effluent discharges into land, river etc. and contaminate the ground water and river water. To assess the impact of tannery effluent on ground water, 14 ground water samples were

35 collected in Vellore District. The study revealed that salt content and heavy metal content, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform content are high. This may be due to tannery industries and dyeing industry treated and untreated effluent discharges to the land and ground water source. Manali - Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Many medium scale and large scale industries are located in Manali Industrial area in Chengalpet District. The Industrial area is 20 KM from Chennai. The industries discharging, treated/untreated effluent into Buckingham Canal and Bay of Bengal. In order to study the impact of industries on ground water quality, 6 sampling stations were selected for study. The ground water sampling were carried out in the month of September, 2001, January, 2002 and May, The study results indicates that the ground water of the area was polluted in respects with salinity of ground water, TDS, Total Hardness & Bacteriological parameters. Bhadravathi, Karnataka. The ground water quality at Bhadravathi, critically polluted area in Karnataka state was monitored for the months of September, 2001, January, 2002 and may, 2002 at different locations namely Amirjan Colloy, Baba Halli and Machenahalli. These all three stations ground water bore well is mainly used for drinking and domestic purposes. The Bhadravathi ground water was found with high TDS, Total Hardness, Chlorides and Microbial presence and shows that the ground water has become polluted and not fit for potable use. Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. There were 7 Nos. ground water samples stations selected. Ground water samples were collected in the months of September, February, 2002 and October, 2002 by CPCB, South Zonal Office, Bangalore and analysed by Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Laboratory. Most of the ground water stations were found polluted by Total Coliform. Mindi, Pedchantya, R.K. Puram station are highly polluted area and Nitrate, Sulphate were very high. Vishakapatnam do not have adequate sewage treatment plant to completely treat their municipal sewage. Bollaram Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh. The Patancheru and Bollaram is one of the problem area identified in the Country to monitor the ground water quality. Seven stations in different villages were selected. The CPCB, South Zonal Office, Bangalore carried out the monitoring in the months of September, 2001, January, 2002 and October, The samples were analysed for 35 parameters by Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board Laboratory. The industries located at Bollaram-Patancheru area are falling into a broad category from leather and slaughter houses for manufacturing/formulating pesticides and bulk drugs. Treated/untreated effluent is being discharged out side the industrial premise. Lakadaram, Kistyareddy peta, Bollaram, Isakabavi were highly polluted area, Kardoor, Kardanoor, Inale, Bachupalli by stations were moderately polluted. In ground water samples TDS, Total Hardness, sulphate were high Heavy metals and Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were present in some of the monitoring stations. Cochin, Kerala. The Cochin ground water quality monitoring was carried out by CPCB in the month of September, 2001, January, 2002 and May, The samples were analysed by Kerala Pollution Control Board Lab. In cochin organised sewage systems does not extend beyond the corporation limit. Most of the houses have individual soak pit and septic tanks. There are about 15 major industries in this area medium and small scale industries spread through out the study area. Most of ground water ph were acidic. This may be due to soil condition/industrial pollution. Heavy metals and fecal coliform. Total Coliform was found in most of the ground water. Pesticide, phosphate and cyanide were not traceable. Many of the monitoring points surrounded by the industries are reported to be unfit for drinking purpose. Nagda & Ratlam (M.P.) Ratlam is emerging as a big commercial and industrial city. A number of small and large industries, producing wide range of products, are located in the industrial area near the city. About 20 odd industries are also running in the Nagda including Grasim Industries. Three locations at Nagda and seven locations at Ratlam were selected for the evaluation of groundwater quality. The groundwater sources were handpumps, dugwells and tubewells and use of these groundwater sources are mostly for

36 the domestic and irrigation purposes. Approximate depth of these wells varies from 20 feet from 400 feet. Most of the samples were collected from the villages. Villagers consume groundwater as such for drinking, agriculture and cattle feeding purposes. Groundwater samples from the Ratlam areas was of dark brown colour in appearance particularly from the areas viz., Dosigaon, Bhatuni and Jadwasa may be because of leaching of industrial wastewater into the ground water stream. However, there is no surface flow of industrial wastewater in Dosigaon industrial nallah (drain). Water for drinking purpose in these areas is being supplied by District Administration. Pesticides were detected in some samples of Ratlam region, which may be due to industrial influences or/and agricultural activities. Estimation of certain heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters like TDS,. Sulphates, chlorides etc., may be due to industrial influences. Bacterial contamination in the groundwater may be due to anthropogenic activities. It is proposed to stop the use of groundwater particularly from Dosigaon, Ghatla, Bhajan kheda, Bhatuni and Jadwasa immediately and treated water should be supplied for human consumption and agricultural purposes in these areas. Korba (Chhattisgarh) Korba is an integral part of the Mahanadi river basin and is located over either the bank of river Hasdeo, also known as the powerhouse of Chhatisgarh State. The total population of the city is around lakh. Due to the abundance of the natural resources, Korba area has been developed as an industrial centre. Total 3650 MW power is being generated from four numbers of power plants i.e. M/s. National Thermal Power Corporation, M/s. Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (East) & (West) and M/s. Balco Captive Power Plant in this area. In addition to the power plant generation, aluminium metal is also being produced by M/s. Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd., at Korba. M/s. Indo Burma explosive plant is also being operated in this area where the nitrogen salt based explosives are being produced. Total 11 numbers of coal mines (open cast/underground) of SECL are also being operated in the area. Topography is undulating with elevation ranging from meter above mean sea level. For the study of groundwater quality, the samples were collected during May, 2002, September, 2002 and January, The details of the sampling locations are presented in Table No changes observed in the groundwater quality with respect to ph and conductivity in compared to study made during Slight reduction in the mineral content i.e. chloride, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, chloride, sodium, potassium etc. recorded during the present study as compared to study made earlier. Pesticide content in the groundwater in the study area was also got reduced. Heavy metal content of all the tubewells/hand pumps are within the limit prescribed for drinking water quality except iron. Location code Table 5.21 Details of Groundwater Sampling Locations in Korba Location name G-1 Parsabhata Village, Near Motilal Sarthi's House, (No. 51/7) Approximate Depth (Meter) Type Current use Hand Pump Drinking G-2 Rampura Village, Near I.T.I Hand Pump Drinking adjesent to abondoned C.S.E.B. Ash dyke G-3 Shivagi Nagar, Adjecent to M.IG Hand Pump Drinking G-4 Rugbahari village, Infront of Hand Pump Drinking Anganbadi and besides Primary School G-5 On the base of NTPC ashdyke at MCC-6 G-6 Old bus stand, (infront of Mr. Sushil Kumar Agarwal's House Tube- Well Drinking and industrial use Hand Pump Drinking Reduction in bacteriological contamination in almost all the locations were observed. From the study, it was revealed that impact of industrial/urban activities is not affecting the groundwater quality. The groundwater quality has been improved as compared to earlier study.

37 Groundwater Monitoring in Major Cities Groundwater quality of three major cities in Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow, Kanpur and Ghaziabad) and one city in Haryana (Faridabad - Ballabhgarh) is being monitored through a network of 38 representative locations. At each location, monitoring during pre- and post-monsoon phase is to be undertaken. The monitoring of post-monsoon phase at each location has been completed. The conductivity, fluoride and chloride content at each location was higher. At one location in Ghaziabad, excessive colour has been found. In all the cities, the total coliform count was high, and at some places faecal coliform was also present. At all the locations, the iron content was high and chromium content was exceeding at 12 locations. In Kanpur, hexavalent chromium (a more harmful state) was recorded at one location. Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities Assessment of groundwater quality in metropolitan cities of Lucknow, Ludhiana, Agra, Meerut, Faridabad and Jaipur is carried out to know the deterioration and identification of polluting sources. It is observed that the increased abstraction has lowered the water table and increased the salinity (total dissolved solids), fluoride and lead levels in Agra and Faridabad region, whereas the quality in other cities found satisfactory with respect to major cations and anions. Status of arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal In the state of West Bengal, 9 out of total 18 districts are effected by arsenic. In the effected area, people are suffering from different arsenic related diseases. The inclined trend of human exposure to arsenic through ground water has become a major concern in West Bengal. Based on literature survey it may be mentioned that the area and population in nine arsenic effected districts, out of 18 districts in West Bengal are km 2 and 42.7 million respectively. Though all the people in this area are not exposed to arsenic contaminated water but most of them are at risk. Presently it is reported that 6 million people are exposed to unsafe level of arsenic contaminated water. Regular survey revealed more and more villages were being effected. It was also reported that water abstracted from 15-40m depth is most vulnerable. Arsenic contamination of ground water is attributed to leaching of arsenic from the rocky substrate in the deltaic belt of West Bengal. Over withdrawal of ground water through tube wells has aggravated the problem. One of the most important pre-requisite is to have reliable method to measure the arsenic in tubewell water. Number of arsenic field kits are being used for detection of arsenic. Performance of arsenic field kits was thoroughly studied in collaboration with School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University. The study revealed that most of field kits were not capable to generate reliable data. The rate of false detection was very significant and that caused lot of confusion not only among the decision makers but also among the local people (already published in American Chemical Society). Considering the above fact, the study was undertaken to standardise the methodology for measurement of arsenic in ground water giving emphasis on quality control system to help the local people for analysis of tube well water and also to monitor the status of tube well water in arsenic effected area. Based on recovery study using Standard Reference Material (SRM) traceable to NIST and interlaboratory comparison, all the analytical factors were optimised to perform the analysis by hydride generation (VGA) flame AAS. Facilities were also developed to analyse the sample by Ag-DDS method for cross checking. The laboratory has already established Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), protocols for sample preservation, storage, processing and analysis and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) measures. Field survey was conducted to select arsenic effected area to collect the samples for characterisation of ground water. The results revealed that out of 189 tube well water samples collected randomly from various parts of four district ( 24, paragnas (S&N), Hooghly and Murshidabad ), 43 samples were above the permissible limit. The arsenic content in 60 sample were between 10 and 50 ug/l which were above WHO guidelines. The frequency of arsenic level and status are shown below in table Though number of sample were very limited considering the number of tube wells in effected area but these result revealed that 54 percent tube well are effected at present. Also characterisation of ground water was done with respect to other parameters.

38 Table 5.22 Status of Arsenic Contamination in Tube Wells Conc. Range (m g/l) Frequency Status < Safe Above WHO Guidelines > Above WHO Guidelines Total 189 In 24 Parganas (S) the hardness of the ground water is significantly high and alkalinity is slightly high but dissolved solids were within permissible limit of drinking in most of the cases. The nitrate, phosphate, sulphate and chloride in ground water was within permissible limit. In the Hugli, except hardness, dissolved solids (few cases) and calcium, almost all other parameters were within permissible limit. In Murshidabad, Ca and Total hardness in almost all the samples were significantly high. In 24 Parganas (N), Total hardness and sulphate were significantly high. Detail characterisation was made to evaluate the acceptability of water for domestic uses in terms of arsenic and other parameters and also to have idea to select the technology for arsenic removal. Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Problem area Singrauli Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office Kanpur carried-out monitoring of groundwater in Singrauli area through a network of six locations (Table 5.23). With reference to BIS- specifications (IS : 10500; 1991) for drinking water quality, groundwater quality status as observed in Singrauli area, during the current study is summarized below: Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters Groundwater quality in the area has been generally observed to be alkaline and with moderate concentration of fluoride and colour. With regard to location specific status, the quality observed at Obra (Code : SG 1 ) has shown alkalinity, total hardness, boron and calcium exceeding the norms. Presence of total and faecal coliform has also been noted. At Renukoot (Code : SG 2 ) high content of colour, alkalinity, TDS, and boron have been observed. At the other location in Renukoot (Code : SG 3 ) high content of fluoride, colour, total and faecal coliform have been observed. At Renusagar (Code SG 4 ) and at Anpara (SG 5 ) groundwater has high to very high content of fluoride (Fig 5.4). Moreover the high content of chloride, sulphate, nitrate and colour at Anpara has also been a significant observation. The presence of total and faecal coliform observed very high at Renusagar are however absent at Anpara. At Bina (Code : SG 6 ) apart from high colour content and coliform (total as well as faecal) the groundwater is of reasonably good quality.

39 Fig 5.4 Variation in Fluoride- over the years Heavy Metals Mercury and iron have been the only predominant metals in the area. While iron has been observed with high to very high concentration at almost all the locations with its highest concentration (10.2 mg/l) observed at Anpara (Code : SG 5 ), mercury too has been reported from all the locations except at Renukoot(Code SG2). Highest concentration of mercury ( mg/l) has been reported from Renukoot(Code SG3) followed by Renusagar (code SG4), Bina (Code SG6), Obra (Code SG1) and Anpara (Code SG5). All the other heavy metals have been found to be within prescribed norms. Station code SG1 SG2 SG3 SG4 SG5 Location Table 5.23 Groundwater Monitoring Locations at Singrauli Approx. Type depth of water table (meters bgl) Justification for selection Downstream of fly- 10 Sump-well Impact of ash pond overflow and seepage ash pond of Obra from ash pond of Obra Thermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant, Obra Premises of Rotary Health Centre, Near Radha Krishna Temple, Renukoot Sheo Park Bazar, near HINDALCO gate, Renukoot 12 Handpump Impact of Red-Mud disposal and Fly Ash Pond of M/s HINDALCO Renukoot and effluent of M/s Hi-Tech Carbon, Renukoot 15 Handpump Impact of effluent from M/s HINDALCO Renukoot and M/s Kanoria Chemical Industries, Renukoot Renusagar 15 Open-well Impact of over flow and seepage from ashpond of M/s Renusagar Power Company, Intermediate College, Renusagar, Anpara Type-IV Flats, Anpara Thermal Power Plant Township 12 Handpump Impact of over flow and seepage from ashpond of M/s Anpara Thermal Power Plant Anpara SG6 Behind Bina Stadium 15 Handpump Impact of Coal Mining Operations

40 Varanasi-Shaktinagar highway Bina Pesticides Lindane, DDT and aldrine have been the predominant pesticides observed. Among all, lindane has been reported at 4 out of 6 locations and its highest concentration (277 ng/l) is recorded at Renukoot (Code SG3), followed by Anpara (Code SG5), Renukoot (Code SG2) and Bina (Code SG6). DDT has been recorded at 2 locations viz.: Obra (SG1) and at Bina (SG6), the former location reported highest concentration of ng/l. Aldrine was recorded only at Bina (Code : SG 6 ). PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTER MEASURES 1) STATE OF ENVIRONMENT Bangalore Bangalore is the principal administrative, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the state of Karnataka. Situated at an altitude of 920 meters above sea level, the city, which is spread over an area of 152 square kilometers, enjoys a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. Its tree-lined streets and abundant greenery have led to it being called the 'Garden City' of India. However, since local entrepreneurs and the technology giant Texas Instruments discovered its potential as a high-tech city in the early 1980s, Bangalore has seen a major technology boom. It is now home to more than 250 hightech companies, including homegrown giants like Wipro and Infosys. Consequently, Bangalore is now called the 'Silicon Valley' of India. Bangalore, like many other cities in the country, has outgrown its infrastructure. It generates 2200 tonnes of garbage a day of which the Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) and the Bangalore Development Authority clear only approximately 60% garbage. Consequently, there is a huge backlog of un- cleared waste cluttering the city. The city has no official waste dumping sites and there is only one Government garbage treatment plant, which handles around 200 tonnes a day. In the absence of dumping sites, the garbage collected by the BMP and the private trucks get dumped along the highways, near the slums and the outskirts of the city. Bio-medical waste in Bangalore amounts to 0.5% of the total waste generated in the city everyday. For comprehensive assessment of State of Environment, drain monitoring were carried out at various drains in Bangalore at peak flow time and lean flow time. Flow measurements were carried out and wastewater samples were drawn from the drain. The salient observations are: i) The high BOD & COD values in the drains indicate that the entire sewage does not lead to the existing sewage treatment plants, but significant fraction is discharged into three major storm water-carrying drains in three different directions. ii) The invariability in the flow values at Bytarayanapura drain during peak & lean time indicates that the catchments area for the storm water drain is quite large that smoothens the peak and lean flows. Lote-Parshuram Industrial Area The comprehensive pollution assessment exercise was carried out at Lote industrial area in Maharashtra State, including air & water quality, monitoring at source and also in ambient bodies (apart from monitoring noise levels). The study carried out at this estate (covering around 200 units engaged in production of various organic/inorganic chemicals), reveal presence of water pollution in river Vashishti, a major center for fish production. To treat the effluents generated by the industries recently the CETP has been provided. The air emissions were not due to the common air pollutants (SO 2, NO x, CO, HC, Acid Mist etc). The levels of carbon monoxide were found within limits prescribed for industrial area. There is no common solid/hazardous waste disposal facility provided at the estate. The on-site storage facilities provided at the individual industries are not adequate, Lote Parshuram industrial estate needs concerted efforts by the concerned agencies for improvement in the environmental scenario.

41 Diu The Island of Diu has chaptered History, as it had been ruled by many kings and Dynasties, beginning with the Pauranic period and last being Portuguese from whom it was liberated along with Goa and Daman on 19 th December,1961. The Gazetteer states that the Diu history was started way back from Dwaparayug. Goa, Daman and Diu were in the possession of Portuguese which remained under their rule for nearly 450 years. They were liberated on 19 th December,1961 during operation Vijay and in the following year i.e. year 1962 they were constituted into a separate Union Territory admistered by a Lieutenant Governor and a popular Ministry. After Goa became a state, a Union Territory was formed on 30 th May, 1987, consisting of Daman and Diu. Diu is a tiny island situated slightly off the coast of Kathiawar near the port of Veraval in Gujarat with a coastal length of 21 kms. and is located at a distance of about 768 kms. from Daman, the capital of the newly formed Union Territory of Daman and Diu. The island is bounded by Junagadh and Amreli Districts of Gujarat in the North and surrounded by the Arabian Sea from three other sides. The Diu island is connected by two bridges with the mainland and lies between North Longitude of '34 and '00 and East Longitude of '26. The Diu town of located at the east end of the island. The Diu island (Diu district) occupies an area of about 40 sq. kms, with maximum width of 4.6 kms from extreme North to South and 13.8 kms from East to West. The Island has one main town and 5 villages, which have one Municipal Council (B) type and two village Panchayats. As per 2001 census the total population of the island is 44,110. The population is distributed in five villages namely Ghogla, Fudam, Simbore, Bucharwada, Vanakbara and Diu town. The main occupation in Diu is tourism, fishing, agriculture etc. The industrialization in Diu was rather slow and started in 1971 with 17 unit and in 1981 it has increased to 103 industries, which have been further increased tremendously. Most of the industries are located in Malala and some are scattered in Bucharwada, Vanakbara etc. The type of industries located is Oil, Ice & Soda, Engineering, Distilleries, Salt manufacturers, floor & Rice mills etc. As reported by DPCC, Daman most of the industries in Diu were under shutdown due to the prevailing market downfall. Two rounds of detailed survey for Ambient Air quality, Traffic census, Noise pollution survey and ground water quality monitoring for the selected locations were carried out. The ambient air quality was conducted at three locations (Vanakbara, Malala Industrial Estate, Central Bus Depot) for the parameters SO 2, NOx, SPM, RSPM and Lead, and the results of the parameters ranged as: RSPM 31 µ g /m 3 to 159 µ g /m 3, SPM µ g /m 3 to µ g /m 3, NOX 7.6 µ g /m 3 to 24.8 µ g /m 3, SO 2 all the time measured as below detection limit. Ground water samples were collected from different locations and analyzed for physico chemical parameters. Tripura State The study for preparation of status of Environment in Tripura has been carried out with aim to monitor environmental quality and updating the status report. Environment monitoring has been conducted with respect to air quality, water quality, bio-medical waste management, hazardous waste management at various part of Tripura. Ground water samples were collected from 19 locations, distributed in four zones/district (North: 4, Dhalai:1, West: 11, and South: 3). Analyses have been carried out for physical characteristics, mineral constituent, toxic metals and organic pollutants. Analysis results indicate that TDS, TSS, chloride, Fluoride, sulfates are within permissible limits. Toxic heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Cr have been found within permissible limit. No faecal coliform were found in any samples. Samples were collected from 12 points from 8 rivers namely, Howrah, Deo, Manu, Dhalai, Juri, Feni, Khowai and Muhri and from two lakes namely Amarsagar and Jagannathdihi. The water quality with respect to the parameters such as TDS, TSS, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and Lead were found within permissible water quality limits. Total coliform, Fecal coliform were observed higher at all the locations. Oil and Grease was higher in Howrah river and in Chandrapur stream at Chandrapur because of automobile Garages in the area. Bacteriological quality of ponds with respect to total coliform and fecal coliform were observed unsuitable for drinking. The air quality monitoring have also been carried out at various locations.

42 Table 6.1 presents number and capacity of major health establishments in Tripura. Considering specific waste generation factor, the quantity of bio-medical waste is estimated as 763 Kg/day. Presently, no appropriate system is available for treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. Table 6.1 Major Health Establishments in Tripura Health Care Center No. Bed capacity Total West South North Dhalai State Hospital District Hospital Sub-divi. Hospital Rural Hospital Defense Hospital Homeopathic Hospital Private nursing home Total 2366 Leh & it's adjoining areas Environmental status of Ladakh region was carried out. The areas surveyed was Leh town, the three brackish lakes and the Nubra Valley. This region has three major rivers namely River Indus, River Zanskar and River Shyok. The region is bereft of any natural vegetation and the greenery visible are due to the effort of the Forest Department. The study included the assessment of present status of air and water quality in the region, present status of Solid and Bio-Medical waste management in the region. Detail study of Leh area was done, as it is the only `urban pocket' in the Ladakh region and can be categorised as major source of pollution due to human activity. Semblance of water supply system is restricted only to Leh town which is catered exclusively by groundwater without any pre-treatment. High silt load in the surface water bodies is the major bottleneck for its utilisation as a source of water supply or any hydel power projects. The Notified Area Committee (NAC) under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) supervises solid waste management. Use of polybags are banned, and refilling facility of mineral water bottles are common practice to reduce plastic waste. The entire Leh district has a formidable health care infrastructure. The health department is not aware of the Bio- Medical Waste Management Rules. Other salient observations of the study are as below: Digha Water quality of community supply at Leh and tubewell in the Nubra Valley is suitable for human consumption except for very high total suspended load, more Iron and Manganese than BIS limits in river samples. The sediment samples collected from the rivers (Indus and Shyok) indicated presence of heavy metals and high ph. The three lakes monitored indicated very high dissolved solid (brackish nature) and their water was not suitable for human consumption. Tso Kar is the most brackish lake. Presence of bacterial contamination (coliform) in most of the water samples can be attributed to grazing animals and outdoor defecation in the sparsely spaced out habitations. The ambient air quality monitoring in the region with respect to sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were found within stipulated standards. Solid waste of both municipal origin and biomedical wastes was being disposed to the common dump site without any treatment. The incinerator though installed for treating municipal wastes, not remain in regular operation. S N M Hospital, the district Main Hospital, at Leh was being exposed to high sound levels as it is located on the national highway to Manali (Himachal Pradesh) The Study has been undertaken for assessment of overall environmental status of Digha - presently an important coastal resort in West Bengal. Study included various aspects like geomorphology, land use, sewage and sanitation, waste management, economic activities, tourist facilities, quality of air, water etc.

43 Beach Erosion is the tremendous threats to the physiography of Digha. Protective measures has been taken from Digha to new Digha by laying laterite boulders to reduce the pace of erosion. Cyclonic Storms frequency in this zone of Bay of Bengal is nearly four times higher than of Arabian Sea. Disaster management plan should be implemented more effectively for saving lives and resources in the region. Sewage system is still very much unorganised and open surface dispersal of waste in some area particularly at old Digha site poses risk to public health. Frequent failure of power supply results in usage of large number of DG sets causing noise and air pollution. Suspended Particulate matter (SPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Sulfur-dioxide (as SO 2 ), Lead and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) content of the air were monitored for 24 hrs. at four locations to assess the ambient air quality at Digha. The observed values are presented in Table 6.2. Table 6.2 Ambient Air Quality At Digha Location SPM RSPM NO x SO x New Digha Bus Stand Digha Entry Point Old Digha Market Public Health Centre National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Residential, Rural & Others Water samples were collected at four sites (Fig 6.1) from the randomly dispersed wastewater stream. Dissolved oxygen was not observed at all sites, while ph varied between 6.5 to 7.5. Phosphate and nitrate values were observed between 0.01 to 1.3 mg/l and 0.05 to 0.15 mg/l respectively. COD, BOD, Ammonia, TKN and Coliform bacterial load have been found high. No sewage treatment plant is installed at Digha, which leads to release of untreated wastewater from the city area into the sea. Fig 6.1 Wastewater Quality at Digha Following initiative have been suggested for improvement of Environmental status of Digha based on the study: Development of Digha should be made as per MoEF Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ), Laying of drainage system and Installation of Sewage Treatment Plant. Notification of the Municipal Solid waste disposal site beyond 500 m from HTL with proper fencing and soil cover. Regulation of water abstraction from groundwater aquifers should be made to maintain subsurface water level. Better traffic management and Road condition. Adequate waste bins should be provided along the main road as well as sea guard wall with relevant captions. Tourist Information Centre should be effectively established guiding tourists on `Do's' and 'Don'ts' along roadside and sea guard wall Singrauli

44 Central Pollution Control Board has undertaken studies on environmental quality in Singrauli area, with the help of Banwasi Sewa Asram, an active NGO in Singrauli area. The project has been focussed on generating trends in air and water quality data in the area and also to suggest area specific measures of pollution control. The findings of the study are as under: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) At all the three impact monitoring stations viz. Beejpur, Murdhawa and Dala, an appreciable impact is observed with relatively higher concentration of sulphur dioxide ranging between µg/m 3 at Beejpur, 7-48 µg/m 3 at Murdhawa and 5-31 µg/m 3 at Dala but confirm to prescribed standard (Fig 6.2). Sulphur dioxide and NOx concentration were found increasing in evening time at Beejpur while in night at Murdhawa and Dala. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) It has followed similar trend analogous to sulphur dioxide. The range of concentration recorded at different locations were µ g/m 3 at Beejpur, µ g/m 3 at Murdhawa and µ g/m 3 at Dala. All the time concentration recorded, have conformed to prescribed standard (Fig 6.2). Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Suspended Particulate Matter was highest at Dala µ g/m 3. It has shown significantly high concentration at all the three impact stations, particularly at Dala it has always exceeded the prescribed standard, while at Beejpur and Murdhawa it exceeded in 50% and 72% observations. The range recorded at Beejpur & Murdhawa has been µ g/m 3 and µ g/m 3 respectively. The concentration of SPM increased during night at Beejpur, whereas during evening & morning time at Murdhawa and Dala respectively. Fig 6.2 Ambient Air Quality with respect to SO 2 /NOx at Singrauli Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) The status of RSPM has been more or less analogous to SPM, while its highest concentration ( µ g/m 3 ) has been recorded at Dala, where it exceeded the standards in 94% observations. In Beejpur and Murdhawa, the range of concentration has been µ g/m 3 and µ g/m 3 respectively. Moreover, it has exceeded in 38% and 45% observations at Beejpur and Murdhawa respectively. The

45 concentration increased during evening at Beejpur & Murdhawa, whereas at Dala higher concentration were generally recorded during morning or night hours. RSPM SPM ratio : As regard ratio of RSPM and SPM, it is observed that at Baseline station (Kewal) RSPM values were 52% of SPM, whereas the percentage gradually decreased in the order Beejpur (43%)> Murdhawa (35%) > Dala (31%) (Fig 6.3). Fluoride The status of fluoride was recorded at two locations viz. Murdhawa and Beejpur, where appreciable concentration was recorded. The concentration at Murdhawa was comparatively higher (max. 8 µ g/m 3 ) than Beejpur (max. concentration 3.3 µ g/m 3 ). Higher concentration of fluoride were recorded at Murdhawa during evening and night time (Fig 6.4). Fig 6.3 Ambient air quality with respect to SPM/RSPM Fig 6.4 Ambient air quality with respect to Fluoride M ercury The status of mercury has been quite high with exceptionally high concentration recorded at all the three locations. While highest concentration 1959 ng/m 3 recorded at Dala the concentration range of ng/m 3 at Murdhawa and n g/m 3 at Beejpur have not been of any reprieve either. Physico-Chemical Status of Surface Water Drains

46 The monitoring was concentrated for assessment of water quality in three drains viz: Murdhawa drain, Dongia drain and Ballia drain. A serious anomaly of high fluoride ( mg/l), high COD (max 1326 mg/l), high TSS (max 2500 mg/l) and occasional alkaline ph. Exceptionally high mercury ( µ g/l), moderate concentration of COD ( mg/l) and general absence of dissolved oxygen have been observed at Dongia drain. Ballia drain too has reported high concentration of mercury (max 2.4 µ g/l), fluoride (max 1.8 mg/l) and occasionally high COD (629 mg/l) and very low dissolved oxygen (2 mg/l) River Rihand Before confluence with the reservoir, the river has reported reasonably good water quality, except for marginally higher concentration of fluoride (1.2 mg/l). However in the course of the river downstream of the Rihand Dam and especially after the confluence of Murdhawa drain, there has been marginal increase in fluoride concentration (1.8 mg/l), which further increases to 2.0 mg/l, after the confluence of ash pond overflow from Obra, where high concentration of mercury (2.6 µ g/l) has been reported. Rihand reservoir A significant observation has been an increasing anomaly of fluoride (1.2 to 1.8 mg/l) observed in the reservoir after the successive confluence of Balia drain, Dongia drain and Murdhawa drain respectively. There has been an occasional drop in dissolved oxygen concentration (4.8 mg/l) after the confluence of Ballia drain. High concentration of mercury has been particularly observed after confluence of Ballia drain and Dongia drain. Surface Impoundments (Bawadis) High concentration of fluoride (2.8 to 5.6 mg/l) has been a significant observation in all the five Bawadis monitored, with maximum concentration reported in Bawadi at village Chetwa. The Bawadi at Govindpur has been of particular significance on account of high conductivity ( mg/l), high TDS ( mg/l) and an occasional drop in dissolved oxygen (4.8 mg/l). High concentration of mercury (3.1 µ g/l) has been observed in Bawadi at village Bakulia. Western Coal Fields (Madhya Pradesh) The Western Coalfields contributes about 11% of the national coal production (35 mt/yr). It has mining operation spread over the states of Maharashtra (in Nagpur, Chandrapur & Yeotmal Districts) and Madhya Pradesh (in Betul and Chhindawara Districts). The coal mining operations in M.P. are done in three agglomerations Pench, Kanhan and Pathakhera Areas. Most of the mines are located underground, except a few in Pench and Kanhan areas. These mining operations result into new mine water discharge points, dust generating sources and transportation. The coal transportation is both, by road and rail. The ambient air quality in some of the residential areas and some of the villages located on the transportation networks can be improved by improvement in traffic management and popularizing the use of LPG. Extensive tree plantation will help in protecting the residential areas from high air pollution and also the noise. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH Research and development activities play an important role in assessment and control of pollution. The important research activities carried out during the year in various fields like air and water, pollution related research studies, municipal solid waste related research studies, standardization of analytical techniques, analytical quality control (AQC), laboratory development, industries specific research studies are summarized below. FIRST MEETING OF RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE (RAC) OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) continuously formulate programmes and undertake R&D activities

47 covering different areas related to prevention and control of pollution as per provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, CPCB in discharging the assigned statutory functions over the past three decades has taken up a number of research and development projects. Several of these have been successfully completed, while many others are under progress. For guiding and reviewing the research activities of the organization, the CPCB in its 122nd Board Meeting held on 24th April, 2002 has constituted Research Advisory Committee of Central Pollution Control Board. The Research Advisory Committee is broad based, High Power Committee comprising of experts in the field of research, representatives of CSIR national laboratories, nominees of DST, MOEF etc. The experts as nominated RAC members are as below: 1. Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board Chairman 2. Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board Member 3. Prof. J. M. Dave Member 4. Prof. H. B. Mathur Member 5. Head of Department, Chemical Engineering Department, IIT, Delhi Member 6. Nominee of CSIR Laboratory NEERI Member 7. Nominee of CSIR Laboratory ITRC Member 8. Nominee of Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi Member 9. Nominee of Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi Member 10. Nominee of Industries (CII or FICCI) Member 11. Additional Director (Labs.) CPCB, Delhi Member Convener The Terms of Reference (TOR) of Research Advisory Committee (RAC) are as below: Ø The Research Advisory Committee will oversee the research activities of Central Pollution Control Board as per guidelines of Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi. Ø The Research Advisory Committee may advise the Central Pollution Control Board regarding investigations and research to be undertaken in following thrust areas: Nationwide prevention, abatement and control of water pollution in aquatic resources. Nationwide prevention, abatement and control of air pollution. Nationwide abatement and control of industrial pollution. Air/water pollution and human health. Assessment and development of River basins and river pollution. Restoration of environmental quality in problem areas/polluted stretches of rivers. Bio-assessment, bio-monitoring and bio-remediation. Abatement of pollution from non-point sources. Standards development. Pollution prevention and resource recycling. Environmental mapping and planning. Hazardous waste management monitoring. Bio-medical waste management. Pollution control technologies/clean technologies ways and means for their adoption. Solid waste management. Treatability studies. Development of analytical/monitoring methodology. Specific R & D project to thrust pollution control activities. Ø The Research Advisory Committee will provide directions to consolidate the on-going pollution control activities and advise regarding execution of schemes for each identified thrust areas and abatement of pollution. Ø The RAC will meet at least once a year for guidance of research activities as well as for monitoring of ongoing

48 research activities. The Research and Development projects being executed directly by the scientists and engineers of the Board on their own or in collaboration with national and international specialized Research and Development Institutions in the country or by sponsoring the projects to be executed solely by reputed institutions. The CPCB Scientific & Technical activities during past five years include 51 Scientific projects, 65 collaborative project with various organizations/institutions, nine sponsored projects, 10 patents (4 obtained, 6 filed), Development of 70 industry specific environmental standards, more than 300 technical publications and 700 research papers published apart from 23 technologies developed for pollution prevention and control. The first meeting of the RAC was held at CPCB, Delhi on 11th March, 2003 (Tuesday) to provide directions and consolidate the on-going pollution control and abatement activities. In the RAC meeting CPCB's Scientists & Engineers made presentations about the on-going R & D activities and new projects proposed to be taken up on thrust areas. It was also proposed during the meeting that CPCB should undertake Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi to carry out R & D activities in the field of pollution abatement and control. DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY BASED STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS The regulation of quality of industrial effluent is utmost necessary in order to protect the environment from adverse effect caused by effluent discharge. The toxicity test is summary parameter, which provides information about other effects parameters. The use of summary parameters like toxicity test is gaining importance for regulatory purpose as it has many more advantages over physico-chemical parameters. Realizing the importance of toxicity parameters and for the development of toxicity based Minimum National Standards (MINAS), a collaborative project being undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board involving five laboratories viz. Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar; National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad; National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur and two laboratories of CPCB located at Kanpur and Delhi. The treated and untreated wastewater samples were collected jointly alongwith all five participating laboratories from effluent treatment plants and combined effluent treatment plants of selected Pulp & Paper industries and Tanneries. The collected samples were analyzed for estimation of toxicity independently by the laboratories adopting the BIS approved method based on Dimensionless toxicity factor (TF). The Toxicity Factor (TF) is the minimum dilution required for the hundred percent survivals of test fish for a period of 48 hours. The analytical results of pulp and paper industries effluent indicate that the toxicity factor (TF) in the untreated effluent ranged between 1 to 16 whereas in treated effluent, its value ranged between 1 to 4. The range of percent toxicity reduction after treatment varied from 0 to 100%. In few cases, increase in the level of toxicity after treatment was also observed. STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF CERTAIN HAZARDOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL) PCB's are the group of highly toxic, synthetic, chlorinated organics compounds, with chlorine substitution around biphenyl group as basic structural unit and constitute 209 individual congeners. The PCB species are nonbiodegradable, stable with high toxicity and having tendency for bioaccumulation. It is believed that PCB's do not occur naturally and they are resistant to chemical and biochemical process. The PCB's have received much attention in recent years as ubiquitous environmental contaminants and their overwhelming problem of continuing environmental impact. The PCB's have potential industrial applications where non-flammability and heat resistant properties are desired and these compounds are more commonly used in heat transfer system, hydraulics/lubricants, transformers, capacitors as plasticizer and as petroleum additives. The PCB congeners, which contain fewer chlorine substitutions in ortho position, are more toxic than those having more chlorine in other portions. The most toxic PCB's are tetra, penta and hexachlorobiphenyl congeners that are un-substituted in the other position. The analysis of PCB in environmental sample is quite complex as numerous congeners are available in form of complex mixtures; because of this there are only few laboratories, which could analyze PCB's in environmental samples. The laboratory of Central/State Pollution Control Board and other environmental laboratories have limited technical expertise about measurements of residual PCB's in environmental matrices viz. waste waters, industrial effluents, sludge and soil. The project standardization of Methodology for measurement of certain hazardous organic

49 compounds has therefore been undertaken with following objectives. To develop facilities and Standardization of analysis of PCB's in water, soil and sediments. To standardize procedure for extraction, clean up, concentration and pre-treatment of sample. To standardize GC optimum conditions (oven temp. detector, injector flow etc.) to achieve resolved peaks of individual PCB species. To undertake spiking and recovery studies in the field samples. The PCB's congeners in Aroclor Standard Solutions have been analyzed at CPCB Laboratories by Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). Peak profiles of six Aroclor mixtures and overlapping peak were observed with GC-ECD. Some least overlapping peaks of Aroclor 1221, 1016, 1254 and 1260 were selected, which were used for calibration of the instrument. Qualitative analysis of Aroclor mixtures was also performed with GC-MS and the observations were compared with the literature. Congener identifications were predicted with the help of mass spectra and findings of other research data. Retention times and mass spectra of 28 individual congeners of toxicological significance were observed. Five levels of calibration (range 10 to 100 pg/µl) were performed using dilutions of mixture containing 28 PCB's congeners. To estimate PCB's level in field samples, water and sludge samples were collected from river Yamuna at five locations in Delhi stretch and five major drains merging into river Yamuna in Delhi. Water samples were extracted after filtration with methylene chloride. Suspended solids of aqueous samples and sludge samples were extracted with hexane acetone mixture. Extracts were concentrated using rotary vacuum evaporative concentrator and exchanged to Cyclohexane. Concentrated extracts were subjected to acid/base/silver nitrate clean up and basic alumina clean up, concentrated by nitrogen blowing and being analyzed on GC-MS using congener-specific method of analysis. DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES (THM'S) IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES The halomethanes include all one carbon compounds with substituted chlorine or bromine. The sources of these compounds are industrial discharges and the synthesis during disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes (THM's) occur in drinking water principally as a product of reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring material and bromide that may also be present. With respect to drinking water contamination, four members of THM's viz. chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are important. World Health Organisation (WHO, 1993) has already enacted the health related guidelines values in drinking water. In order to standardization of measurement methodology and regularly monitor the presence of these compounds in drinking water, the infrastructure facilities are under development at CPCB Laboratories. STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR PAH COMPOUNDS AND MEASUREMENT OF PAH IN KOLKATA. Poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important organic aerosol components generated from a variety of combustion processes and emitted into the atmosphere preferentially associated with the sub micron size particles. Some species of PAH are known human carcinogens. As a result it has received a good deal of attention over the last thirty years. It is well known that ambient air in Kolkata is more polluted than many other major cities. Therefore it was considered necessary to standardise the methodology for measurement of 6 PAH species initially and to generate data for PAH in ambient air of historical places namely Dakshineswar, Belur and Victoria memorial. The details of target compounds are shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Target PAH Compounds of Interest Name Formula Average RT Amount injected Anthracene C 14 H ± m g Fluoranthane C 16 H ± m g Pyrene C 16 H ± m g Chrysene C 18 H ± m g Benzo(e)pyrene C 20 H ± m g Benzo(a)pyrene C 20 H ± m g

50 Calibration : A calibration standard was prepared from a Aldrich/Sigma with a concentration of 1000 mg/ml. The uncertainty contributions in standard preparation of PAH species were quantified. The contributions from purity and volume were negligible and therefore not being considered. Before using the GC for analysis, instrument was calibrated by observing the peak area (y) to different level of PAH species (x). The linear least square equation was used to obtain the slope and intercept for calculating the concentration of sample against peak area. Most significant source of uncertainty i.e. random variation in y were considered to measure the level of uncertainty. The calibration results along with slope, intercept and detection limits are presented in the Table 7.2. Table 7.2 Calibration Performance Parameters for Measurement of PAH PAH Compound Concentration Range (m g) Mean Concentration (m g) No. of Points Slope Intercept Detection Limit Anthracene (-) Fluoranthane (-) Pyrene (-) Chrysene (-) Benzo(e)pyrene (-) Benzo(a)pyrene (-) (m g) Recovery Study: Two sets of five filters (blank) were spiked with known quantities of six target compounds. They were processed as done for sample and the results are shown in Table 7.3. The average recovery figures for the individual species were inadvertently used higher than the quantity available in the field samples. However, in this level, percentage of recovery was varying from 91 to 137. With respect to the nature of PAH compounds, this recovery is satisfactory and acceptable. Table 7.3 Percentage Recovery of PAH Species in Environmental Samples PAH Species Amount Spiked (25 m g) Amount Recovered Percentage Recovery Anthracene Fluoranthane Pyrene Chrysene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Sampling : EPM 2000 filter was used to collect particulate phase. The samples were collected over 24 hours with quantification of volume using high volume sampler maintained very carefully. Sampler was leak checked before each sampling event. Sample data sheet filled in with all details along with filter paper brought to lab and kept in dessicator in a freezer until extraction. Extraction : The sample was extracted following USEPA method with some modification according to our scope. The final purified extract is analysed under the following operating condition : Instrument - Chemito GC 1000 Injection ml Oven temperature - Initial temperature 140 C holding for 1 min. increased at the rate of 8 C/m to 205 C, increased at the rate of 25 C to 255 C holding for 20 min.

51 Total run time - 32 min. Carrier gas - Nitrogen linear flow 30 ml/min Gases for FID - Hydrogen with 30 ml/min and air about 300 ml/min Column - BP 0.5 5% phenyl polysiloxane Calibration - Calibration is performed using a standard PAH mixture containing six compounds. Standard addition method : The sample filters fortified with SRM were processed to evaluate matrix influence on the recovery of target PAH compounds in this test method. Few filter sample collected in duplicate adjacent to sampling site were used for recovery study. That filter were cut into two : one part was placed in one soxhlet and another part in another soxhlet spiked with certified standard. The sample filter is folded in four and placed at the bottom of large clean soxhlet body. Then extraction was done following USEPA method. The result of standard addition method are shown in the Table 7.4. Revealed that percentage of difference from expected values were from 4 to 35, this may be considered satisfaction and acceptable. Based on this performance measurements in ambient air were done. PAH Species Table 7.4 Result of Standard Addition in Fortified PAH Samples Sample conc. ( µg) Amount spiked in Sample ( µg) Expected value ( µg) Observed value ( µg) % difference Anthracene NT Fluoranthane Pyrene Chrysene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF SOIL AND SOLID WASTE ANALYSIS FOR ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (AQC) Municipal Solid wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and The Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (Amendment) notified under Environment (protection) Act, 1986 requires analysis and characterization of the solid wastes. As on date many laboratories of pollution control boards are not fully equipped for carrying out the analysis of such wastes. Keeping this in fact, the project is proposed to standardize the analysis of soil (polluted) and solid waste with a focus on conducting AQC exercises to the laboratories of SPCB/PCC and also laboratories recognized under E(P) Act. In this study, different polluted soil, industrial solid waste, Hazardous wastes, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) etc. have been collected, hamozinised and analyzed for various physico chemical parameters. Two sets of homogenized MSW compost samples were distributed among 75 laboratories of Pollution Control Boards and committees for carrying out analysis under the Inter laboratory AQC programe. The parameters covered are ph, conductivity, water-soluble solids, loss on ignition, IKN, Total P2O5 and Total K. In phased manner, other solid waste samples of Hazardous wastes, polluted soils etc. will be carried out. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CREATED BY UNORGANIZED SECTORS IN KANPUR CITY Kanpur is one of the largest agglomerations of north India. Some times Kanpur once known as Manchester of India is now showing its decreased growth in industrial sector. Despite these facts, the tremendous increase in population of the city has created multiple demands of the citizens that are being met by the local market. The various activities/small manufacturing/processing units are scattered all over the city and in most of the cases the government agencies have no control over them. These activities are being performed by non-scientific personnel and hardly have any environmental consideration. So far no effort has been made to control these kind of problems. This has not only resulted in serious environmental problems but also shadowing the different developmental activities being under taken in the city by government and non-government agencies. In view of the above an effort has been made to have an over view of unorganized sectors in the city. Inventory of all-important sectors have been done. Inventory of approximately 4000 units covering the following sectors have

52 been done in the first phase of study; Dairy (Chatta) Bullion refinery Small potteries Sweet mart Bakery Service Stations Salient features of each sector may be summarized as below Dairy Ø The units are scattered all over the city. Ø The flock of cattle may also be seen as a mobile dairy unit moving in the city. This activity not only affects the aesthetic view of the city but also prone to accident. Ø The wastewater generated mainly by floor washing contains high BOD, COD and TSS and goes directly to the city sewer/open drain without any treatment. Bullion Refinery Ø The units are concentrated to certain localities of the city. Ø Create lot of air pollution in terms of acid fumes. Ø Also discharges highly acidic wastewater to the municipal sewer/open drain without any treatment. Small Potteries Ø The units are scattered all over the city. Ø Creates severe air pollution due to partial burning of fuel wood, cow dung cake and coal. Ø The problem is more prominent during winter season. Sweet mart Ø Scattered all over the city. Ø Creates severe air pollution due to burning of hard coke, HSD and kerosene. Ø The problem is more severe during morning time. Ø Also contribute high BOD and COD to the municipal sewer/open drain through wastewater generated mainly by washing of utensils. Bakery Ø The units are concentrated to certain areas of the city. Ø Creates air pollution due to burning of fuel wood and hard coke. Service Station

53 Ø Scattered all over the city. Ø Use huge amount of fresh water for washing of vehicles. Ø Create water pollution in terms of high TSS and Oil & Grease. Ø Wastewater discharge is without treatment to the municipal sewer/open drain. The data collected during studies shall be used in interpretation of the problems created by the specific sector and for probable control strategies. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Hazardous waste can be defined as "Chemical or biological refuse of industrial or consumer origin, considered potentially dangerous to human and/or the environment. As per Schdule-4 of Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, procedures for characterization of Hazardous waste has to be recommended. Many test procedures of Corrosivity, Reactivity, Ignitability, Toxicity are available for characterization of Hazardous Waste substances. One such test procedure is the Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP). As per US-EPA method, the solid waste is leached using two levels of ph buffers i.e and depending upon the chemical nature of samples. TCLP followed in USA and Canada is different in terms of procedure and standards whereas in Europe, they do not include TCLP as part of regulation on hazardous waste Management. Other method popularly followed in European counties is Constant ph (ph Stat: say 4.0) Extraction method. Some countries follow using distilled water extraction procedure. The composition and levels of leaching substances vary from method to method and thereby the interpretation with reference to standard limits also varies considerably. Though no method could able to match with real field situation, a judicial approach has to be made to derive better choice of method. Keeping these facts in view, the project study has been formulated to carryout a comparative studies on various leachate test procedures using wastes generated from different units like Tannery, Lead & Zinc recovery (Lead & zinc slag/slag ash), Pesticides, Basic drugs, Dyes & Dye- intermediates and land fill sites for deriving better choice of method in the light of the Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2000 (Amended). The main objectives of the study are: to assess the merits and demerits of various leaching procedures. to estimate variations in the levels of leaching under various test methods. to suggest a suitable test procedure for toxicity characterization to be followed uniformly in India. During the study, solid waste sample from Tannery unit has been collected, homogenized, extracted under various extraction procedures like US-EPA - TCLP, European Constant ph and Distilled Water Extraction and analysed for metals. In addition, the Total metal contents of the sample were also analyzed for comparison purpose. The general characteristic of the waste in terms of ph, Conductivity, Total water soluble Solids, Loss on Ignition (%) and Organic Carbon. The general characteristics of the tannery solid waste( Hazardous waste) is presented in Table 7.5. Table 7.5 General characteristics of the Tannery solid waste( Hazardous waste) S.No Parameter Value 1 ph Conductivity ms/cm Total water soluble Solids (%) Loss on Ignition(%) Organic Carbon(%) 4.27 The leachate concentrations of various metal under different Extarction procedures are presented in Table 7.6. Table 7.6 Leachability efficiency of various extraction procedures for different metals (mg/kg) from

54 Hazardous waste of Tannery unit Metals Water Extract (1 : 20) TCLP ( acetate buffer of ph Stat at constant ph 4.0 Total Acid Digestion ph 4.93 ±0.05 (1:10) ( 1:20) Cadmium NT NT NT NT Chromium 6.20 ( 0.01 %) 5.30 (0.01) % 134 ( 0.15 %) Copper NT 0.20 (1.33 %) 1.75 (11.67 %) 15 Iron 1.30 (0.06 %) 1.45 (0.06 %) ( 1.57 %) 2360 Nickel NT 0.10 (0.43 %) 0.30 ( 1.28 %) 24 Lead NT NT 3.30 ( 2.34 %) 141 Zinc 0.85 (1.15 %) 8.55 (11.59 %) (27.25 %) 74 Note: Values in parenthesis are % of extracted metals with reference to Total content of respective metals. Maximum extraction was found in ph Stat method for metals like Chromium, Copper, Iron, Nickel, lead and Zinc (Table 7.6) when compared to other methods (water Extact, TCLP). Chromium, being the predominant metal present in tannery waste, leaches to be maximum of 134 mg/kg under ph Stat method as compared to lower extraction found in TCLP (5.30 mg/kg) and Water Extraction (6.20 mg/kg) methods. From the results obtained for different parameters following the Water extract, TCLP and ph Stat extraction, it is determined that in overall ph Stat is leaching out maximum followed by TCLP and the water extract. Further studies using other types of Hazardous wastes are in progress. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF HIGH DISSOLVED SOLIDS ON THE RATE OF BIO-DEGRADATION OF WASTES Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a good indicator of measuring organic load. The rate of biodegradation in natural environment is affected by many factors such ph, temperature, dissolved oxygen, microbial bacteria, dissolved solids etc. Much study is not carried out on the impact of dissolved solids on the rate of degradation of wastes particularly in India. Keeping these in fact, a study on the Effect of high dissolved solids on the rate of biodegradation of waste water was carried out at Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. The main objective of this study is to find out the effect of high dissolved solids on the rate biodegradation of organic matter Samples collected from Sewage Treatment Plant, Gurgaon, (Inlet and Outlet), Distillery Industry (Inlet) and Common Effluent Treatment Plant Mangolpuri (Inlet) were analysed. One synthetic sample of GGA (Glucose Glutamic Acid) was also used as a control. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content in the incubated BOD bottle was set ranging from Samples were kept for BOD test in such a way that final concentration of TDS in the BOD bottles were in the range of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 mg/l for each sample. For raising TDS levels, a natural ground water sample having TDS of 6002 mg/l has been used as dilution water. It has been observed that Synthetic sample of GGA (Glucose Glutamic Acid) showed % reduction on the rates of BOD degradation as 5, 9, 19, 24, 30, 38, and 48 % respectively under different levels of TDS mg/l. Similarly the comparative values of the % reduction of the rates of BOD under different TDS levels for various types of samples are presented in Table 7.7. It is observed that overall mean percentage (%) of BOD degradation rates were 5, 9, 16, 20, 25, 31 and 39 % respectively under 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 mg/l of TDS levels respectively Table 7.7 Comparative values of the % reduction of the rates of BOD under different TDS levels for various types of samples BOD % Reduction Condition Used for

55 TDS mg/l level GGA Industrial STP (In) STP (Out) CETP Mean S.D Note: BOD - Biochemical oxygen demand STP (Inlet) - Sewage Treatment Plant (Inlet) TDS - Total dissolved solids STP (Outlet)- Sewage Treatment Plant (Outlet) GGA - Glucose Glutamic Acid CETP -Common Effluent Treatment Plant Industrial - Distillery Industry It may be inferred that the rate of biodegradation of organic waste is inversely proportional to the concentration of inorganic dissolved solids present in the aquatic medium. The observation reveals that the high TDS levels in water bodies decrease the rate of biodegradation considerably. Further this study emphasizes the need of the control of TDS levels through fixation of standards for aquatic system to improve the rate of degradation of organic waste. IMPACT OF WORSHIP IDOL IMMERSION Idol immersion in river Yamuna in Delhi The idol immersion in water bodies is the social ritual followed immediately after the Dushehra celebrations. The well decorated Clay/Plaster of Paris idols are worshipped during Durga Puja celebration at various venues. At the end of celebrations, the idols are taken into processions to various ghats of River Yamuna for immersion in river water. The impact of immersion of worship idols in Yamuna River after Dushehra festival has been studied by Central Pollution Control Board at Delhi stretch from upstream Wazirabad to downstream Okhla barrage. It was estimated that approx idols were immersed at Ramghat, ISBT and Okhla in Delhi stretch of River Yamuna during Dushehra Festive Season It has been derived from this study that various items used in preparation of idols have impact on aquatic environment during immersion (Table 7.8). S. No. Table 7.8 Impact of Various Items on Aquatic Environment during Immersion of Idols Items contributed by idols immersion Impact on Aquatic Environment 1. Clay/Plaster of Paris Increase dissolved solids, suspended solids in water, contribute metals, sludge 2. Decoration material viz. clothes, polish, paint, ornaments cosmetic items etc. 3. Flowers, Garlands, oily substance 4. Bamboo sticks, Beauty articles 5. Polythene bags/plastic items Contributes suspended matter, trace metals (Zinc, lead, iron, chromium, arsenic, mercury etc.) metalloids and various organic and inorganic matter, oil & grease etc. Increase floating suspended matter organic contamination, oil & grease and various organic and inorganic matter Big pieces got collected and recycled while small pieces remain floating in water or settled at the river bottom inhabiting river flow Contribute suspended, Settleable matter and hazardous material to water and chokes the aquatic life

56 6. Eatables, food items etc. Contributes oil and grease, organics to water bodies. The impact on water quality of river have been observed with respect to levels of conductivity, Total and Dissolved solids. Biochemical oxygen demand. River bed sludge analysis reflected elevated levels of trace metals viz. iron, arsenic and mercury. Based on the study, the following suggestions have been made to reduce the pollution load from idols immersion activities: Areas may be earmarked for immersion and other related activities to prevent indiscriminate disposal and to help retrieval of recoverable materials. Temporary confined pond near rive locations may be identified for immersion of idols and other worship material to prevent pollution of main river stream. The closed pond water may be disposed into Main River after settling, scavenging and treatment. The offerings like flowers and leaves may be collected in separate containers or in pits for composting. After immersion, the recyclable articles like Jari, Clothes, plastics, aluminium foil, wood and bamboo may be taken out from the water bodies. The civic authorities may engage agencies/persons for doing the job. Environment friendly practices such as use of biodegradable dyes and paints may be encouraged. Public should be made aware of adverse affects of idol immersion in river water. Rag picker activities through which recyclable material is removed should be encouraged further to avoid the contamination of river water with floating materials like plastics, flowers, wooden structure etc. Idol immersion in Ponds in Kolkata The number of pujas are held preparing idols, which are ultimately immersed in water bodies as a part of religious and cultural event. The major one is Durga Puja in Kolkata, when big idols in large number are prepared using different types of materials such as clay, straw, woods, dyes etc. During immersion these are disposed off in the water body. In addition to these, disposal of fruits, flowers and other materials may cause deterioration of water quality. Keeping this in view, a study was undertaken in Kolkata to assess the changes of water quality due to immersion of idol. Dry study was also carried out to quantify the raw materials required for making the idol to have a stoichiometric quantity being disposed. The varnish oil and water soluble dyes are considered the source of pollutants among the raw materials used in preparation of idol. For impact study, three ponds were selected for sampling Salient features of these ponds are presented in Table 7.9. Sampling of water and sediment was done before and after immersion at different four points of each pond two at immersion site and two at offsite to represent the whole water body. But the coefficient of variation of results of four points (not tabulated here) showed wide variation indicating non uniform distribution of major mearurand in pond. In this condition it would not be very reliable to compare water quality during pre-immersion and post immersion in such large ponds. However, to have an idea about charges before and after immersion, the values of four point in each pond have overall changes of different variables are depicted in Table The results revealed that no major changes with respect to Chloride, Potassium, Sulphate, Phosphate, Calcium. Though very little inclination of these variables were observed. Considering the volume of water in three ponds quantity of metal increased due to immersion was quantified. From the results (Table 7.11) it may be mentioned that 6.4 Kg. of iron, 0.32 Kg. Zinc and 1.02 Kg Manganese were added to the pond through immersion. Though there may be error in quantification of metal load due to wide variation among different points of the pond and lack of normalisation of metal with respect to TSS, ph, sediment load, density of plankton etc. But clear inclined trend through not exactly quantified was observed in this study. The above findings were based on one time information. Therefore, the changes due to immersion of idol required to be confirmed through further study. Location No. of idol immersed Table 7.9 Ponds Used for Idol Immersion at Kolkata Owner Management Jheel Road 30 Private Community organisation Poddar Nagar Karju Nagar Lailka Pond, Regent Estate 25 State Govt. 30 State Govt. Poddar Nagar, Karju Nagar joint committee Star Sporting Club Pollution Fishing User Control No external source Municipal waste water Municipal Waste water Yes Yes Yes Bathing Good No control No control Visual impression Huge algae growth Huge algae growth

57 Table 7.10 Water Quality of Ponds Before and After Immersions of Idols Immersion ph Cond TSS TDS COD Cl TH* Ca 2+ Mg Na K SO4 PO4 Ms/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l JHEEL ROAD POND Pre Post LAILKA POND Pre Post PODDAR NAGAR POND Pre Post * TH- Total Hardness, Cond - Condusctivity Table 7.11 Metal content in pond water before and after immersion of idols Name Pond Jheel Pond of Road Lailka Pond Poddar Nagar Pond Size of the Pond 132m x 62m 90m x 70m 150m x 50m Average Depth Total Water Vol.(L) Total Metal Kg/pond (Pre immersion) Total Metal Kg/ Pond (Post Immersion) Fe Zn Mn Fe Zn Mn 3.9m 3.2x m 2.3x m 4.0x STUDY OF FISH MORTALITY IN RIVER YAMUNA Fish mortality occurred on a massive scale in river Yamuna initially at Agra stretch on 13 June 2002 and later at nearby Bah (80 Km D/S) on two closely followed occasions within a fortnight. The CPCB submitted its findings that basically ruled out any toxic contamination (later confirmed by official reports) and held Dissolved Oxygen depletion in the night time to be a prime cause for the mishap (Tables 7.12 & 7.13). Table 7.12 Observed DO of river Yamuna by concerned agencies after the mortality at Agra stretch Date Time (hrs) Location Temp ph D.O. 0 C mg/l 14 June, Poiyaghat Stretchy Bridge Kataria Ghat June, Taj Mahal(d/s) Kailash Ghat(u/s) Jiwani Mandi WW June, Gokul Barrage(Mathura)

58 0815 Kailash Ghat(u/s) Jiwani Mandi WW Taj Mahal(d/s) Source: Central Water Commission, Agra and UPPCB, Agra for 14 and respectively The diurnal variation of dissolved oxygen accompanied with low flow rate might have aggravated the situation in critical periods (lean). The study suggested for regular DO monitoring to see the diurnal variation over seasons and emphasized to ascertain minimum flow rate in the river for normal upkeep of the river ecosystem. Table 7.13 Data on water quality of river Yamuna as observed on 16/17 June 2002 Parameter Temp( 0 C) ph DO (mg/l) Time(hrs) Agra u/s Agra d/s Agra u/s Agra d/s Agra u/s Agra d/s EFFICIENCY TESTING OF AUTOCLAVES USED FOR HOSPITAL WASTE TREATMENT BY SPORE TESTING METHODOLOY The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 notified by Govt. of India, has stipulated rules for proper collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. As per Bio-medical Waste Rules, 1998 the hospitals have to install treatment facilities like incinerators, autoclaves, etc. for treatment of biomedical wastes generated to ensure safe treatment & disposal of infectious hospital waste. These treatment facilities should operate at designed efficiency level. A project has been continued by Central Pollution Control Board for assessment of treatment efficiency of autoclaves used during hospital waste treatment based on standardized spore testing methodology. The objectives of the study was in-situ assessment of the efficiency of autoclaves and hydroclaves installed at various hospitals to ascertain 4Log10 reduction of Bacillus stereothermophilus biological indicator. The standardized spore testing methodology using Bacillus Stereothermophilus as biological indicator has been used with a view for its application for efficiency testing of autoclaves and hydroclaves installed at Delhi and Kanpur. The results obtained during the study indicated that the Bio-medical waste treatment autoclaves installed at various hospitals are satisfactory with respect to sterilization of bio-medical waste undertaken at these autoclaves. GEOACCUMULATION AND BIOACCUMULATION STUDIES Geo-accumulation and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Pesticides on Soil and Crop Vegetation during Wastewater Irrigation With increasing paucity of fresh water untreated/partially treated sewage water is increasingly utilized for irrigation of soil and growing of crops. The sewage wastewater generation from urban areas has been constantly increasing, while the wastewater treatment capacity is quite less than the total wastewater generation. The treated/untreated wastewater is increasingly utilized for irrigation of crops, vegetation etc. With the view to study the impact of wastewater on geo-accumulation and bio-accumulation on irrigated soil and crop vegetation in Delhi, the project studies have been undertaken. The study undertaken between April, 2002 to March, 2003 included following aspects: The survey has been conducted at Najafgarh drain basin and dry cultivated areas in river bed of Yamuna after confluence of various drains, where sewage water is being used for irrigation of soil and growing crops vegetation.

59 Water, soil, plants and vegetables such as Brinjal, Spinach, Bitter gourd, Lady's finger etc. have been collected and analyzed for trace metals and pesticides during consecutive random sampling rounds. From the analytical data, it has been derived that sewage irrigated soil have elevated metallic content, which may be the cause of transfer of metals from soil to plant tissues, which may bio-accumulate in edible parts of vegetables. Assessment of Bio-accumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish Accumulation of certain toxic metals in different sea food and their subsequent transfer to man through the food chain is a great concern and number of incidents of heavy metals contamination in fish and resultant human suffer have been reported time to time all over the world. With the Increasing rate of metal pollution in river, ponds and sea, there is possibility of contamination of metals in fishes. Fish musculature is a major path through which heavy metals can enter the human body. Keeping this in view, monitoring was carried out to ascertain the level of metal content in edible fish tissue collected from the coasts of West Bengal. Fishes irrespective of size and age were collected from two fish landing stations (Digha and Diamond harbour) for the analysis of heavy metals. The concentrations of metals observed in muscle tissue of different species of fish are presented in Table The estimated concentration of all metals in fish muscle compared well with those of reported values in fishes from different parts of other coasts. Table 7.14 Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/kg dry weight basis) Prawn Bombay Duck Ribon Fish Shark Bhola Pomfret Cat Fish Black Pomfret Hilsha Mackreel Fish * Species Not Available Digha Diamond Harbour Cu Zn Mn Fe Cd Hg Cu Zn Mn Fe Cd Mean * SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) Mean NT SD (± ) Mean SD (± ) As reported fish actively regulates zinc in their muscle tissue but prevailing concentration of zinc in fish tissue particularly in Diamond Harbour as shown in Table 7.14 indicated the incomplete regulation of this element. Iron was found most abundant in all the species. Prevailing concentration of different metals in fish tissue and variation in same species and variation from species to species and correlation coefficient among different metals would help to

60 concentrations of metals in fish tissue may be attributed to the feeding habits of different species. The accumulation of metal in fishes, landed at Diamond Harbour was significantly higher with respect to the species landed at Digha. Further in-depth probing is essential to ascertain the cause of inclination of metals in fish in particular coast. RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (RSPM) CHARACTERIZATION AT AGRA Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) characterization study was carried out to ascertain the characterization of RSPM (with size distribution and chemical composition) for the samples collected on May 5/6, It was found that it had % as PM10 fraction, organic fraction was % by concentration and inorganic as observed at various selected locations. Further, heavy metals were also observed in higher concentration at Rambagh and Nunhai (mainly Ni and Fe). The basic finding of the study was high inorganic fraction in the samples. Taj Mahal recorded lowest concentrations for all the monitored parameters (Table 7.15). Table 7.15 RSPM characterization at Agra Sample Location RSPM (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 (Cum %) =10.62 µm Organic fraction (% of RSPM) Elemental Carbon (µg/m 3 ) Inorganic fraction (% of RSPM) A Nunhai B Itmad C Taj Mahal D Rambagh E Keetham COLOUR PROBLEM OF RIVER GANGA River Ganga, the holiest of all rivers and lifeline of North India, has dark coloured water in some stretches. This has not only hurt the sentiments of the millions of people but also has adversely affected the drinking water supply of the towns situated along the river; which included the Metro Towns like Kanpur and Allahabad. The problem got compounded on account of Magh Mela, which falls in the winter only and runs for around a month. On having brought the incidence into the notice, CPCB Zonal office, Kanpur carried out detailed investigation and monitoring and Findings are as below: Colour problem of River Ganga may be attributed to discharges of various industries in the river Ganga directly or through its tributaries. Kali and Ramganga were found responsible for carrying the colored waste to river Ganga.Both the rivers were surveyed deeply and Water quality monitoring at different stretches of these two rivers were conducted, which is reflected in tables 7.16 & S.N Location Table 7.16 Water Quality of River Ramganga Parameters ph Colour TSS COD BOD 1. U/S Moradabad D/S Rampur Before confluence to Ganga Note: All values are in mg/l except colour in Hazen Units and ph Table 7.17 Water quality of different stretches of River Kali (2nd Feb-4th Feb,03) S. No. Location detail Colour in hazen units 1 River Kali Origin (Antawara) D.O mg/l ph TSS mg/l Cond. µs/cm COD mg/l No flow BOD mg/l

61 2 River Kali at Shahpur village 3 River Kali at Saini bridge, Saini < < River Kali at Saini River Kali a/c Daurala drain (Abu drain) 6 River Kali at Gulawathi 7 River Kali at Buland Shahar d/s River Kali b/s Ganga (at Khudaganj bridge) Drains and streams, which meet with river Ramganga were also monitored to assess the water quality and to find the exact source of problem. Water quality of various drains meeting with Ramganga is shown in Table S. No. Tributary/ Drain Table 7.18 Water Quality of Tributaries of River Ramganga Location Water Quality ph Colour TSS COD BOD 1. River Dhella U/s Moradabad River Gagan Moradabad River Kosi U/s Kashipur Dadhiyal Rampur Rampur Drain Rampur Siddha Drain Rampur West Begul Bareilly River Sankha Bareilly 8.0 NT River Naktiya Bareilly East Begul Bareilly 7.5 NT All values are in mg/l except colour in Hazen units and ph Distilleries and Small Agro based paper mills were among the responsible industries for colour problem located in the region of Meerut, Moradabad and Barilly of Uttar Pradesh and in Kashipur area of Uttranchal State. Detailed survey was conducted to assess the pollution potential of these units. Based on the survey, Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board and 18 other industries were issued direction for taking immediate measure to control the colored discharge. Reasons for colour development During non-monsoon season, particularly in winter flow in the river Ganga recedes to bare minimum to provide sufficient dilution to the effluent discharges. Problem becomes more severe when there is insufficient discharge downstream to Narora Dam at Ganga. Number of small agro based paper mills without chemical recovery and distilleries are operating in the catchments area of River Ganga that have very high color potential, which are discharging directly or indirectly to river Ganga in upstream of Kanpur.

62 During winter months industrial discharges were observed to be at peak due to running of Sugar mills and distilleries at full capacity. Though some industries have made arrangement for storing of its effluent during non-monsoon season but generally it is not adequate. The following recommendations were suggested based on the study. 1. Distilleries are required to operate on zero discharge during non- monsoon season. Distilleries that have not opted bio- composting of spent wash should have facility to store its effluent for at least 9 months and in no case effluent be discharged in winter months. A detailed status of each industry about storage capacity of the effluent needs to be collected and compiled. In case it is lesser, the production needs to be curtailed/stopped accordingly particularly during the critical winter months. 2. Only solution with effluent of Small Agro based Paper Mills seems to either installation of Chemical Recovery Plant or switching over to the only waste paper as raw material because paper mill generates lot of effluent ( m 3 /tonne of paper) and such large quantity can not be stored as it will require huge space. 3. Minimum critical flow should be maintained through Narora barrage in Ganga during winter to provide sufficient dilution. 4. Strict vigilance is mandatory to the industries discharging their waste in to the tributaries of Ramganga by concerned State Pollution Control Board, as otherwise Ganga becomes almost dry after Narora and any practical solution is difficult to achieve without this. Further other barrages on Ganga and its tributaries may at least release some water to maintain minimum flow in the river. 5. Distilleries and Paper mills should try for colour removal from their treated effluent. PERFORMANCE STUDY OF ARSENIC REMOVAL PLANT (ARP) FITTED WITH TUBE WELL IN WEST BENGAL The best solution to human exposure to arsenic contaminated ground water is to provide arsenic free water by tapping surface water sources. This proposition is costly affair as it cover all the arsenic effected area and time consuming. Considering the magnitude of arsenic problem in West Bengal and limitations of surface water, West Bengal government is setting up number of Arsenic Removal Plant (ARP) attached with tube wells in different districts as a short term measure to the problem. Most of removal processes are capable to remove AS (V) from ground water. Therefore effective removal of arsenic as a whole requires complete conversion from AS (III) (always present as observed) to AS (V). This aspect must be taken into consideration otherwise the process becomes slow. Also the level of arsenic content in tube well was observed upto 450 mg/l. Hence the removal technique must be able to take care of concentration of 500 mg/l, if not more. There are some other chemical species in ground water, which may reduce the efficiency of removal process. Considering the above fact, performance of different ARP was studied to evaluate the efficiency in removing arsenic from ground water and their acceptability to users. The study was also undertaken to assess the efficiency of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) installed at different locations in West Bengal. 30 plants were monitored for this study. In this study some of the ARP installed in south 24 parganas and Murshidabad districts were selected for collecting samples to get them analysed in the Zonal laboratory. The analytical results of As, Fe, Zn & Mn both at inlet and outlet of ARP are presented in the Tables 7.19 and 7.20 indicating percentage of removal of these elements of different districts. Location of ARP Ration Shop, Dhapdhapi S.Kumar, Dhapdhapi Table 7.19 Performance of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) at Arsenic (m g/l) Iron (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Manganese (mg/l) I O % I O % I O % I O % P.Tala, Kumarhat NT NT 99 NT NT - Ashram, Padmajala K.Haldar, Dhapdhapi M. Shekh,Padmajala S.Shekh, Kumarhat NT

63 School, Padmajala Chh. Molla, Chandkhali H. Ali, Chandkhali S. Laskar, Kumarhat NT 99 M. Laskar, Alipur S. Sarkar, Padmajala Naskarpara, Alipur School, Chandkhali NT NT NT I Inlet; O = )utlet; % = Percent removed Table 7.20 Performance of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) at District Murshidabad Location of ARP Arsenic Iron Zinc Manganese (m g/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) I O % I O % I O % I O % Kumar Para, Jiagunj Kumar Para, Jiagunj Pilkhana, Jiagunj NT NT Raichandpur, Jiagunj Thana, Bhagwangola Bank, Bhagwangola Mahisthali, Bhagwangola Akhirgunj, Bhagwangola NT Talgachi, Jiagunj Library, Behrampur PHED Off, Behrampur Juanpur Bapta, Beldanga Bus Stand, Bapta Allahabad Jhunka Bank, I Inlet; O = )utlet; % = Percent removed Table 7.19 indicated that removal of arsenic by the ARP considered for the study was varying from 26 percent to 97 Percent. Out of 30 Arsenic removal plant, 5 ARP were unable to bring down the arsenic level below permissible limit. If the random survey taken into the reality, the percentage of failure is about 17 percent. Already more than

64 be expected about 170 out of In some of the ARP it was observed that the level of zinc content in treated water was higher than that of untreated water. This may be due to leaching of zinc from the media. In case of manganese, concentration was higher in treated water excepting leaching from the media. Significant reduction of iron was observed at all the treatment plants. Therefore, iron content in untreated water is the crucial element in maintaining the efficiency of the ARP for a longer time. In addition to removal of arsenic, iron, manganese and zinc, some other parameters like conductivity, TDS, phosphate, nitrate, calcium, total hardness etc. were also measured. Based on analytical results, it was observed that phosphate was drastically reduced in all the ARP and chloride was in higher concentration in treated water. No systematic trend was observed for other variables such as Manganese, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate etc. Such random variation in treated water may be due to the composition of media used for removing Arsenic. It was observed clearly that Chloride and Zinc were leached through media. ph value was found higher than that of untreated water due to nature of media used. The data obtained were further processed to evaluate the correlation among the different parameters and percentage of removal of other variables. As the large number of people are using the treated water with a confidence of the ARP system and there are number of factors playing important role to maintain efficiency and life of ARP, monitoring of the tube well being continued regularly to assess the performance of ARP. The following are the field observation in maintenance of Arsenic Removal Plants: Ø Maintenance personnel were not regular in attending their duty in some places. As reported by the villagers, no cleaning is done particularly during summer and rainy season resulting deterioration of water quality. Ø Wastage of treated water was significant as villagers were not keen to take responsibility. The valve fixed at the mouth of tube well is closed to get the arsenic free water for drinking and cooking and is opened to have water directly from tube well (without treatment) for other purposes. But when valve was non-operational, villagers collected treated water for all uses resulting wastage of treated water. Ø Back washing of iron-removal column was not very regular resulting yellowish colour of the water. Washers are damaged frequently. Considering the magnitude of arsenic problems in West Bengal, it is urgently required that with the installation of ARP, proper network for operation and maintenance and monitoring of ARP must be developed to ensure the safe water to people. Also awareness campaign must be accelerated to involve the villagers in arsenic mitigation programme. ASSESSMENT OF BTX AT MAJOR TRAFFIC INTERSECTIONS IN KOLKATA Presence of VOC in the ambient air has been the focus of research considering their harmful effect on human health. Recently emphasis has been given on the study of concentration of VOC in the ambient air particularly in the urban areas. Benzene along with toluene and xylene has been a prime target for assessment whose concentrations have been closely related to the use of gasoline and automobile exhaust. Therefore with the installation and operation of BTX analyser, the calibration of the instrument was performed by dilution of gases from permeation tube (VICI Metronics, USA) with zero air and the results obtained were processed to evaluate analytical response based on the parameter are depicted in Table Detection limit of some compounds are higher with respect to expected concentration in ambient air. Therefore further calibration with lower range would be carried out to check the uncertainty in ambient concentration level. Parameter Range of Conc. Used (m g/m 3 ) Table 7.21 Calibration Status of BTX Analyser Mean of Conc. Used (m g/m 3 ) Mean of Observed Conc. (m g/m 3 ) Slope Intercept Detection Limit (m g/m 3 ) Benzene Toluene E- Benzene Meta+Para Xylene Ortho- Xylene

65 The study has been undertaken at busy road intersection of three different locations (Behala, Garia and Tollygunj) in Kolkata, one of the largest and densely populated cities to assess their concentrations. Each location, sampling was done for 24 hours at 15 minutes interval. The data generated were processed to study the influence of time and location by statistical technique (i.e. analysis of variance). The BTX concentrations were varying significantly due to location and time. With this variation it may be mentioned that in this study outlier values could not be eliminated from the data and therefore further processing of the data using statistical technique would be done to ascertain the real contribution of variation mainly due to time and location considering uncertainty by BTX analyser. The 8- hourly averages of these concentrations are presented in Table Date Table 7.22 BTX (8-Hourly average) at traffic intersection in different places of Kolkata Time (hrs) Benzene Toluene E-Benzene MP-Xylene O-Xylene Place Behala Garia Tollygunge (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) ) to to to to to to to to to Monitoring is regularly carried out at Tollygunj to assess the distribution pattern of BTX concentration. Month wise distribution (for four months) averaging more than 2500 values in each month are presented in Table Based on standard deviation, it may be mentioned that wide variation was observed among all the hours/days. In this situation it is difficult to find out seasonal impact on BTX. However, further attempt would be taken to eliminate the outlier and further processing would be done to ascertain the sources of variation of BTX with one year data. Month January February March April Table 7.23 Monthly Average of BTX Data at Tollygunge South Kolkata West Bengal Benzene Toluene E-Benzene MP-Xylene O-Xylene (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) (m g/m 3 ) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD STUDIES ON AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL AND AIR POLLUTION DURING DEEPAWALI Ambient noise level monitoring was carried out at various locations in Delhi, i.e. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Lajpat Nagar, New Friends Colony, East Patel Nagar, Connaught Place, India Gate, Mayur Vihar, Patel Nagar and Kamla Nagar on the occasion of Deepawali festival. At Kamla Nagar noise monitoring was conducted from hrs. to hrs. while at other lcoations, short duration (half hourly) noise level monitoring was conducted between hrs. and hrs.. The average Leq noise level value for short duration at 8 monitored locations ranged between 54 db(a) and 68 db(a). The Leq noise level at Kamla Nagar ranged between

66 63 db(a) and 83 db(a). The Ambient noise level during Deepawali, 2002 at the monitored places are lower as compared to the values, recorded during Deepawali, 2001 except at AIIMS where the values are higher than those recorded in At New Friends Colony, the data indicates slight increase in the noise level as compared to year The long duration noise level monitoring, conducted at Kamla Nagar indicated appreciable reduction in the noise level (from 79 db(a) to 62 db(a)) as compared to year 2001 Deepawali festival. Ambient air quality monitoring was also carried out at ITO Intersection and Ashok Vihar using manual monitoring techniques and at East Patel Nagar (Pusa Road) using the mobile monitoring van. Nitrogen dioxide levels have shown a significant decrease in year 2002 as compared to the levels observed in year Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) have not shown any significant change in year 2002 as compared to year The meteorological conditions were not favourable for dispersion of pollutants which attributed to the higher concentration of measured pollutants (SPM and RSPM). During the monitoring period, the weather was calm and most of the time in the day, wind speed was less than 0.3 m/sec. Even during rest of the period, the wind velocity was very low and the maximum hourly average wind speed recorded on Deepawali day was 0.9 m/sec. ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING Training is an important component for Human Resource Development of any Organisation/Institutes. In the area of Environmental Pollution Control, which is an interdisciplinary subject, imparting training is an imperative activity. Environmental awareness among the public and educating current knowledge to the officers working in the Pollution Control Boards are essential steps to have a sound environmental management in the country. Hence the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air ((Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981 are also emphasizing that imparting training is one of the major functions of the Central Pollution Control Board. Training in various aspects of prevention, abatement and control of pollution to the identified target groups is important. The target groups include officials dealing with planning, funding and implementation of programmes for prevention and control of pollution in the Central and State Governments, the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, the local bodies, operators of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants and NGO's engaged in management of pollution control programmes. 1 ) TRAINING NEED Pollution control is an inter-disciplinary subject. Graduates, post-graduates in the fields of chemical/civil engineering and pure and applied sciences, do not have any formal training in the field of prevention, abatement and control of pollution. When appointed in Pollution Control Boards, they face a gigantic task before them. Therefore, it is necessary to have them trained and oriented for discharging their responsibilities smoothly and efficiently in areas, such as consent management, and implementation of effluent and emission standards. In addition, there is a need to improve the capabilities of persons already working with Pollution Control Boards. It is necessary that uniform methods of analysis of pollutants and consent granting are adopted and ensured through training for proper and effective implementation of the provisions of the Acts. To summarize, training is needed in the following fields: Operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and air pollution control devices; Management, routine analysis, quality assurance and analytical quality control and maintenance of environmental laboratories; Water and air quality monitoring system; Consent management including setting of standards; Environmental audit, Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental management system; Specific subjects, such as management of hazardous waste, air/water quality modeling, data processing and legal aspects; and Computer application for data processing and Internet shuffling for literature collection. 2) TRAINING COURSES ORGANISED UNDER AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING SUB- COMPONENT OF EMCBTA PROJECT

67 Training Abroad: 14 participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on Air Pollution Monitoring including Advanced Instrumental Methods for Sampling and Development of Managerial skills at M/s Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand during March 3, 2003, to April 11, Training in India: 20 participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS6: Determination of impact on health and vegetation due to air pollution at Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, New Delhi during November 11 to 15, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE6: Air pollution sources inspection techniques at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay during November 25 to 29, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE1: Source sampling techniques at National Productivity Council, Chennai, during December 16 to 20, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE6: Air pollution sources inspection techniques at Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute, Bangalore, during December 16 to 20, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE5: Reviewing plans for air pollution control devices at National Productivity Council, Chennai during January 6 to 10, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on Environmental economics - market based instrument at National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, during January 13 to 17, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AM7: Clean technology and pollution prevention in air pollution control at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, during January 27 to 31, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS3B: Sampling and analysis methods for volatile organics in ambient air at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, during February 3 to 7, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS3B: Sampling and analysis methods for volatile organics in ambient air at National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, during February 3 to 7, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AM7: Clean technology and pollution prevention in air pollution control at National Productivity Council, Chennai, during February 10-14, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE4+AE7: Legal procedures in enforcement including consent drafting at Center for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai, during February 24-28, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS4+AS7: Air quality lab management including quality assurance at School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, during March 3-7, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS6: Determination of impact on health and vegetation due to air pollution at Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, during March 10-14, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS6: Determination of impact on health and vegetation due to air pollution at National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, during March 10-14, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE2: Preparation of emission inventories at National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur during March 17-22, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AE8: Accident and emergency management at Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal, during March 24 28, participants from Central and different State Pollution Control Boards attended a training programme on AS1+AS3A+AS5: Sampling and analysis methods of ambient air pollutants and source emission including site selection guideline and statistical analysis and interpretation of air quality data at National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, during March 24 to April 4, 2003.

68 3) WORKSHOP ON ISSUES RELATED TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING INSTRUMENTS AND ANALYSERS A workshop cum symposium was conducted by CPCB on issues related to ambient air quality monitoring instruments and analyzer at India International Centre, New Delhi on 6 & 7 June The workshop was attended by representatives from State Pollution Control Boards, Public Sector Undertakings, R&D Institutes, Manufacturers and suppliers of Instruments and Non-governmental Organizations. The primary objective of conducting this workshop was to bring together all those working in the field of air quality monitoring for sharing their experiences. Many papers were presented on issues related to calibration of instruments, methodology, availability of gas standards, quality assurance and quality control aspects. Some of the manufacturers also displayed their latest and stateof-the-art instruments. Participants of the workshop felt the need for conducting such workshops on a regular basis. Some of the important recommendations of the workshop were to develop zonal centers for calibration and certification of air monitoring instruments, Initiate monitoring of additional parameters such as PM 2.5, PAH and BTX and networking of continuous monitoring stations being operated by Pollution Control Boards and industries. 4) NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON AIR TOXICS IN ENVIRONMENT (BTX, VOC, PAH) Workshop on Air Toxics in Environment (BTX, VOC, PAH) was organised by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with Indo-German Project on March 7-8, 2002 in Delhi. The objective of the workshop was to provide an opportunity to officials of CPCB/SPCB's & other Organisations working in this area to share their experiences, harmonising methodology of sampling & analysis for BTX and PAH's, quality assurance and setting up of air quality standards for these air toxics. During the workshop participants shared their views. The officials from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)- Research & Development, Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, Lok Nayak Hospital, Patel Chest Institute, Indian Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC), Tata Energy Research Institute(TERI), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited (HOCL), Indo-German Project, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Central Pollution Control Board participated in the workshop and numbers of papers on above themes were presented. From the discussion held during presentations the following issues emerged: Identification of Air Toxics to be monitored (BTX, VOC, PAH, Dioxin & Furans). Selection of methods for monitoring. Sampling (strategy and techniques) Analysis (Processing and Measurement). Preparation of manual for sampling and analysis. Standardisation / Validation of selected method involving various labs/ organisations. Sampling programme : Frequency, Location and Duration of sampling /monitoring. Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Programme - With in lab/ Internal - Between Labs / External Data management Strengthening of SPCB's/ PCC's laboratories. Instrumentation and infrastructure facilities Training Ambient Air Quality standards (Present 2005, 2010) Short term (24 hrly) Long term (annual mean, running annual mean) Methodology for preparation of inventory of air toxics. Prevention and control option of air toxics The issues were deliberated by a panel group comprising rexperts from CPCB, Indo-German Project, SES-JNU, BARC, NEERI, SAIL- R&D, HOCL. Three inter organisational working group of experts has been constituted to work on different aspects as listed above to formulate the various guidelines.

69 5) WORKSHOP ON AIR QUALITY MONITORING A series of Workshops on Air Quality Monitoring - Measurement of VOC, SVOC's, HAP's and POP's in air was organised at Vadodara (Jan 16 & 17, 2003), Kolkata (Jan 20 & 21, 2003) and Delhi (Jan 23 & 24, 2003) under Canada-India Institutional Strengthening Project. The faculties of the workshops were arrived from Environment Canada to associate with the organisation of workshops under the purview of Canada-India Institutional Strengthening Project. The Workshops were organised with the objectives to increase the ability of Pollution Control Board officials to professionally deal with sampling, measurement, release estimation techniques for estimation of toxic containments. The workshops were attended by about 70 nominated scientists and engineers of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards to develop their expertise and exchange of scientific ideas. 6) OTHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES Training programme on "Noise Pollution Control" was organised by CPCB in association with West Bengal Pollution Control Board for the officers of State Pollution Control Board's of Eastern and Northeastern States during December 4-5, The training programme highlighted the options and measures in area of environmental noise control. Various activities and issues in the States related to noise control. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 1) ACTIVITIES OF NGO CELL The role of NGOs for pollution control activities can hardly be over-emphasized. An NGO Cell has been set up at Central Pollution Control Board to coordinate the following tasks: Enlist environmental NGOs involved in activities related to pollution control with CPCB; Establish NGO network in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards/Zonal Offices of CPCB; Provide training to the NGOs and equip them with facilities, like water testing kits, analytical instruments, books, literature etc. In order to enhance their capabilities in the field of pollution control; and Organize mass awareness programmes and pollution control activities through NGOs. During , 10 NGOs were additionally enlisted with CPCB subject to concurrence of concerned State Pollution Control Boards apart from 640 NGOs already enlisted during previous years. A is extended over the purchase of CPCB publications to NGOs enlisted with CPCB and several NGOs availed the facility during Financial assistance of Rs. 75,000/- was provided to 14 NGOs for organizing mass awareness programmes in different parts of the country. A two day training programme for the NGOs located in North-Eastern States was organized through a NGO namely the Human Services Centre, Manipur, with the collaboration of Manipur Pollution Control Board during 23 rd to 24 th November, 2002 at Imphal, Manipur, to educate them in the field of environment and pollution and its control. A regional meeting with NGOs located in Northern States was organized at Dehradun on January 22, 2003 for coordination of the activities and promotion of the public participation/awareness in the pollution control programmes in the country. Meeting No. Date Place 17 January 22, 2003 Dehradun This interaction meet included series of lectures on relevant topics of pollution control by the eminent Experts, discussion on the area specific problems and distribution of literature on the selected topics. Principal Secretary Env, Govt. of Uttaranchal, appreciated the literature being developed by CPCB on various topics of pollution and their remedies. During the programme, the NGOs pointed out the problems associated with their areas.

70 The major environmental problems brought to the notice during the interaction meet are as follows. Action has been initiated to find out suitable solutions of these problems. As a result of creation of a new state i.e. Uttaranchal and its capital as Dehradun, all sorts of activities at the city have increased manifolds which have aggravated the pollution problems of dehradoon. These include air pollution problems due to vehicles and traffic jams especially in the main city area, waste- water pollution due to discharge from road-ways work-shops, OEF, auto garages etc. Around the pollution of Song river. In the hilly regions of Uttaranchal problems are due to improper Municipal Solid Waste Management, animal dung disposal into rivers and open human defecation. Air pollution problems, traffic jams, pollution of rivers at Allahabad. Congress grass problems in Allahabad, Meerut and nearby cities. Air & water pollution problems in Singrauli area due to power plants, aluminium plant, caustic soda plants, chemical industries and stone crushers. Pollution of river Kali due to Daurala Sugar, distilleries and similar other industries in Meerut and slaughter houses problems at Hapur. Pollution of river Sai at Raebareilly and plastic / polythene disposal problems. Fluoride problems in ground water in Unnao, Singrauli and other areas of northern India. 2) CPCB PUBLICATIONS DURING YEAR The Central Pollution Control Board continued to collect, compile and publish scientific, technical and statistical reports relating to pollution and the measures to be taken for its effective prevention, control and abatement. CPCB has published following technical documents during the year Water Quality in India - Status and Trends ; MINARS/20 2. Water Quality Status and Statistics 2000; MINARS/21 3. National Ambient Air Quality Status 1999; NAAQMS/21 4. National Ambient Air Quality Status 2000; NAAQMS/22 5. Performance Evaluation Study of Biochemical Oxidation & Dephenolisation Plants; PROBES/84 6. Pollution Control in Small Scale Industries - Status and Needs; PROBES/85 7. Performance Evaluation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants; PROBES/86 8. Evaluation of Clean Coal Technologies; PROBES/87 9. Spatial Distribution of Hourly Mixing Depth over Indian Region; PROBES/ Studies on Rain and Surface Runoff Storm Water in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Daman; PROBES/ Effluent Toxicity Status in Water Polluting Industries (Part I - Dyes and Dye Intermediate, Bulk Drugs and Textile Industries); PROBES/ A Report on State of Environment - Lucknow; CUPS/ Municipal Solid Waste Processing Technologies - Review and Guidelines for Local Bodies; CUPS/ Environmental Status of Andaman Islands; COPOCS/ Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment; COPOCS/ Municipal Sewage Pollution Along Indian Coastal Waters; COPOCS/27

71 17. Zoning Atlas - Rangareddy District (Andhra Pradesh); EMAPS/ Zoning Atlas - Medak District (Andhra Pradesh); EMAPS/ Zoning Atlas - Sambalpur District, Orrisa); EMAPS/ Zoning Atlas - Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh; EMAPS/ Inventorisation and Management of Hazardous Waste in West Bengal; HAZWAMS/ Manual of Design, Construction and quality control liners and cover for Hazardous Waste Landfills; HAZWAMS/ Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and its Control; IMPACTS/4 24. Environmental Atlas of India 25. Save the Environment - Make less Waste 26. Hazardous Waste Generating Units in Orissa 27. Report on the Survey of Air Quality in the Sundarbans 28. Zoning Atlas Cuttack Kendrapara Jagatsingpura and Jajpur Districts 29. Charter - Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection 30. Environmental Management in selected industrial sectors - Status and Needs 31. Guidelines for the Selection of Site for Landfilling 32. Annual Report Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Developmental Projects 34. Development of Site Selection Methodology for Landfilling - A Case study for Mangalore 3) CPCB 'PARIVESH' NEWSLETTERS Following themes were selected for the various issues of CPCB Newsletter, 'Parivesh' issued during year Highlights 2001 Biomonitoring of Water Bodies, Part II Bio-diesel as Automobile Fuel Benzene in Air and its Effects on Human Health Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - Persistent Pollutant Climate Change Public Interest Litigations Odour Pollution and its Control 4) HINDI PUBLICATIONS CPCB has published three documents in Hindi. The subjects of these documents are: Khandsari Udyogo me Pradushan Niyantran

72 Keetnashak Utpadak Udyogo me Paryavaran Prabandhan Pradushan Aap bhi kam kar sakate hai Vaigyanik avam Takniki Lekhon ka Sankalan 5) QUERY RESPONSE SERVICE A Distributed Information Centre (DIC), as a network partner of the Environmental Information System (ENVIS) was established in CPCB with a Memorandum of Understanding reached and signed between the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India and CPCB. Query response service (QRS) is the regular activity of the ENVIS centre. Queries are received from the schools, colleges, NGO's, consultants and technical institutions, government organizations in the field of air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, solid/hazardous waste, consultancy and mass awareness. During the year, more than 200 queries were received and answered. In addition to queries through letters, a lot of queries were received in the form of telephonic conversations, fax massages and . These queries were answered. 6) PARTICIPATION IN EXHIBITIONS Participation in exhibitions is an important means for direct interaction with the general public. With this objective, CPCB had put up stalls/pavilion at various exhibitions during the year. The main items displayed at CPCB pavilion were air monitoring devices, blow-ups on Zoning Atlas Programme and other major activities, pollution information booklets and technical publications. Films on pollution control and nature conservation were the major attraction of exhibition pavilion. Mass Awareness literature giving general information on pollution control in form of pamphlets, newsletters etc. were distributed. The important exhibitions, in which CPCB has participated during the year are: IIT Roorkee India Habitat Centre, New Delhi Pragati Maidan, New Delhi COP - 8 at Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi CREP, Hotel Ashoka, New Delhi 7) MASS AWARENESS ON DRINKING WATER The ground water in major part of West Bengal are already contaminated with arsenic. The arsenic effected area is being increased day by day. Sometimes people are drinking arsenic contaminated water without knowing the level of arsenic content in water. To help the local people, proper facilities have been developed to test water samples free of charge. A newspaper advertisement was also issued by CPCB inviting people to send their tubewell water samples for testing in this laboratory. 660 samples were already analysed and the results were reported to owner of the tube wells. The outcome of these analysis are summarised below. Table 9.1 Status of Arsenic in tube wells water samples collected by local people Conc. Range ( m g/l) Frequency Status < Safe Above WHO guidelines > Above permissible limit Total Nos 660 The results revealed that 7 percent tube wells were above permissible limit and 16 percent were above WHO guidelines. In this study samples were brought both from effected and non effected areas. The relevant information along with sample are also being collected for future use. 8) TEACHERS TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN KOLKATA & BHUBANESWAR Two training programme for Teachers of High Schools & Colleges under the title `Environment & Pollution Control' have been organised one in Kolkata during November 14-15, 2002 and the other in Bhubaneswar during January 9-10, 2003 with the assistance of Orissa Pollution Control Board. The

73 training programme included different aspects of Environmental Pollution, impacts on environment & human health and the required abatement measures. Some demonstrations were also given particularly for air pollution monitoring equipment. In Kolkata twenty five teachers from various reputed colleges and in Bhubaneswar twenty four teachers from different High Schools have participated in the programme. 9) TRAINING OF TEACHERS ON ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AT KANPUR Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office - Kanpur launched a training programme for teachers from various schools from the year 2002 onwards. The two day programme was inaugurated by Sh. Vasudev Yadav, Joint Director (Education)., Govt. of U.P. 25 teachers of class IV-XII with science background represented Govt. and PSU, Nagar Nigam school, Minority and Missionary schools. Two days programme included the lectures on various topics on Environmental Education & Environmental legislation, Introduction of various components of Environment and importance of forests in balancing Ecosystem, Introduction of Industrial Pollution and wastewater treatment, Recent trends of Urban area management system, Air pollution and its effect and central measures, Water Pollution and its effects and control, Environmental problem in Urban Areas & waste management, field visits to CETP & STP, lab visit, demonstration of instruments and interaction session. Teachers were given the course material including books and lecture notes. The programme achieved the target of imparting training on environmental issues to 25 teachers taking into the consideratio, that every teacher will come in contact with about 250 students every year apart from fellow teachers and family members. Thus will help in spreading the message of environmental education and awareness to more than 6000 students every year. The programme also helped in developing cooperation between two government departments i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and Education Department of Govt. of U.P. 10) MASS AWARENESS IN BANGALORE i) Students from the various schools participated in a programme associated by the South Zone Office, Bangalore during February 2002 where about six hundred and odd number of students took New Year Pledge on Environment Protection. ii) Mass awareness programmes were conducted in two schools in Bangalore wherein the students were explained and demonstrated about various aspects of pollution control and the students took New Year Pledge on Environment Protection. 11) MASS AWARENESS PROGRAMME AT KANPUR Central Pollution Control Board Zonal office Kanpur organized a one-day Environmental awareness programme at Central School, IIT Kanpur on 27 th February This was in continuation of the regular awareness programme being organized by CPCB for NGOs, School Teachers, Industries, Masses and this time Students of the schools. The highlights of other programmes organized are as below: Exhibition: a small exhibition was organized at the school to demonstrate the common instruments used along with their working to monitor the air, water and noise pollution levels. The information related to the environment was also displayed through display panels. Audio-visual Show: Documentaries on lead in the Environmental pollution and Solid wastes were shown by audio-visual means, which attracted the interests in teachers as well as students. Competitions: In order to generate active awareness Painting competition was organized for primary students, Quiz competition for middle students and Debate on the topic Environmental protection is a hurdle to the Development for senior students. Active participation was received from the students. The prizes were also distributed to the winners. 12) MASS AWARENESS AT AGRA Central Pollution Control Board in association with SBI, GAIL INDIA LTD and Municipal Co-operation of Agra made a joint effort for the visitors of the carnival (Taj Mahotsav, 2003). It displayed the air quality status with instrumentation for the citizens of Agra City along with eco friendly campaign involving students (Environmental Cadets) who played vital role in the spreading and dissemination of information pertaining to environmental preservation. The task was to come united with other corporate bodies to

74 find a solution for the up-gradation of local environment, which was successfully achieved. It helped in linking CPCB with schools and students who are in continuous touch to safeguard the environmental quality of the city. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS INCLUDING SCHEDULE FOR THEIR ENFORCEMENT REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India issued notification for submission of Environmental Statements' (ES) by the industries to the respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) in April, 1992 and further amended it in April, ES is a pro-active tool for self-assessment of the industry itself to reduce/minimise pollution by adopting process modifications, recycling and reuse of the resources. The regular submission of ES will indicate the systematic improvement in conservation of resources and environmental pollution control being achieved by the industry. ES can also be used as a set of environmental performance indicators for relative comparison, implementation and to promote better practices. In order to assess the ES, a project has been taken-up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests for "Review of Environmental Statements Submitted by the industries" and this is being undertaken by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). CPCB, in turn, has included Experts with respect to eleven sectors: i) tanneries ii) bulkdrug industries iii) thermal power stations iv) sugar industries v) cement industries vi) iron & steel plants vii) textile industries viii) pesticides industries ix) petrochemical plants x) pulp & paper industries and xi) oil refineries. The review for sugar industry has been completed and others are in the process of finalisation. The outcome of the exercise has been utilised for setting environmental benchmarks for attainment by all the industries. A similar exercise is being done in other sectors also, to promote systematic improvement. DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALE FOR PRESCRIBING LOCATION SPECIFIC STANDARDS The Central Pollution Control Board took up a project to study the existing practices in prescribing stringent location specific standards by various State Pollution Control Boards and to develop a rationale for the same. For application of the strategy for location specific standards in the field, two sites In Andhra Pradesh have been chosen i.e. one at Rajahmundry, where plenty of dilution available in the river (Godavari) and the other at Patancheru, where limited dilution available in the river (Manjeera) and large number of industries are situated. Under this programme, emphasis has been given to assess the assimilative capacity of the environment with respect to air and water pollution. Several models have been reviewed for their suitability and a compilation of the above studies coupled with choice of control technologies, affordability is being considered to formulate rationale. In this process, the experiences of developed countries are being taken through Wisconsin University, USA. These studies will suggest rationale to be followed in areas where the ambient requirements demand stricter standards. CONTROL OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS The Central Pollution Control Board has identified Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), as one of the parameters in industrial emissions, which needs to be controlled to protect the quality of the receiving environment. Considering usage of various solvents and other raw materials in chemical and other specific industries, there is a need to specify control parameters, to govern the volatile compounds. The selected industrial sectors such as oil refineries, petrochemicals, drugs & pharmaceuticals, pesticides and electronic industries are being studied for existing control measures for VOCs in order to suggest choice of better control technologies/practices to evolve common minimum programme. Besides, with respect to hazardous air pollutants, there is a need to change the fittings such as valves, pumps, joints, etc which eliminates fugitive emissions due to leakages. A Leak detection and repair (LDAR) programme is required to be introduced. With this understanding, guidelines/norms are being developed. DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY FACTOR AS A GOVERNING PARAMETER

75 The cumulative governing parameters are preferred in environmental sampling such as AOx for all halides. Synergistic and Antagonistic effects of different combination of pollutants will not be addressed, if individual standards are prescribed for each pollutant, thus The governing parameters indicate the necessity of having detailed analysis of each constituent and as such represent the cumulative effects. Thus, such parameters are encouraged for regulatory purpose for ease in checking the compliance. Therefore, with the same perception, a common parameter to represent the toxicity has been developed by the Central Pollution Control Board i.e. Toxicity Factor. It is defined as the dilution factor of the effluent at which 100% survival of Zebra fish ( Brachidanio rerio - Hamilton Buchanan ) ensured for 48 hours. Means, toxicity factor 1 represents the effluent sample without dilution with water, Toxicity factor 2 represents addition of same amount of water with the effluent (1:1); Toxicity Factor 4 represents (1:3 one part effluent and 3 parts of water) etc. The tests for Toxicity factor have been carried out with respect to wastewaters arising from pesticides, bulkdrugs, dye & dye intermediates, textiles and tanneries. The results have been processed statistically to assess the present percent level of achievement by the respective industrial sectors. NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS Air emissions from a petrochemical complex are crucial with respect to pollution control as some emissions are hazardous in nature. Fugitive air emissions from pumps, valves, flanges, storage tanks, loading and unloading operations, and wastewater treatment accounts for 85 to 95 % of total hydrocarbon emissions and are of major concern, due to its volume and carcinogenic nature. Therefore, in order to prioritise the pollution control programme, air pollutants from petrochemical industries have been classified into high, medium, and priority pollutants. Besides the control technologies, in respect of combustion, process, fugitive, emissions, and flare management have been reviewed for their suitability. The technical inputs from the expatriate experts is also being taken to strengthen the process development of techno-economically feasible standards. CONTROL OF ACID MIST FROM SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS Sulphuric Acid plants emit oxides of sulphur and acid mist in the atmosphere. Presently emission limits are prescribed as 4.0 kg/tonne of concentrated acid produced for SO x and 50 mg/nm 3 for acid mist. A study was undertaken to study the possibilities of technology upgradation in existing sulphuric acid plants and use of stateof-the-art technology in new plants to further reduce and control oxides of sulphur and acid mists. NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PESTICIDES MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In pesticides industry, pollution generates in all forms i.e. emissions, wastewater and solid/hazardous waste due to thermodynamic limitations, incomplete reaction, failure of stoichiometric requirement of raw material in the process operation, impurities present in raw materials, etc. Gaseous emissions could be channelized i.e. coming out through vent/stack from specific production process or fugitive in nature (leaks spills etc.), containing several gaseous pollutants. Handling of emissions being sensitive with respect to impact, the emphasis is often given to adopt appropriate pollution control technologies. Pesticides industry is critical in terms of nature of raw material usage and final products/by-products, which demands special care/attention. It is well established that the process of development of industry-specificstandards consider techno-economic feasibility as the criteria. This criteria demands the review of technologies for control of pollutants emanating from the industries and cost implications due to pollution control equipments and bearing on health & environment. Therefore, looking at the complexity the findings of the study, have been reviewed to suggest the best practices being followed in advanced countries, and options for improvement in terms of technologies ( best available & best practicable ) suitable to Indian pesticide industries. The Central Board has identified priority pollutants, control technologies, efficiency of control and presently achievable standards. Besides studying the existing technologies, a review of best available technologies has been made through an expatriate consultant considering the best practicable technologies, while considering the economic feasibility for the purpose of arriving at suitable emission standards. The standards proposed will be finalised through consultation process. EMISSION/NOISE STANDARDS FOR GENERATOR SETS Noise Limits for Diesel Generator Sets

76 Revised noise limits for Diesel Generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) were notified, vide GSR 371(E), May 17, This regulation requires mandatory provision of acoustic enclosure at the manufacturing stage for all new diesel generator sets effective from July 1, The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) run on diesel, according to this new regulation shall be 75 db(a) at one metre from the enclosure surface. For existing diesel generator sets, the noise from the DG set shall be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room for DG sets. Such acoustic enclosures/acoustically treated rooms, shall be so designed for minimum 25 db(a) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on higher side. Compliance Procedure for Noise Limits for Generator Sets Petrol/Kerosene Generator Sets Compliance procedure for noise limits for generator sets run on petrol/kerosene has been finalised. The implementation of the standards has commenced with effect from September 1, Diesel Generator Sets (upto 1000 KVA) Compliance procedure for noise limits for generator sets run on diesel has been finalised and will be circulated to the concerned testing agencies. New Diesel Generator Sets (upto 800 KW) Compliance procedure for emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for genset applications is being developed. Generator Set Emissions Emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets applications were notified. This regulation specifies the emission limits for different ratings. Emission standards for diesel engines rating more than 800 KW for power plant, generator set applications and other requirements were notified. DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS AND STACK HEIGHT REGULATIONS FOR THE VERTICAL SHAFT BRICK KILN VIS-A VIS POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) is a vertical type kiln as against the traditional Bull Trench Brick Kiln (BTKs), which has horizontal kiln. The kiln is a natural draft system and uses no electricity for operation. Dry green bricks are loaded manually at the top of the kiln and `measured quantity' of crushed coal of specified size (5-20 mm) is sprinkled over the brick layers, Loading is done in batches after unloading, and each batch consists of 4 layers of bricks. The entire brick batches are supported by bars support provided at the bottom. Normal cycle for brick production varies between hrs. During unloading, the entire brick load is transferred to a screw jack system over which a trolley is rested one batch of brick is brought down to facilitate unloading. The support bars are put back to transfer the load back to them and the trolley is brought down. The production capacity of Vertical shaft brick kiln depends on shaft size and number of shafts. About 20 VSBKs are in operation in different regions of the country. The Ministry of Environment and Forests based on recommendations of the Central Pollution Control Board has introduced emission standards for bull trench kiln during The standards also envisaged phasing out of moving chimney from BTKs. The Central Board took up the work of evolving emission standards stack height regulations vis-a-vis pollution control measures with active support of TERI, New Delhi. The performance of VSBKs was monitored during the year The SPM concentration in the stack was measured between mg/nm 3. Some of the advantages of the VSBK technology include 1) lower energy consumption (30-60% energy saving); 2) low SPM emissions; 3) less floor area requirement for construction of kilns; 4) flexibility in operation; 5) uniform quality of fired bricks; and 6) ability to operate throughout the year, as against BTKs. Keeping these factors in view, VSBK may offer as an alternate viable technology for moving

77 chimney BTKs low capacity and also for clamps. The energy performance of the VSBKs shows the average specific energy consumption of VSBKs is 0.9 MJ/kg fired bricks lower than the traditional firing technologies used in the country. The VSBK technology has lower emission levels, thus having good potential in the market. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENT Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Environment Standards for Refractory Industry Refractories are materials, which can withstand high temperature. Their essential function is to serve as structural materials in kilns and thus, their usefulness depends on their ability to maintain mechanical properties at high temperature. In fact refractories are indispensable at almost all ferrous and non-ferrous industries, where high temperature furnaces or kilns are being used. The steel and metallurgical industries greatly depend on refractories involving high temperature application. Refractories are basically heat and corrosion resistant materials used in furnaces. The refractories find application in steel industry, cement, aluminum and glass industry. The steel industry accounts for nearly 75 percent of the consumption of refractories, whereas cement industry accounts around 11 percent. The aluminium and glass industry consumes around six and four percent of refractory products respectively. All other industries consume only four percent of refractory products. Today the refractory production capacity in India is sufficient to cater the national requirement quantitatively but for the quality imports are necessary, especially for steel industry. In India small refractory plants are mostly in unorganised sector, whereas, there are few large and medium capacity refractory plants producing various types of export quality refractory products. Broadly, the refractory can be categorized based on the installed capacity. On the basis of plant capacity (Thousand Tonnes per Annum, TPA), the refractory plants are categorized as very small scale (up to 5000 TPA), small scale ( TPA), medium ( TPA) and large capacity (above TPA) refractory plant. There are about 6 large, 17 medium scale and 63 refractory plants in the category of small or very small scale sector in the country. Because of sluggish demand from end-user industry and competition from quality imports, some of the refractory manufacturers are facing tough situation while few are on the verge of closure or have been closed. The use of high quality refractories has improved the lining life of furnaces and brought down the specific consumption per tonne of liquid steel, resulting in a lower per tonne usage of refractories, which has adverse impact on traditional refractory manufacturing. The primary pollutant of concern in refractory plant is particulate matter or dust in air emission apart from water pollution, solid wastes and noise pollution. Particulate matter in terms of fugitive dust generation takes place during crushing, grinding and screening operation in plant. During the study, the present status of pollution in refractory industry and their control, different technologies adopted by Indian refractory industry to combat pollution and finally to develop norms for pollution control. The study has been undertaken in collaboration with National Council for Cement & Building Materials. Ambient air quality, fugitive dust, stack emission, trade effluent, noise pollution & solid waste were monitored during the course of study. Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Emission Standards for Hot Mix Plants Construction of roads play a vital role in Socio-economic development of the country. Ever since the Government of India declared infrastructure developmentas the thrust area, there has been predominant boom in the road construction sector. The construction and maintenance of major portion of the road network is undertaken using conventional hot bitumen-mixes. The hot bitumen mixes are prepared in hot mix plants, which emits significant emission containing particulate matter, sulphur dioxide besides carcinogenic poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. As per the survey undertaken by Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee, plants are of stationary, drumcontinuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tphr to tphr. The locations of these plants keep on changing. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregates, heating of bitumen from large number of plants are bound to create environmental hazard because of emission of dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH and PCB's. Central Pollution Control Board has initiated preparation of Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Hot Mix Plants in an effort to minimize the adverse environmental impacts by regulating emissions. Information on plant, process details, pollution control technology, emissions, plant location, etc. was collected through extensive field visits as well as questionnaire surveys. The COINDS includes development of environmental

78 standards, suitable techno-economic pollution control device and guidelines for its operation and maintenance. Development of Environmental Standards for Wheat Processing, Flour Mills, Pulse Grinding and Milling, Dry Rice Grinding and Rice Mills There are a large number of units spread across the country engaged in pulse milling, dry rice and besan grinding, wheat processing and flour making mills and rice mills. These units mostly use conventional production technologies, which are not oriented towards minimising pollution by incorporation of in-plant control measures. These units give rise to substantial pollution of air, water, noise etc. The Central Pollution Control Board desires to evolve environmental standards for these mills with the help of the National Productivity Council, New Delhi. The objective of the project is to study the problem of noise, emission and effluent disposal, best available technology not involving excessive cost to prevent, abate and control water, air and noise pollution and to develop standards for noise, emission and effluent including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulses making mills, dry rice, pulses grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. The scope of work for this project is: Literature survey/review of State-of-the art technologies; and Information collection from State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), Industry, etc. About 20 plants (e.g., five in each category - wheat flour, wheat process, rice mill, rice & pulse grinding, pulse making units) have to be studied in depth by conducting monitoring for the following: Characteristics of emission and the quantity; Characteristics of effluent streams and the quantity; Characteristics of storm water run of; and Identification of source of noise pollution and noise measurement. Technologies are being reviewed for abatement, prevention and control of water pollution, abatement, prevention and control of air pollution, handling of storm water within plant area, control of noise pollution at source, and assessment of adaptability of technologies in Indian context. Development of COINDS for Tea Processing Industries India is one of the major exporters of black tea. Tea is grown in certain districts of Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and to some extent in Tripura, Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh. In India, average yield of tea was approximately 1670 kg/hectare for the year 2000 and total area under tea cultivation is about 5,00,000 hectares. Tea is grown in varied type of soil found in tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic conditions. Tea grows best in acidic soils, in areas having a precipitation of about 1,150 to 8,000 mm. Tea processing consists of the following production units: Nursery Field Planting Pruning Plucking of Green tea For Black Tea Processing, unit operations include: o o o o o o Withering (partial removal of moisture); Leaf disruption (size reduction); Fermentation (biochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen); Drying (Completion of moisture removal); Cooling, Sorting & Grading (fiber removal, grading based on size) and; Packing (sorted and graded black tea is packed). Air Pollution Control

79 Source of air emission in the tea industry is basically the D.G. set which is operated only during the power shutdown period. The following efforts are needed from the management towards controlling the air emission. Use of low sulphur fuel for combustion purpose in D.G. sets. Use of tall stack. Avoiding frequent start-up and shut-down of D.G. sets. Wastewater Management Source of wastewater in the tea industry is the domestic sector since the industrial process is basically dry in nature. It is recommended that the domestic waste thus generated be treated in simple treatment system prior to its final disposal. Infact, the wastewater so generated may be treated in Septic Tank. Partially treated effluent from the septic tank should either be disposed of in soak pits or to be further treated in up-flow anaerobic filter (UFAF). The treated effluent from the UFAF could be discharged into any inland surface water or can be used for gardening purpose. Apart from such treatment the management should also practice the following : reduce wastage of water; reduce volume of water use; and use of treated water for gardening purpose. Solid Waste Management The tea plants provide some green manure from leaf-fall; where shade trees are planted their leaves also form green manure. The waste from factories amounting to about 2% of total production may either be recycled in the process, returned to the field as fertilizer or may be reprocessed for by-product recovery. Tea industry produces solid waste, which amounts to about 2.0% of the black tea production. 0.3% of this waste is recycled using some special technique. The balance 1.7% of the solid waste does not have any use value to the black tea producers and is normally sold to a selected reprocessing units where some chemical by products are recovered from this waste. The solid waste, which is generated in tea agriculture during pruning/skiffing operation, is used as a fuel. Thus prima-facie it may be opined that neither tea agriculture nor black tea production really generate any solid waste of significance. The fertilizers, which are normally used during tea cultivation, have minimum if not nil effect on the environment. Limited chemical study of the leaves, soil & the water used in the system have indicted that the tea leaves, soil & water are all by and large free of pesticide residues. Tea processing which is the factory operation is more or less a dry process and as such does not generate any liquid effluent. Odour generated during tea processing within the factory premises is of tea only. POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF TEAM PROCESS FOR BIOMETHANATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGRO-SOLID WASTES Handling and disposal of solid wastes is a major problem because of the harmful environmental effects due to its unscientific handling. There is no proper treatment and disposal mechanism for solid waste and as such it is indiscriminately dumped in low-lying areas. This results in ground water pollution due to the seepage and also release of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere. The solid wastes from agro-based industries have a high organic content and hence its treatment by the process of bio-methanation is most viable and results in the generation of useful products like biogas and enriched manure. Inspite of the high potential due to the large quantity of generation, we still do not have a well-proven and working design with low retention time and minimal operational problems for the digestion of solid wastes. Keeping these considerations it was decided to test the application of TEAM process for finding bio-methanation potential of organic wastes. The TEAM process is a two stage process consisting of acidification and methanation processes. Acidification Phase: In acidification phase, the organic content of the solid waste is leached out to make a high strength liquid, by decomposition of the waste with water. The complete set up of the treatment system consists of rectangular digesters and a reservoir. The acidification reactors are made of mild steel with epoxy coating. The capacity of the digesters is 200 litres. A nylon bag with a mesh size of 0.5 mm was packed with waste and loaded into the

80 digester from the top. Required amount of water was filled, which is sprinkled thrice a day for 15 minutes over the waste bed in the digester by means of a perforated sprinkler situated in the lid of digester. This mixes the liquid well during digestion. Leachate is re-circulated using a small pump. Process continues till there is complete extraction of the organic matter from the waste in the leachate. The digester has a valve at the bottom through which water was re-circulated over the bed of waste at intermittent intervals. Sample was also collected through this port for regular monitoring of various parameters for estimation of extraction efficiency. Depending on the performance of the digester, the extracted liquid leaches out most of the organic matter from the waste. An arrangement for the periodic removal of digested solid waste is provided at the top in the form of a pulley which lifts the bag full of digested sludge and places it on drying floor. Methanation Phase: The leachate collected from the acidification reactor is treated in a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor. The gas constitutes of 70-75% methane, 20-25% carbon dioxide. Treated leachate can be recycled back to the acidification reactor for sprinkling. Hence the use of water for acidification process is minimized, unlike in conventional biogas plants. The leachate treatment for generation of biogas was achieved in a 100 litre UASB reactor made of stainless steel. The height and diameter of the reactor were 1.6 m and 30 cm respectively. The leachate from the acidification reactor was fed into the UASB reactor by means of a peristaltic pump (Miclins India, PP-30 series). The gas flow was monitored by connecting the outlet tube from the UASB reactor to a gas flow meter (Insref-IR 08B). The performance of the reactor was studied at a controlled temperature of 37 0 C. The temperature was maintained by placing the reactor in an insulated chamber equipped with a heat convector that was controlled by a temperature sensor. The innoculum for the UASB reactor was procured in the form of raw sludge from a local sewage treatment plant. The sludge was acclimatized in a batch reactor to the leachate. A sludge to media volume ratio of 1:2 was maintained during the acclimatization period. The adapted sludge was used in the UASB reactor to treat the organic extract. The leachate extracted from the food waste was tested in the UASB reactor. For the organic extract from other substrates, in order to assess the biogas generation potential, experiments were conducted in 10 litre bottles with a HRT of 40 days with methanogenic consortia. Solid Wastes Tested for Bio-methanation Potential: For the application of TEAM process, following solid wastes which are generated in different agro-based industries were collected and tested using TEAM process: Pineapple & apple juices from food processing industries, Pea shells as one of the seasonal waste; Press mud from Sugar industry; Coffee husk and coffee pulp from Coffee processing unit; Biodegradable waste of vegetarian and non vegetarian hotels from hotel industry; and Tapioca waste from Sago factory. Characterisation of the Solid Waste: The characteristics of solid waste is presented in Table Parameter (%) Table 10.1 Characteristics of Solid Waste Total Solids Volatile solids Moisture content Carbon Cellulose Pineapple waste Apple peels Press mud Pea shells Mixed fruit and vegetable peels Coffee pulp Food waste

81 Tapioca Product potential from different agriculture residual waste: The manure value and biogas potential of different agricultural residual waste is presented in Table Table 10.2 Product Potential of different Agricultural Wastes Biogas Manure Value Type of waste (m 3 /t) N P K Fruit and vegetable processing Press mud Food wastes Coffee pulp Economic benefits from TEAM process There is dual benefit associated with the waste biomethanation as we get clean fuel (biogas) and enriched manure (Table 10.3). In case of composting of organic wastes manure is the end product. Table 10.3 Economic viability of TEAM Process Biomethanation Composting Plant Capacity 1 TPD 1 TPD Capital Cost 5 lakhs 1 lakh Annual Biogas 54 m 3 /d m 3 -- Amount of LPG replaced 8721 kg -- Savings from Rs.30/Kg Rs Manure generation kg kg Revenue generation from sale of Rs. 2/Kg. Rs.73,000 Rs.73,000 Total Revenue generation Rs.3.34 lakhs Rs.73,000 Payback period on plant cost 1.49 years 1.36 years The payback period of the plant based on both technologies is almost same, indicating higher returns from biomethanation in long run. Further, in case of composting, there are certain limitations such as high land requirements, odor problem, non-suitability of the process during monsoon. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDY OF ROOT ZONE TREATMENT PLANT AT MOTHER DAIRY The Root Zone Treatment process effectively purify domestic and industrial effluents according to the law of nature. The term "root zone" encompasses the interactions of various species of bacteria, the roots of the reed plants, soil, air, sun and water. The reed plants (eg. Phragmites communis) carry oxygen through stems into their root systems and thus optimal conditions for the growth of bacteria are created. These bacteria oxidize impurities in the wastewater. Since the process occurs under-ground, the mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic zones exists side-by-side, inducing different types of chemical reactions and balancing bacterial growth. It is estimated that about 5000 types of aerobic and facultative bacteria are present in the root zone filter as compared to only 300 types in conventional biological systems. The whole process of root zone system functions as a mirror of the purifying, self-regulating and simplifying processes found in nature. Central Pollution Control Board has demonstrated the Root Zone Treatment Plant at Mother Dairy. The scientific study of soil, hydraulics and environmental parameters was carried out for the better understanding of the process in Indian climatic condition, which is essential for development and popularization of this innovative technique.

82 The samples of influent, interim and out flow were analyzed by CPCB for ph, BOD, COD, TDS, PO 4 -P, and TKN. The result were very encouraging for all parameters except TDS, (Efficiency as high as 99%). It was also found that Root zone treatment plant very effectively removes Total and Feceal Colifoms. (The removal efficiency is as high as 99.99%). It was also concluded by experiments that vertical beds can treat effectively as high as the BOD in the range of 100 to 125 gm/m 2 /day whereas the horizontal beds, the range is between 35 to 50 gm/m 2 /day, which is greater than the limits being recommended currently. PROSPECTS AND STATUS OF NATURAL DYES To assess the prospects and status of natural dyes, the study has been initiated pertaining to availability of raw materials, process technologies, current demand, usage and problems in development/manufacture of natural dyes. COLOUR REMOVAL USING ELECTROFLOCCULATION PROCESS FROM BLACK LIQUOR OF AGRO- BASED PULP & PAPER MILLS Colour in the effluent from agro-based pulp & paper mills is caused by discharge of black liquor containing lignin. A study has been undertaken on removal of colour from the black liquor by removing lignin using electroflocculation process. The study has been undertaken on black liquor generated in the laboratory as well as on black liquor collected from the mills manufacturing unbleached as well as bleached grade of paper. The results of analysis shows that iron electrode has been found effective in removal of colour, lignin and COD. Removal to the extent of 98%(lignin) and 86%(colour) achieved at a ph of 6.0 and temperature of 40 0 C. The optimum time requirement was 40 min for complete electro-flocculation process. The process was carried out at different total solid concentration ranging between 0.5% to 2% and optimum results were at 1.5% concentration. The trial was also done with the black liquor sample collected from paper mill manufacturing bleached and unbleached grade of paper. The black liquor was subjected to electro-flocculation using different volumes i.e. 2 lit, 5 lit & 7 lit under optimum conditions. A sample of analysis results achieved with 7 m 3 black liquor volume are presented in Table Sl. No. Parameters Table 10.4 Analysis Results of Black Liquor Bleached grade Before treatment After treatment Unbleached grade Before treatment After treatment 1. ph Total Solids, gm/l BOD, mg/l COD, mg/l Colour, Pt-Co Unit Lignin, gm/l Silica, gm/l Power Consumption, KWH Power Consumption It was observed that the power consumption is on the lower side if the electro-flocculation is done in two steps by splitting total power consume. In this regard, the studies were conducted in three different volumes of black liquor i.e. 2 lit, 9 lit and 45 lit. The power consumption was 14.5 KWH/m 3, 10.6 KWH/m 3 and 7.7 KWH/m 3. Findings The electro-flocculation process was found technically viable for removal of colour, lignin and COD from effluent of agro-based pulp & paper mills.

83 The parameters have been optimized at lab scale for the electro-flocculation process including power consumption. The process can be applied for any type of black liquor from rice straw, bagasse and wheat straw. The cost economics including operational cost still to be find out. There are two major factors which governs the cost of treatment i.e. cost of electrodes and cost of electricity. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES IN PLASTICIZER INDUSTRIES As per the list of industries compiled by MPCB, GPCB & DPCC, most of the Plasticizer industries (Total 21 - mostly small scale units) are located in west zone of the country) have been visited and monitored in respect of water and air emissions. The plasticizer industry, producing different types of Plasticizers (which allows the flexibility to plastics), has high potential for water and air pollution. The plasticizer industry generates low volumes of effluents with high organic load. This industry has more of fugitive emission problems (particularly, organic fumes) rather than the source emissions. The units falling under this category have provided varied degree of effluent treatment facilities; however, most units have zero-discharge condition, which makes it vulnerable for the effluent treatment, reuse, and disposal. The detailed report is under preparation. POLLUTION CONTROL IN SLAUGHTER HOUSE The slaughter houses are mainly water polluting units. They also cause air pollution by way of foul smell and generate substantial quantity of solid wastes. It is therefore, necessary that these units should install proper treatment systems. The Central Pollution Control Board is pursuing State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees to take action against slaughter houses and related units. In order to speed up pollution control implementation, directions have been issued to the State Boards under Section 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 for taking action in case of slaughter houses and related industries. The State Boards have been directed to issue the following directions to slaughter houses/meat processing industries, which don't have requisite effluent treatment plants: The slaughter house/ meat processing industry shall submit a time schedule for installation of effluent treatment plant to State Pollution Control Board within one month from the date of issue of the direction; The slaughter house/ meat processing industry shall install requisite effluent treatment plant as per the time schedule agreed by State Pollution Control Board; and The slaughter house/ meat processing industry shall submit a quarterly progress report on installation of the effluent treatment plant to State Pollution Control Board. DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE TO PROPOSED DISTILLERIES: The Special Secretary, MoEF constituted a group of experts and officers of CPCB & MoEF to recommend criteria/technology for environmental clearance to the proposed distilleries. Experts and officers of CPCB & MoEF had discussions on various issues and recommended following: The Committee has classified distilleries in two groups based on their capacity of alcohol production : Class I Distilleries having capacity of less than 45 kld Class II Distilleries having capacity more than 45 kld. For class I distilleries, i.e. distillery having capacity less than 45 kld, following alternative technologies are recommended to be adopted for treatment and disposal of spent wash for allowing new distilleries : 1. Bio-methanation followed by composting; 2. Composting of spentwash directly; 3. Evaporation and drying/incineration of spent wash; and 4. Bio-methanation followed by evaporation and drying/incineration o Distilleries be allowed to adopt evaporation followed by composting of concentrated liquor. This will have a beneficiary effect of reducing press mud requirement.

84 o Storage capacity to store spent wash be restricted to less than one month so as to minimize odour problem. For Class-II distilleries; i.e. distilleries having capacity more than 45 kld, the recommendations are as follows: The proposed distilleries having capacity more than 45 kld be allowed to operate with evaporation and drying/incineration technology for the treatment and disposal of spent wash. This may be alongwith or without bio-methanation process. Alternatively, the industry may also opt for evaporation and composting of the concentrated spent wash. Quantity of Spent wash from Distillery Plant The generation of spent wash should be limited to 8-10 kl/kl of Rectified Spirit(RS). This may be achieved either by adoption of continuous fermentation technology or by providing reboiler. In the case of incineration preceded by bio-methanation system, spentwash generation upto 15 kl per kl of RS production may be allowed. In case, the distillery is situated near the coastal area, its disposal with proper treatment will have to be analysed in detail considering marine biological aspect of the area as well as other considerations, i.e. dilution effect of the sea water etc. Development of requirement for Compost plant in Distilleries The three Member Committee constituted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of Distilleries in Haryana State had taken assistance of technical experts, consultants, officers form CPCB & HSPCB to decide the requirements/specification for surface compost process utilizing distillery spent wash and press mud. The requirements/specification for surface compost process by utilizing spent wash and press mud evolved are presented in Table S. No. Description Table 10.5 Requirement for Surface Compost Process Requirements 1. Working days of distillery Maximum 270 days(rainy season shall be avoided and the entire compost area shall be kept dry before starting of the rainy season) 2. Spent wash Storage capacity (duly lined with 250 micron HDPE sheet and pitched by stone/bricks with cement mortar to prevent leachate) <30 days 3. Press mud (PM)to Spent wash (SW) ratio 1: 2.5 to 1: Land required for Compost plant Specification of floor of compost yard should be as under (with arrangement of leachate collection and surface runoff and its pumping to holding lagoon and laying of pipe net work for automatic spraying of spent wash) 1. Compaction of soil; 2. 5 cm local sand cushion (bottom); micron HDPE sheet(as per BIS specification); 4. 5 cm sand cushion (top); and 5. Brick/stone soling(not less than 6 cm in case of bricks & 3 cm in case of stone soling) * In case the coefficient of permeability is less than 10-8 cm/sec (as in black cotton soil), 30 cm depth of impervious soil, compacted with 30 cm depth of murum at the top may also be used 850 MT/acres/cycle 5. No. of days required to complete one cycle days for 1 : 2.5

85 ( PM to SW ratio) days for 1 : 3.5 (PM to SW ratio) 6. Maximum allowable cycles/ annum i. 5 cycles incase 45 days compost period ii. 4 cycles in incase 60 days compost 7. Land required for Storage of press mud Equivalent to one cycle In case, storage area is not leak proof (by lining with HDPE or less permeable compacted soil as specified in para 4), press mud should be transferred to compost yard before onset of rainy period and covered with HDPE/PVC sheet/tarpaulin 8. Land required for storage of finished product Land area will be raised by about 30 cm above ground level. The maximum height of storage shall be 4m. The finished compost shall be kept under sheds or covered with PVC/HDPE sheet/tapaulin to prevent soaking from rain water. Equivalent to 33% of the total production of finished product/annum 9. Compost quantity MT/kld of alcohol production 10. Compost quality Moisture content : < 35% Organic carbon : 20-25% Phosphorous : % Nitrogen : % Potassium : % C:N ratio : <17 Equipment's and Machinery Required 1. Tractor for transportation of press mud from storage site to composting area 2. Homogenizing Machine along with auto spraying system with 70 HP tractor (for churning upto the bottom) One One 3. Front end loader with tractor or JCB of bucket capacity of kg One 4. Sieving machine One 5. Sewing machine, incase compost is to be bagged (finishing product ) One Development of requirements for Treatment & Disposal of Distillery effluent The three member Committee Constituted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of Distilleries of Haryana State had taken assistance of technical experts and officers of CPCB to decide requirements for treatment & disposal of distillery effluents. The requirements for treatment & disposal of distillery effluent are as below:

86 Distilleries discharging into surface waters/drains - Dilution of spent wash before bio-methanation should be restricted as per reactor design requirement. As far as possible it should not exceed 30 % of the spent wash volume. Effluent from aerobic treatment plant should have a BOD of 350 mg/l or lower. Effluent BOD, after dilution, at the inlet of the storage lagoon should be 30 mg/l or lower. - The storage capacity of the lagoon, based on the final diluted effluent flow, should not be less than 2 days. Distilleries discharging on land for irrigation Dilution of spentwash before bio-methanation should be restricted as per reactor design requirement. As far as possible, it should not exceed 30 % of the spent wash volume. Effluent from aerobic treatment plant should have a BOD of 500 mg/l or lower. Effluent total dissolved solids (inorganics), after dilution, at the inlet of the storage lagoon should be 2100 mg/l or lower. The storage capacity of the lagoon, based on the final diluted effluent flow, should not be less than 30 days. - Available land area for application of the treated and diluted effluent should be 4.5 ha/kld of alcohol production, during the first year of operation of the distillery. The following year, an additional 4.5 ha/kld of alcohol production should be available. Thus, a total of 9 ha/kld of alcohol production is required. Wastewater Treatment - Unitwise Requirements The following criteria are used to evaluate the adequacy of the treatment units. The minimum treatment scheme should comprise primary anaerobic bio-methanation reactor, followed by two stage activated sludge process with an intermediate and a final clarifier, each having an adequate sludge re-circulation system.. Wastewater generation : Batch process - 15 kl wastewater/kl alcohol produced, BOD - 45,000 mg/l; continuous process 12 kl wastewater / kl alcohol produced, BOD - 50,000 mg/l. Primary Bio methanation reactor: COD load not to exceed 10 kilogram/cubic mt/day; maximum BOD reduction = 90% of the BOD input. Second stage anaerobic reactors: maximum BOD reduction in subsequent reactors taken together= 25% of the BOD input. Roughing filter: Maximum BOD reduction = 35% of the BOD input. First stage activated sludge : Influent BOD per day/ mixed liquor bio-mass in the aeration tank (F/M) not to exceed 0.3/d; mixed liquor suspended solids in aeration tank (MLSS) 4,000 mg/l or lower; suspended solids in the underflow from sedimentation tank 10,000 mg/l or lower; sludge recirculation as necessary; Oxygen transfer capacity 1.2 x BOD removed or higher; Maximum BOD reduction = 70% of the BOD input. Second stage activated sludge: Influent BOD per day/mixed liquor bio-mass in the aeration tank (F/M) not to exceed 0.1/d; mixed liquor suspended solids in aeration tank (MLSS) 4,000 mg/l or lower; Suspended solids in the underflow from sedimentation tank 10,000 mg/l or lower; sludge recirculation as necessary; Oxygen transfer capacity 1.5 x BOD removed or higher; Maximum BOD reduction = 70% of the BOD input. Sludge drying and disposal : Sludge production 0.1 and 0.25 kg dry solids/kg BOD removed anaerobically and aerobically respectively; Sludge drying beds capacity should be for both aerobic and anaerobic sludge produced; 10 days cycle; one 30 cm application; or suitable mechanical system should be provided. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM WATER CONSUMPTION LIMIT FOR BULK DRUG MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Bulk-drug industries consume considerable quantities of water for their process and non-process uses. As a rapid growing industry, the product profile is changing and the quantity of water usage is also having wide ranges. Therefore, a study has been taken-up by the Central Board to review the existing patterns of the water use. Options for optimisation and to arrive at optimum water consumption limit for the bulk drug industry, so that the industries which consume water less than the limit and having adequate ETP facilities can avail the water cess rebate offered under the provisions of The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.

87 Looking at the wide variation in the water consumption patterns, the industries have been classified into four groups for evaluation as presented in Table Table 10.6 Classification of Bulk Drug Industries for Evaluation Group I High production volume High number of manufactures Analgesics and Anti-pyretics Anti Dysentry Vitamins Synthetic Anti Biotics Anti Asthmatics Sulpha Drugs Anti Bacterial Anti TB GroupII II High production volume Low number of manufacturers Fermented Anti Biotics Group III Low production volume High number of manufacturers Anaesthetics Anti Malarial Anti Diabetics Anti Histamines Gastro-intestinal Anti Helmentics Group IV Low production volume Low number of manufacturers Corticosteroids Diuretics Cardiovascular Anti Filarials CNS Stimulants Tranquillisers and Sedatives Anti Leprotics From the questionnaires received from the bulk drug industries, it is observed that most of the water is consumed in the utilities and domestic areas as compared to the manufacturing process areas. The ratio of process water consumption to total water consumption is 20 25% in most of the industries and huge amount of water used in utilities are not being re-used/re-cycled. Options for water conservation are being identified to optimise the water use and to suggest the optimum water consumption limit(s). POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIES Colour Removal from Black Liquor of Agro-Based Pulp & Paper Mills Colour in the effluent from agro-based pulp & paper mills is caused by discharge of black liquor containing lignin. A study has been undertaken on removal of colour from the black liquor by removing lignin using electroflocculation process. The study in the laboratory has been undertaken on black liquor generated as well as on black liquor collected from the mills manufacturing unbleached as well as bleached grade of paper. The results of analysis shows that iron electrode has been found effective in removal of colour, lignin and COD. Removal to the extent of 98% (lignin) and 86% (colour) achieved at a 6.0 ph and temperature of 40 0 C. The optimum time requirement was 40 min for complete electro-flocculation process. The process was carried out at different total solid concentration ranging between 0.5% to 2% and optimum results were at 1.5% concentration. The trial was also done with the black liquor sample collected from paper mill manufacturing bleached and unbleached grade of paper. The black liquor was subjected to electro-flocculation using different volumes i.e. 2 l, 5 l and 7 l under optimum conditions. Pollution Control in Ginning Industries

88 Cotton ginning is an interface between farming and industrial sectors from cotton to textile production, and engaged in the process of separation of cotton fibres from Cotton balls. Ginning industries are mostly small units located in semi-rural and small towns. During the ginning process, dust fibres and lint are generated which cause air pollution. Studies were carried out in ginning industries to identify pollution problems and suggest remedial measures. Prospects and Status of Natural Dyes To assess the prospects and status of natural dyes, the study has been initiated which includes availability of raw materials, process technologies, current demand, usage and problems in development/manufacture of natural dyes. Review of Standards for Oil Refineries The standards for discharge of effluent and emissions from oil refineries were notified in the years 1986 and 1990 respectively. There is need to include additional parameters such as oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds etc. Since developments has taken place in the refining technology and pollution control. New process units are also being added to meet the improved fuel quality standards. The project has been taken up for the revision of the standards for oil refineries based on performance as well as technology based approach and include mass based and concentration-based standards for various process operations of refineries. A leak detection and repair (LDAR) programme and specific requirements for minimizing vapour losses from storage tanks and product loading/unloading facilities are being considered to regulate the fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds. Control of acid mist from Sulphuric Acid Plants Sulphuric Acid plants emit oxides of sulphur and acid mist in the atmosphere. Presently emission limits are prescribed as 4.0 kg/tonne of concentrated acid produced for SO x and 50 mg/nm 3 for acid mist. A study was undertaken to study the possibilities of technology upgradation in existing sulphuric acid plants and use of stateof-the-art technology in new plants to further reduce and control oxides of sulphur and acid mists. ENVIRONMENT SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES Environment surveillance activities were taken on priority to, (i) keep a watch on the polluting industries to ensure regular operation of their pollution control facilities, and (ii) conduct in-depth monitoring studies to see the improvements in the environmental quality as a result of the implementation of the various Central Action Programmes. Inspections of industries and areas were conducted and actions taken on the basis of the findings. The actions taken include (i) issuance of directions under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 and/or Air Act, 1981 to the SPCBs/PCCs requiring them to ensure implementation of the findings in respect of the concerned industries/areas, and (ii) direct action under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 against the industries from CPCB itself. A total of 125 directions were issued to SPCBs/PCCs under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 and/or Air Act, 1981 in the financial year , making the total of such directions issued till March 31, 2003 to 861. A total of 75 directions were issued to the industries under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986 in the financial year , making the total of such directions issued till March 31, 2003, to 507. Inspection of Industries by CPCB A comprehensive programme was initiated for surprise inspection of 150 industries by CPCB. A total of 144 inspections were carried out by CPCB and actions were taken on the basis of the findings of the inspections. Direct action against eight industries was taken on the basis of the findings of the surprise inspection carried out by CPCB. A total of 10 directions/notices including one confirmed closure have been issued under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, Eight directions under section 18 (1) (b) of the Water and Air Act have been issued to the SPCBs/PCCs requiring

89 them to ensure pollution control in polluting industries/areas. The directions were issued for pollution control by industries in Manali, Chembur, Pondicherry, Bhopal, Vadodara and UT-Dadra and Nagar Haveli areas. Inspection of Industries by SPCBs/PCCs Directions under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water and Air Act were issued to all SPCBs/PCCs in July 2002, for conducting regular inspection of polluting industries and submission of monthly reports including details of inspections and action taken against the defaulters. More than 2750 industries have been inspected by the SPCBs/PCCs. MONITORING OF COMPLIANCE IN 17 CATEGORIES OF HIGHLY POLLUTING INDUSTRIES Action against the defaulters The implementation of the action plan for pollution control in 1551 medium and large scale units (which came into operation on or before December 31, 1991) identified under the 17 highly polluting industrial sectors was continued. The follow-up of the action taken against the defaulting industries under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986 was further intensified and the number of defaulting industries has reduced to 22 in March These defaulters, mainly Thermal Power Plants, are either in the process of comssissiong of the ESPs or retrofitting/upgradation of their existing ESPs, which require longer time for completion of the jobs industries have provided the requisite pollution control facilities and the remaining 179 are closed. The state-wise and category-wise status of 1551 industries as on March 31, 2003 is given in Appendix-VIII and Appendix-IX respectively. The year wise reduction in the number of defaulters is shown in Fig Improvement after delegation of powers to CPCB under Section 5 of the E (P) ACT, 1986 in February 1996 The status as on March 2003 vis-à-vis March 1996, of these 1551 large and medium industries falling under 17 categories of highly polluting industries, which came into operation before December 31, 1991 is as follows: March 1996 March 2003 Total no. of units No. of units which have provided the requisite pollution control facilities No. of units closed No. of units defaulting

90 Inventorisation of Post-91 Industries The inventorisation of the large and medium industries of 17 categories, which came into operation on or after January 01, 1992, completed. The information received from SPCBs/PCCs have been collated and compiled, and was sent to SPCBs/PCCs for confirmation of the lists and obtaining the latest status of the action taken against the defaulters. A total of 604 industries have been identified, out of which 527 have provided the requisite pollution control facilities, 46 are closed and 31 are still defaulting. Ensuring Self Monitoring of the Emission/Discharge in 17 Categories of Industries Directions under section 18 (1) (b) of the Water and Air Act issued in July 2002 to all SPCBs/PCCs for providing operational status of pollution control facilities provided by the 17 categories of industries and action taken against the defaulters. The reports were required to be submitted on a six monthly basis with the first report to be submitted by January 10, Reports have been received from Chhatishgarh and Goa, and reminder has been sent to remaining SPCBs/PCCs for obtaining the reports. POLLUTION CONTROL IN PROBLEM AREAS Preparation of the Action Plans Twenty-four problem areas have been identified in the country for pollution control through concerted efforts involving all the concerned agencies/industries. Action plans have been prepared and being implemented in respect of all these 24 areas. A summary of the status of the progress made in preparation and implementation of action plan in these areas is provided in Appendix-X. Environmental Monitoring in the Problem Areas of Najafgarh Drain Basin, Kala-Amb, Parwanoo, Jodhpur, North Arcot, and Govindgarh Environmental Monitoring in the Problem Areas of Nagda-Ratlam, Korba, Jodhpur, Najafgarh Drain Basin, Kala- Amb, Parwanoo, North Arcot, and Govindgarh were conducted under the Water Cess Utilisation scheme. Monitoring is completed and draft interim reports received in respect of all the five problem areas of Parwanoo, Kala-Amb, Govindgarh, Najafgarh Drain Basin and North Arcot and the same are being evaluated. Monitoring and Survey in Problem Areas Intensive monitoring survey programme has been initiated in 15 problem areas namely, Ankleshwar, Chembur, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Greater Cochin, Singrauli, Howrah, Jodhpur, Korba, Manali, Nagda-Ratlam, Pattencherru- Bollaram, Tarapur and Vapi. Jodhpur, Pali, Nagda-Ratlam and Korba have been visited and the monitoring

91 reports are under preparation. Colour was observed in the Ground Water in the Ratlam area during the monitoring. The source of colour in the ground water was found to be the improper management and handling of the Solid/Hazardous waste generated by a Dyes Intermediate industry namely M/s. Bordia Chemicals Ltd., Ratlam. Confirmed closure directions (without any notice) were issued to M/s. Bordia Chemicals under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986, in view of the environmental damage already done by the industry. Show Cause Notices for closure under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986 were also issued to M/s. Kataria Wires Pvt. Ltd., and ACME Ferro Alloys, Ratlam for not providing the adequate pollution control facilities. Pollution Control in Problem Area of Chembur and adjoining areas Directions under section 18 (1) (b) of the Water/Air Act issued to the Maharashtra SPCB in the matter of industrial pollution control in the Chembur and adjoining areas, in connection with the observations/recommendations of the Lok Sabha's Committee of Petitions. Pollution Control in Problem Area of Manali Directions under section 18 (1) (b) of the Water/Air Act issued to the Tamil Nadu SPCB on the basis of the observations made during the visit by CPCB and MoEF team, for pollution control in Manali industrial area. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL ALONG THE RIVERS AND LAKES Industrial Pollution Control along the river Ganga (GAP Phase-I) The follow-up programmes in respect of 68 industries identified under Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I were initiated by CPCB soon after the introduction of GAP in The pollution control status of these 68 industries as on March 31, 2003 is provided in Appendix-XI. The industrial pollution control programme along the river Ganga got further intensified with the launching of the Central Action Plan in August, 1997, for control of industrial discharges along the rivers and lakes in the country. This programme resulted into identification of 119 more industries along the river Ganga that required priority attention for the control of their effluent discharges. The pollution control status of these 119 industries as on March 31, 2003 is provided in Appendix-XII. Industrial Pollution Control Along the Rivers and lakes 851 defaulting Grossly Polluting Industries located along the rivers and lakes in the country have been identified for priority actions under this programme, which was started in August The follow-ups for the implementation of the programme, was intensified and at present only five industries are defaulting and the matter is in the Hon'ble Court in respect of three industries and action has been taken against the two remaining defaulters. The State-wise summary status of the 851 industries as on March 31, 2003 is given in Appendix-XIII. The year-wise reduction in the number of defaulters since the start of the programme in 1997 is as shown in Figure Operational Status of the ETPs installed by the industries located along the rivers & lakes Directions under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 have also been issued by CPCB to the SPCBs/PCCs to send quarterly reports on the operational status of ETPs of all the grossly polluting industries located along the rivers and lakes. The directions also required the SPCBs/PCC of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Delhi to send separate such reports of all the water polluting industries (irrespective of size and category) existing in Kanpur, Calcutta and Delhi respectively.

92 The operational status of 790 industries received from 22 SPCBs/UTs. Out of these 790 units, 619 have installed the requisite treatment facilities, 157 are closed, five are in the process of installing the requisite treatment facilities and there is no effluent treatment facility existing in case of the remaining nine industries. Out of the 619 units which have installed ETPs, 440 are operating satisfactorily and the operation of the treatment facilities is not satisfactory in respect of 179 units. SPCBs/PCCs have been asked to take action against the units where the operation of treatment facilities is not satisfactory and direct the industries for upgradation of the design/improvement in the operation of the ETP. Industrial Pollution Control along the river Yamuna The water quality of river Yamuna got affected due to discharge of effluents by the industries located upstream Delhi along Western Yamuna Canal and complaints were received from the Delhi Jal Board regarding the presence of ammonia in high concentration and subsequent shut down of the Nangloi and Haiderpur water works affecting the supply of drinking water to most parts of Delhi. The CPCB has directed Haryana SPCB under section 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 requiring the State Board to ensure stoppage of any discharge of industrial effluent as well as untreated sewage into the Western Yamuna Canal. The Chief Engineer, Yamuna Water Services has also been directed not to release water from the Yamuna Nagar Head Works into the abandoned Western Yamuna Canal and to ensure that the flow of any water from this canal does not join the main canal at the Munak regulator. CAG's Final Report on "Audit of Central Acts of Environment, Funding and Monitoring of Pollution Abatement Schemes relating to Water Pollution" The Final report no. 3-B of 2001, of the Principal Director of Audit on "Audit of Central Acts of Environment, Funding and Monitoring of Pollution Abatement Schemes relating to Water Schemes" was sent to the SPCBs/PCCs, for information and sending of the Action Taken Reports (ATRs) to CPCB, for sending of combined reply to MoEF. The Central Pollution Control Board had prepared a comprehensive report on the basis of the responses received from the 20 SPCBs/PCCs covering the action taken on the observations made in the CAG final report. INVENTORISATION OF THE RED CATEGORY OF INDUSTRIES OTHER THAN 17 CATEGORIES Directions under 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 and Air Act, 1981 issued to all the SPCBs/PCCs for inventorisation and providing the operational status report (on a six monthly basis) of the pollution control facilities in the red category of industries (other than 17 categories) and the action taken against the defaulting industries. Reports have been received from SPCBs of Goa and Chattishgarh. Reminder sent to the remaining SPCBs/PCCs for obtaining the reports. ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION POTENTIAL IN ZARI INDUSTRIES AND PROBABLE TECHNO-ECONOMIC SOLUTION FOR ITS TREATMENT & SAFE DISPOSAL IN SURAT There are around 2000 to 2500 benches of gilding units in Zari manufacturing industries in Surat City of Gujarat.

93 These industries are located in the heart of the city. The process involves use and handling of toxic chemicals like acids, Cyanides etc. Due to sheer secrecy and unhealthy competitive practices, Zari industries of Surat could never get the shape, which it could have been acquired by way of upgradation in technology, better processes, effective use of resources and of course less water. To explore the present status and probable solutions for associated environmental problems of Zari industries, the CPCB West Zone office has carried out the study in association with M/s Pollucon Laboratories, Surat. The study revealed that the use of Cyanide in the process is as high as 3 MT/month in Surat City. The average consumption of Cyanide is kg/month/unit. The use of concentrated Sulphuric acid in Zari industries of Surat is around 2.5 KL per month. In addition to this there is a significant quantity of Nitric and Hydrochloric acid is also used on the process units. These chemicals as such do not go with the final product i.e. Zari and hence find the way in either water or air environment. These facts reveal the gravity of the situation in Zari industries. The main pollution is in the form of effluent, which content high amount of Copper, Cyanide and Silver. The wastewater to be drained out from the different stages were characterized and it is found that the concentration of theses parameters varies between 4.91 to 7460, 51.5 to 572 & 2.5 to 86 mg/l for Copper, Cyanide and Silver respectively. During the survey it is understood that causality occurs in Zari industries due to inhalation of Cyanide fumes at the time of Silver salt precipitation (Neutralization) from the effluent. Being in congested area, it is not possible for individual units to provide treatment facility for the wastewater. The adequate common treatment system supported with appropriate collection mechanism is best suited for the treatment of the effluent generated. Similarly, immediate action is required to provide for proper hood, ducting, scrubbing and exhaust system for venting the toxic fumes/gases. REVIEW OF PROBLEM AREAS IN GUJARAT & MAHARASTRA Vapi Action Points at Vapi have been complied, by now. However, the drains (particularly, the Bill Khadi) continued to be flowing with effluent. A Meeting regarding the Action plan on Air Pollution at Vapi was attended, which was prepared by GPCB, in consultation with CPCB and other concerned State Departments. Ankleshwar Most of the Action Points at Ankleshwar have been complied, some revised points of action suggested. - Improvement in respect of drainage network and solid waste management, also Effluent conveyance project of pipeline (35 km long) is in advanced planning stage A Meeting on Action plan on Air Pollution for the Ankleshwar was attended, which was prepared by GPCB, in consultation with CPCB and other concerned State Departments. Tarapur Tarapur Industrial Estate in Maharashtra state has been identified as a problem area because of high pollution potential generated by the industries, especially, chemical industries located in Tarapur. The action plan for the problem area has been prepared and various efforts have been made to implement the action plan. The time targeted action plan was prepared to solve the air pollution, water pollution and solid waste management problems in the industrial estate. Organizations like, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, MIDC & Tarapur Industries Association are responsible for implementation of the action plan. As a follow up action Central Pollution Control Board reviews the action plan time-to-time. Though the concerned agencies in the area are making efforts for implementation of the action plan. However, there are lacunae in implementation part. During the study it has been found that, the concerned authorities are not maintaining industrial area in a environmental friendly manner, the Hazardous waste are dumped here and there, effluent are flowing in open drain, odour nuisances, soil contamination etc. are the common phenomenon. The MIDC drainage lines are under-designed and not being maintained properly too. At some places the manhole & pipelines of MIDC drainage were found to be broken and effluent was finding its way in to earthen drains, which ultimately meets the Arabian Sea. Industrial solid/hazardous waste was also found to be dumped on the roadside at various places in the area in addition to the MIDC solid waste dumping plots in the industrial estate. The CETP is also dumping its sludge at unknown places. Patches of coloured effluent and flow of acidic coloured water in natural earthen drain was observed at various places, which shows that the activities like illegal discharge of effluent and dumping of solid waste in haphazard manner are in practice by the industries. Similarly, the acidic ph was also observed in MIDC effluent collection sump ranging between 2 to 4. It is understood that

94 the raw water supply from April 2002 to July 2002 to the member CETP unit was around 6 MLD and the effluent generation was around 3.5 MLD. However the effluent quantity reaching to the CETP is only 87,000 M 3 /day, which is hardly 1/4 th of the total quantity. This shows that many member industries are discharging their untreated effluent into MIDC drainage line and damaging the effluent carrying system. PROSECUTIONS LAUNCHED, CONVICTIONS SECURED AND DIRECTIONS GIVEN FOR CLOSURE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES 1) TAJ POLLUTION MATTER Writ Petition (Civil) No.13381/1984, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors. Brick Kiln Matter: In the matter of Taj Pollution Case, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has passed directions to minimize the pollution being created by the brick kilns in Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) area. The Hon'ble Supreme Court directed that in view of the report submitted by the U.P. Pollution Control Board, the District Administration to take action to close down 34 bricks kiln out of 123 brick kilns which could operate after NEERI's recommendations. Remaining 89 brick kilns have made provisions for control of emission and actions have been taken for compliance of various recommendations of NEERI. While disposing of the Interlocutory Applications of brick kiln owners, the Hon'ble Supreme Court directed through various orders that a joint Inspection Committee be formed consisting of two officials each from the Central Pollution Control Board, the U.P. Pollution Control Board and one official from Archeological Survey of India (ASI). The said Joint Inspection Committee so constituted made several inspections of the premises of the brick kilns located in Agra, Firozabad, Hathras and Etah District of TTZ area and submitted reports to the Supreme Court. In total, the Joint Inspection Committee has inspected about 47 brick kilns located in the Districts of Agra, Firozabad, Hathras and Etah during and submitted their reports through various affidavits in the Supreme Court. The Hon'ble Supreme Court accordingly directed the brick kilns to comply with the recommendations of the NEERI, Guidelines of Central Board and provisions of the Notification issued by the Central Government. Air Quality Monitoring Stations at Agra: The Central Pollution Control Board has established 4 ambient air quality monitoring stations in Agra in pursuance of the Hon'ble Supreme Court's orders. These four air quality monitoring stations have been operated continuously 24 hours and 365 days at Taj Mahal, Itmad-Ud-Daula, Rambagh and Nunhai and monitoring the ambient air quality for parameters like SO 2, NOx, SPM and RSPM along with metrological parameters. Beside this, the Central Board has also established one central analytical cum-calibration laboratory at Agra. The data so generated are being reported to the Hon'ble Supreme Court on monthly basis and also displayed at the gate of the Taj Mahal for the information of the general public. The Hon'ble Court on after considering the Central Board's monthly monitoring report of the said four stations further directed that the proposal of the Central Board to install SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging System) for the Central Laboratory and purchase of Fine Particulate Matter Sampler (necessary for characterization of RSPM and FPM) be accepted for which Rs lacs directed to be released by the Union of India. On the suggestions of the Central Board that monitoring activity be restricted for 208 days (in which all week days and weekends shall be covered so as to have proper maintenance of equipment as well as timely servicing, calibration etc.) at three locations viz Itmad-Ud-Dhaula, Rambagh and Nunhai except Taj Mahal. The Hon'ble Court accepted the suggestions of the Central Board. 2) POLLUTION BY CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN GAJRAULA AREA IN UTTAR PRADESH Writ Petition (Civil) No.418/1998, Imtiaz Ahamad Vs Union of India & Ors. The Petition was filed in 1998 regarding pollution caused by the several industries located in the Gajraula (Jyotiba Phule Nagar) district, U.P. It was alleged that those industries are discharging untreated effluent and emission beyond the prescribed limit as a result of which the health of the people and agricultural crops in the region severally affected. The discharge from the industries carrying industrial and chemical waste in the Bagad nullah which ultimately pollute the river Ganga. The Hon'ble

95 court issued various directions to control the pollution in the area and the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted various inspection reports in compliance of the Hon'ble Court. The Hon'ble Supreme Court on after considering the report of the NEERI and subsequent comments of the Central Board, observed that the concerned industry M/s Insilco had complied with required norms and measures in accordance with the recommendations of the Central Board. Therefore, M/s Insilco be permitted to continue with the industry on the present premises. The Hon'ble Court referred the recommendations of the Central Board and further directed that the recommendations of the Central Board should be considered as a part of the order of this Court and all industries including M/s Insilco should abide by the said recommendations. Further, the U.P.State Pollution Control Board was directed to take effective measures for necessary inspections in terms of the recommendations of the Central Board. The U.P. State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) should draw an environmental management plan in accordance with this order and it was further directed that no new large or medium polluting unit should allow to establish or the existing unit should not allow any expansion by the appropriate Authority of the State of U.P., with these directions the writ petition was disposed off. 3) GANGA POLLUTION MATTER Writ Petition (Civil) No. 3727/1885, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors. In the matter of Interlocutory Application filed by the Central Pollution Control Board before the Supreme Court of India. The Central Board has submitted the report in pursuance of Hon'ble Supreme Court's orders. In its report the Central Board has informed the Hon'ble Court the polluting sources of different municipalities which functions on the Ganga Basin. The Hon'ble Court on issued notices to all the 122 Municipal Councils as well as the concerned seven State Governments of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand, M.P., Rajasthan and West Bengal to explain, why they have not erected the oxidation ponds and identify the land for the purpose. The matter is pending for consideration of responses submitted by the Municipalities and the concerned State Governments. 4) NOISE POLLUTION BY FIRE-CRACKERS MATTER Writ Petition (C) No.72/1998, In Re: - Noise Pollution Implementation of the Laws for Restricting use of Loud Speakers and High Volume Producing Sound Systems Vs Union of India & Ors. This writ petition is relating to noise pollution and is treated as public interest litigation. In order to minimize noise pollution various orders or directions have been passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court for the implementation of the Laws or prescribed standards for restricting the use of loud speakers and high volume producing sound systems. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has also taken issues of the noise pollution by fire-crackers. It was observed that noise pollution causes health hazards. Earlier, to control noise pollution and to prevent accidents due to use of fire-crackers, the Hon'ble Supreme Court issued directions to the Central Government, all the State Governments and the Union Territories. The Hon'ble Court on observed that the Department of Explosives, Govt. of India is the implementing authority under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and issued notices to Chief Controller of Explosives and directed the Union of India and the Central Board to submit their response on the implementation of the directions issued by the Supreme Court. The Central Board in its response submitted before the Court suggesting that the following amendments may be made in the Noise Standards for fire-crackers notified on : i) Inclusion of following agencies for testing of fire-crackers National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL), Bangalore Fluid Control Research Institute (FCRI), Palghat Naval Science & Technology Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam ii) Based on the testing by above agencies, the Department of Explosives shall prepare a list of manufacturers of fire-crackers and their products likely to confirm noise standards, and circulate the list to all the State Government.

96 iii) Only after the list is received from the Department of Explosive, the State Government through District Authority, shall give license for sale of fire-crackers. iv) The Explosive Rules, 1983 needs amendment. Rule 155 of the Explosive Rules, 1989 empowers District Authority to issue license to manufacture fireworks and/or Gunpowder upto 15 kgs. The power to issue license for manufacture fire-works needs to be withdrawn from the District Authority as it may not possible for very small manufacturers and at local levels to get the fire-crackers tested. v) The State Governments through District Authority shall ensure that fire-crackers likely to comply with the prescribed noise standards are sold in the market. 5) MONITORING THE STATUS OF MSW MANAGEMENT IN DELHI IN THE MATTER OF B.L. WADHERA VS UNION OF INDIA AND ORS IN CWP NO. 841 OF 1998 IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI Pursuant to the directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court, dated 1 st March 1996 and the order dated 28 th April, 1999 of the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi, CPCB is carrying out inspection of the status of MSW management in Delhi once every four months. Salient observations of the monitoring carried out during the financial year are as follows: An average of only 30% of waste receptacles (dhalaos/ dustbins) in Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) areas are found properly maintained. The figures for New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and the Delhi Cantonment Area are 90% and 40% respectively. Steep deterioration in maintenance of waste receptacles has been observed in the following zones of MCD: o Central Zone o Civil Lines Zone o Sadar-Paharganj Zone o Shahdara (North) Zone o Shahdara (South) Zone Lifting and transportation of garbage from waste receptacles in MCD suffer from inadequate number of vehicles, thus causing major obstacle in improvement of MSW management in Delhi. All the three landfill sites of NCT of Delhi (Bhalswa, Ghazipur and Okhla) have exhausted their capacity. Efforts to identify and develop new landfill sites are yet to gain required priority and momentum from the concerned authorities. Pending this development, more than 1.5 million MT of MSW is being dumped in these exhausted sites without proper care and precautions to avoid public health and environmental impacts. The MSW compost plants operated by MCD and NDMC are dilapidated and operating at less than 15% of the installed capacities. The privately operated new compost plant at Bhalswa is also in a state of redundancy due to various operational and management issues. 6) DELHI HIGH COURT MATTERS 1. Waste Oil Management Society & Others Vs The Union of India & Ors. (W.P. No.6624/2000) The Petitioner have alleged that the Union of India has issued public notice through the Central Pollution Control Board in order to regulate the re-use/reprocessing of the recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner. The actual user registered with the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India should be allowed to participate in the sale, auction, negotiation and content of waste oil etc. No trader should be allowed to participate in the auction. The tender was floated by the U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. which is a generator of waste oil, regarding the allotment of transformer oil generated by the respondent company. One of the Petitioner bid for the said tender called by the U.P. Power Corporation Ltd. for disposal of 1000 KL transformer oil but was not awarded tender despite the submission of the valid consent under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and valid authorisation under the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, It has been alleged that tender was allotted to one of the Respondents M/s Sun Chem Industries, who is neither registered with the District Industries Centre on Ministry of Petroleum nor has any valid authorisation from the concerned State Pollution Control Board.

97 The Central Pollution Control Board filed its counter affidavit taking a stand that M/s Sun Chem Industries, Respondent No. 5 is processing waste oil which is H' category activity as per Delhi Master Plan (MPD-2001). And, as per Supreme Court order H' category activity is not permitted in NCT of Delhi, the industry processing hazardous waste may be shifted away from NCT of Delhi and it could be located in the industrial area. The Hon'ble High Court in its order, dated said that award of the contract shall be subject to the outcome of the writ petition. On writ petition has been dismissed as withdrawn. 2. Hemraj & Ors. Vs Commissioner of Police & Ors. (Writ Petition No. 3412/1999) Closure of Cuts on Road Matter The Petitioner Hemraj & others have filed CWP No.3419/1999 in the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi against the Commissioner of Delhi Police & others. By this writ petition, the petitioner seek to enforce the statutory obligations of the police authorities to exercise their powers under the provision of Regulation 30 of Delhi Control of Vehicular and other Traffic on Roads and Street Regulation, 1980 which have been framed by virtue of power vested in the Commissioner of Police under Section 28 of Delhi Police Act, The petitioners have prayed before the Court to impose restrictions on movement of heavy and medium goods traffic movement on the entire main road from Chattarpur Mandir leading towards Bhatti Mines during peek hours in the morning as well as in the evening. The petitioners suggested to impose total prohibition/restrictions on movement and or plying of and /or parking of heavy and medium traffic goods vehicles for all 24 hours on all the approach roads by-lanes or streets leading to various village abadi or residential areas including the approach road to Fatehpur Beri and Deragaon Villages. The petitioners also prayed to issue directions to remove the illegal encroachment, workshops on the side of the main roads from Chattarpur Temple to Bhatti Mines. The Central Board has filed its counter affidavit stating therein that the Central Board has delegated its powers for enforcing and implementing the provisions of the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act, 1981 to a committee known as the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. Further, it was said that if the trucks and other vehicles are allowed to carry badarpur sand/gravel bricks in an open vehicles, these are likely to cause air pollution besides nuisance and traffic hazard. It was submitted before the Hon'ble Court that the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition No of 1986 along with Writ Petition No.393 of 1996 has earlier passed an order, dated directing the authorities to take urgent steps to tackle the acute problem of vehicular pollution in Delhi. And, Directorate of Transport, Government of NCT of Delhi has already issued a notification putting restrictions/prohibitions on the movement of vehicles in the NCT of Delhi. The Hon'ble High Court vide its order, dated , appointed a committee of amicus curie to assist the Court. Two officers of the Central Board have been nominated as members of the said Committee. Action taken report was to be filed on the next date of hearing. The Committee so constituted by the Hon'ble High Court has been filing its report before the High Court from time to time. On , the issues of long queues for CNG at outer Ring Road (opposite old fort) and at National Highway 24 (near Ghazipur village), and flyover at NOIDA, (Mayur Vihar Phase I turning), Yamuna Vihar Flyover, Plans for making Delhi University Campus decongested to make it safe, secure, compact, closing of one road cut in front of Gurudwara Sis Ganj in Chandni Chowk, encroachment at Gulabi Bagh Mandir, etc. were taken up by the Hon'ble Court. Subsequently, Central Board as a follow up action wrote a letter, dated to the Deputy Commissioner of Police (Traffic) raising the issue of flyover at Yamuna Vihar and Mayur Vihar turning. Two more issues were raised i.e. (i) flyover is to be constructed over railway track at marginal bund near Ganesh Nagar, near Sharkarpur School (S-1 Block). Second issue i.e. one under pass was already constructed at Partparganj Marg joining Madhuban and Mandawali. However, it has not been commissioned because of infighting among the Delhi Vidyut Board, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and the Delhi Jal Board. It was also pointed out that number of electric poles, trees and manholes, (water pipelines and sewer lines) of Delhi Jal Board are obstructing free flow of traffic in Patparganj. The trees were to be up-rooted and replanted elsewhere. Electric poles were required to be shifted. The projected manholes of the DJB were to be levelled so that traffic could move smoothly. An existing road connecting Kaishav Chowk (Shyam Lal College) to U.P. Irrigation Inspection Banglow, Zafarabad. However, a few unauthorized houses existing in the alignment of the road were not been removed. The capacity of this road could not be utilized until and unless unauthorized houses existing near the alignment of the roads are removed.

98 Orders have been passed in certain issues. The matter is still pending before the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi. 3. C.W.P. No. 336/2001, Association of Lal Kothi Vs State of Delhi & Ors. The grievances of the society and its members in this writ petition was that there is a garbage dump in front of the building namely Lal Kothi, Pataudi House Road, Daryaganj. Due to dumping of the leftovers food, bone pieces and garbage at Dhalao, the air of the area becomes totally polluted and it was very difficult even to breath. During rain, smells spread out in such a way that the persons can not work in the building. Further, it is alleged that not only the area get polluted due to this garbage dump but, the road is also blocked and become slippery and thus the accident occurs very frequently due to skid of two wheelers. It is further alleged that many times the dangerous diseases like Cholera, Gastro Enteritis had spread in the area. Due to this garbage dump, stray dogs, rats, insects and other stray animals are attracted in large numbers and create problems to the smooth traffic. The case came up before the Hon'ble Court on The Learned Counsel for the petitioners contended that the gate of dalao might not be opened on the main road, as there is residential area opposite the gate. Counsel for MCD stated that it was not possible. However, on hearing arguments the Hon'ble High Court directed MCD that handling of garbage should not be dealt in a manner which cause health hazards to the residents. There is no direction to the Central Pollution Control Board. Accordingly, writ petition was disposed off as dismissed. 4. Van Evam Paryavaran Suraksha Sansthan Vs Union of India & Anr., (Writ Petition No. 7388/2000) Brick Kiln Matter Van Evam Paryavaran Suraksha Sansthan Registered Society filed writ petition against the Union of India and another, in the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi alleging therein that the majority of brick kilns in the country are not conforming to the prescribed norms and causing a damage to the environment, health of the inhabitants living in the vicinity of such kilns and to the crops in the near by area. According to the petitioner there are about 55,000 brick kilns in the country and the majority of the kilns are made of primitive design and are known as moving Bull's Trench Kiln (BTKs) and firing techniques employed in these BTKs results in high air pollution levels and greater consumption coal. The air pollution caused by these moving Bull's Trench Kilns affect the health of residents and caused damage to the crops and plants. The High level of pollution is caused by these moving BTKs. The Central Pollution Control Board developed standards and stack height regulation for the brick kilns. Under the prescribed norms, the moving BTKs were to be replaced by fix chimney brick kilns. The standards developed by Central Polution Control Board were notified by the Ministry of Environment & Forests vide EPA Notification (G.S.R. No. 176 (E), dated 2 nd April, 1996). The Punjab State Council for Science and Technology developed a modern design of fixed chimney brick kilns conforming to the emission standards laid down by the Ministry of Environment & Forests. During the demonstration it was shown that the design developed by the Punjab State Council for Science and Technology controlled the air pollution to the large extent. It was demonstrated that SPM levels were found in the range of mg/nm 3 which was well below the stipulated norms of 500 mg/nm 3. The Central Building Research Instituted, Roorkee also developed a modern design of fixed chimney brick kilns conforming to the emission standards laid down by the Ministry of Environment & Forests. It is alleged by the petitioner that the MoEF extended the time limit for change over from existing moving BTKs to the fixed chimney brick kilns till vide EP Notification (G.S.R. No.7, dated ). The MoEF again extended the time limit for chane over from existing moving Bull's Trench Kiln to the fixed chimney brick kilns till vide EP Act Notification, dated The MoEF again extended the time limit for change over from moving BTKs to fixed chimney brick kilns till The Petitioner has alleged that inspite of new and modern design of fixed chimney brick kilns, conforming to the emission standards as laid down by the MoEF, being developed by premier research organization, the MoEF in total disregard to the air pollution caused by the moving BTKs and in collusion with the honour of kilns repeatedly extended the time limit from moving BTKs to fixed chimney brick kiln. The ministry of playing havoc with the environment and the health of the citizen of this country.

99 The Central Pollution Control Board has filed its counter affidavit stating therein that the moving chimney Bull's Trench Kilns (BTKs) are based on primitive technology and crude firing practice and cause air pollution and great damage to the crops and orchards and causing health problem to the labourers and inhabitants living nearby. The Central Board has also submitted in its affidavit that the extensive research carried out by the various instituted and organisation to improve the design of brick kilns as to the conform the emission standards laid down by the MoEF. The consultants were developed designs for small, medium as well as large brick kilns and designs are found environmentally friendly and also control the air pollution and conform to the emission standards set by the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The Union of India in its affidavit mentioned the reason for extending the limit for change over from moving chimney kiln to fixed chimney kiln. However, during hearing before the Chief Court, the Counsel for the petitioner submitted that inspite of affidavit filed by Union of India they have extended the time limit and this is a case of perjury. The Hon'ble High Court directed the Union of India to file affidavit justifying the extension of time limit. The Hon'ble High Court also directed the Union of India to file status report by way of affidavit. The case is pending before the Hon'ble High Court at New Delhi. 7) IMPORTANT DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT During the year , the following major/important legal matters have been listed before the Hon'ble Supreme Court and orders/directions have been issued by the Hon'ble Court for compliance to the Central Pollution Control Board. Progress in the matter during the period under report is as follows: 7.1 Ganga Pollution Matter Writ Petition (Civil) No.3727/1985: M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors. The Writ petition relating to Ganga Pollution, the Central Board has filed an Interlocutory Application (IA) before the Hon'ble Supreme Court seeking directions from the Hon'ble Court in respect of the Municipalities/Nagarpalikas/ Local Bodies in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal to maintain the sewage treatment plant/sewerage system, sewage pumping stations, crematoria, low cost toilets or any other assets or infrastructure created under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). The Central Board has submitted its reports in pursuance of Hon'ble Supreme Court orders, dated and In its reports the Central Board identified the polluting sources of different municipalities located in the Ganga basin and submitted before the Hon'ble Court. The Hon'ble Court on directed to issue notices to all the 122 Municipals Councils as well as concerned seven State Governments of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand, M.P., Rajasthan and West Bengal to explain why they have not erected the oxidation ponds and identify the land for the purpose. The matter is pending for consideration for the responses of the Municipalities and the concerned State Governments. 7.2 Yamuna River Pollution Matter Writ Petition (Civil) No.725/1994, (News Item HT', dated titled And Quite Flows Maili Yamuna.. Vs CPCB & Others). On the basis of the various monitoring reports of the Central Pollution Control Board on river Yamuna, the Hon'ble Court has observed that the pollution is generated only in the stretch of 22 kms in which river Yamuna passes through Delhi. The Hon'ble Court expressed that such steps may be taken so that by the minimum desired water quality (i.e. of Class C) in the river Yamuna is achieved. The Central Board in pursuance of Hon'ble Court's various orders/directions continuously monitor the river Yamuna in Delhi at 5 locations in addition the water quality monitoring of 22 drains in Delhi, 3 drains from Ghaziabad and Gautam Budha Nagar (NOIDA), joining Shahadara drain. The Central Pollution Control Board submitted its results through various affidavits. The performance monitoring report of 13 sewage treatment plants submitted by Delhi Jal Board, Delhi to the Central Board in November, 2002 indicates that at present, about 3300 MLD of wastewater is generated in Delhi and about 55% of the volume is disposed of untreated. There is wide gap between wastewater generation and actual treatment of wastewater. The monitoring reports of the Central Board are pending for consideration before the Hon'ble Court. 7.3 Pollution By Industries in Delhi

100 Writ Petition (Civil) No.4677/1985 (M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.) In the above matter an Interlocutory Application (IA) No has been filed by the eight Industries of Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate, New Delhi alleging that the Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate is designed for light and service industries under the Master Plan of Delhi but and industry known as M/s Shri Alloys Industries Ltd. is operating in violation of the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court. In its application the applicants further alleged that the said industry is emitting noxious air and coal ash among with the metallic scrap. Due to industrial activities of this industry the roads has been damaged and the roads were blocked by dumping iron roads and factory wastes. The Hon'ble Court after considering the submission of the applicants directed the Central Board to submit the report after inspection. The Central Pollution Control Board submitted its report before the Hon'ble Court on with the observation that the said industry is a hot re-rolling mill and there is no sufficient space for storing of raw materials, milling and storage and finished products. The industry utilizes the space on service road adjacent to the industry as a temporary storage. The solid waste such as metallic residue was also temporarily stored on service road. As per Delhi Master Plan (MPD-2001) steel rerolling mills (small scale) falls under F' category and the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation (Delhi Division) has allowed F' category of industry in Mohan Cooperative Industrial Estate. The Hon'ble Court on after considering the report of the Central Pollution Control Board dismissed the Interlocutory Applications with the permission to move the concerned authorities. 7.4 Delhi Slaughter House Matter Civil Appeal No of 1996 with Writ Petition (Civil) No.452 of 1995, Buffalo Traders Welfare Association Vs Union of India & Ors. This Civil Appeal has been filed in the year 1996, against the order of the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi in the Civil Writ Petition No of 1996 for the modernization of Slaughter House located at Eidgah, Delhi besides other issues. In pursuance of the orders/directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi has passed a resolution to the effect that the existing slaughter house located in Eidgah to be modernized but no time limit was fixed to carry out modernization. When the Hon'ble Court asked for the period under which the said modernization is be completed, the Additional Solicitor General (ASG) appearing on behalf of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi informed the Court that the modernization work would be completed within a period of two years from the date of order (i.e. from ). The ASG further informed the Court that before finally modernizing the existing slaughter house, several public authorities will have to be approached like DDA for change of land used, Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) for taking advice and the Central Government for necessary funds as well as taking some expertise from outside the country to implement the project. The Hon'ble Court after considering the submission made by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi on directed that due to the urgency of the matter, specifically the existing slaughter house causing nuisance to the public, one year time from the date of this order is allowed, by which the modernization should be made. The Hon'ble Court directed that any application from the Municipal Corporation to DDA for change of land use should be disposed of by DDA on priority basis. The DPCC should also render all advice from time to time, as required by the Municipal Corporation in implementing the modernization project and there should not be any delay on that score. So far as funding of the project is concerned, it is the statutory obligation of the Municipal Corporation. The Hon'ble Court observed that if it became impossible to the Corporation to carry out the project without necessary funds, then the Central Government may sympathetically consider for the same. The matter is under the consideration of the Hon'ble Court and be heard after one year. 7.5 Vehicular Pollution In Delhi Writ Petition (Civil) No.13029/1985 (M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.), The further progress in the case during the year is as follows: The Hon'ble Supreme Court on issued the following directions for compliance: 1. The Union of India would give priority to Transport Sector including private vehicles all over India with regard to the allocation of CNG, i.e first the transport sector in Delhi, and in other polluted cities of India. 2. Those persons who have placed orders with the bus manufacturers and not taken the delivery of the bus should do so within 2 weeks, failing which their permits would stand automatically cancelled.

101 3. Those owners of the diesel buses continued to ply diesel buses beyond , in contravention of this Court's orders, the Director of Transport, Delhi would collect from them Rs.500/- per bus per day increasing to Rs.1000/- per day after 30 days of operation of the diesel buses w.e.f The NCT of Delhi should phase out 800 diesel buses per month from till all the diesel buses were replaced. 5. The Union of India and all Government Authorities including Indraprashta Gas Limited (IGL) should: (a) allocate and make available 16.1 lacs kg per day (2 mmscmd) of CNG in the NCT of Delhi by for use by the transport sector; (b) increase the supply of CNG whenever the need arises; (c) prepare a scheme containing a time schedule for supply of CNG to the other polluted cities of India which includes Agra, Lucknow, Jharia, Kanpur, Varanasi, Faridabad, Patna, Jodhpur and Pune; and (d) the Union of India may supply LPG in addition to CNG as an alternate fuel or to supply any other clean non-adulterable fuel as the Bhure Lal Committee may recommend. 6 Pollution In Gomti River Writ Petition (Civil) No.327/1990 (Vineet Kumar Mathur Vs UOI & Ors.) The matter is pending regarding pollution caused by the industries located in the cities of Lukhnow, Sitapur and Lakhimpur Khiri. The Central Pollution Control Board submitted various inspection reports in respect of the status of pollution in the river Gomti. In the same matter the Hon'ble court ordered that it seems that Nagarpalikas and Municipalities are directly discharging the polluted water into the river Gomti without any treatment. It has been suggested that modern low cost technologies have now been available where with least expenses the water could be treated before discharging it into the river. The Hon'ble court directed the Central Pollution Control Board to submit a detailed scheme indicating for adoption of these modern low cost technologies. The Central Board has submitted the details of the modern low cost technologies before the Hon'ble Court. The Hon'ble Court on , after considering the details submitted by the Central Board on Low Cost Technologies, directed the State of Uttar Pradesh to acquire necessary land in all cities under reference for oxidation ponds within three months. On , the Hon'ble Court rejected the prayer of the State of U.P. to modify the order, dated and directed the State Government to comply with this Court's order as expeditiously as possible. FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS The amount of grant-in-aid sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, to the Central Pollution Control Board for Plan and Non-plan expenditure for the financial year is as under : Sanctioned Budget for Rs. in lacs Plan-Projects/Programmes Rs Non plan Rs The broad details of the expenditure incurred out of the aforesaid amount of Rs lacs (released Rs lakhs during the year and Rs lakhs brought forward from the previous financial year vide MoEF letter no. G-27017/8/2002-CPW, dated ) to the Central Pollution Control Board and from other deposit projects are given below :

102 Receipt Amount (Rs. in lacs) OPENING BALANCE Payments I. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE Amount (Rs. in lacs) I. GRANTS RECEIVED a) Fixed assets(building) From government b) Other assets II. FEES II. REVENUE EXPENDITURE Consent fee - a) Administration III. FINES/FORFEITURES b) Board'slaboratory INTEREST ON c) Running and maintenance of vehicles 0.61 INVESTMENT - d) Maintenance and repairs including rent V. MISCELLANEOUS e) Legal charges& fee to consultants - VI. RECEIPTS MISCELLANEOUS III. PROJECT REVENUE EXPENDITURE a) Project (Revenue Exp.) (Project I to IX) ADVANCES 3.51 IV. FEE FOR AUDIT 0.74 VII. DEPOSIT V. MISCELLANEOUS VIII. OTHER DEPOSITS VI. ADVANCES (Outside projects) VII. DEPOSITS/CASH AT BANK VIII. CASH IN HAND - Total Total NB : The figures shown above are unaudited and subject to regrouping and recasting wherever necessary Notes: 1. Miscellaneous: The amount reflects the payments made against the funds received for outside Projects as noted below (Note No. 2) 2. Other Deposits: Other deposits includes the deposits for the following Projects (other projects) from other Govt. Depts/Institutions namely: i. Indo-Dutch Project ii. Indo-Norwegian Project iii. World Bank (Procurement NTPC) iv. AWQMS (NRCD) v. GPD (NRCD) - Yamuna vi. Training (World Bank) vii. Orissa Board (Procurement GTZ) viii. Environmental Atlas Project Metro Cities ix. ENVIS Project x. Survey of Medium & Minor Rivers Project (GPD) NRCD -SMMR xi. Development of National Standards (MoEF) xii. JETRO Project xiii. UNEP Project xiv. Survey of 61 Towns (NRCD) xv. DST-CRM (Metals) xvi. DST CRM (Gas & Mixtures)

103 xvii. xviii. xix. xx. xxi. xxii. xxiii. xxiv. xxv. xxvi. xxvii. xxviii. xxix. xxx. xxxi. xxxii. xxxiii. xxxiv. EPA - NCR UNEP (MALE) Comprehensive Approach on Environmental Audit (CAEA) CESS - EM Delhi Jal Board - STP TDSM - DBT WHO BMHW SCC Haryana Distilleries NRCD Mixed AAQM Agra (Hardware) EMCB ENVIS Project HPC Enquiry Committee NRCD - Oxidation Pond STP World Bank Development of Standards Zoning Atlas (World Bank) World Bank AAQM CDG World Bank Training NRCD-STP under Ganga - Kanpur 1) ANNUAL ACTION PLAN ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE YEAR The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has sanctioned an outlay of Rs Crores for Plan expenditure during financial year The annual plan for includes several initiatives covering mandates given to CPCB under the Water, Air, Cess and Environment (Protection) Acts. During , CPCB could strengthen monitoring and environmental surveillance programme. Programmes taken up at national level were executed in co-ordination with State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). 2) FEATURES OF THE ANNUAL PLAN In the Annual Plan of , the programmes/schemes are taken up to address the issues relating to Acts/ Rules which are in-force relating to prevention and control of pollution. The schemes include; Continuation on water and air quality monitoring and review of existing status; Enhancing capabilities of laboratories to undertake analysis of critical pollutants; Co-ordination with the laboratories of SPCBs/PCCs and their strengthening; Execution of spatial Environmental Planning programmes which includes; preparation of zoning atlases for siting of industries based on environmental consideration, industrial estate planning, and environmental planning for protection of ecologically sensitive areas. Environmental management including demonstrative schemes for improving environmental quality in cities/ town under Eco-city programme; Implementation of recommendations of Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP); Review of existing source specific standards and evolving standards in respect of new categories on industry; Strengthening of environment surveillance programme particularly in respect of 17 categories of polluting industries, industries discharging waste water in to rivers/ lakes and action plan for restoration of environmental quality in problem areas; Implementation of Rules relating to the management of biomedical, municipal solid and plastic wastes; Laying emphasis on prevention and control of pollution from small scale industries and units like brick kilns, etc. Evolving sector specific programme for hazardous wastes management and assessing the performance of facilities set up for waste management. Organising various programmes relating to mass awareness and training to various groups will be the continued activity.

104 3) BUDGET ALLOCATION The allocation made against each major Plan head is summarized as under; PROJECT HEAD ALLOCATION (Rs. in lakh) Total I Pollution Assessment Survey & Monitoring II Laboratory Management (Operation, Maintenance and R&D) III Development of Standards and Guidelines IV Training VA Information (Database) Management VB Library VI Pollution Control Enforcement VII Pollution Control Technology VIII Mass Awareness, Publications & NGO Activities IX Hazardous Waste Management TOTAL OTHER IMPORTANT MATTERS DEALT BY THE CENTRAL BOARD ACTIVITIES UNDER EPCA Adulteration of Fuels The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing I.A. No. 151 of the Writ Petition No /1985 filed by Delhi Petrol Dealers Association gave the following directive in its order dated November 22, 2001 : "Copy of this application be also forwarded to Shri Bhure Lal who should constitute an agency which would independently carry out random inspection at the petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries in Delhi and give a report with regard to the quality of petrol and diesel available there. It will not be necessary for such an agency to give advance notice before lifting samples as it will be helpful if there is an element of surprise". To ascertain the existing procedures for checking adulteration of fuel and to formulate a work plan for conducting surprise checks and independent fuel testing, EPCA discussed the matter with the representatives of the Anti-Adulteration Wing of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), Department of Food and Civil Supplies, Govt. of NCT Delhi, Society for Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and the Society for Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) Noida. EPCA submitted an interim report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court and Subsequently, EPCA authorized the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) as an agency to carry out random inspection of petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries. CSE carried out inspection of fuel quality at fuel dispensing stations, oil depots and tank lorries independently from December 20, 2001 to January 18, 2002 in the National Capital Territory of Delhi and in the National Capital Region. During the inspection, the State Level Coordinator and Regional Level Coordinator of the Oil Companies provided logistic support for sampling. The petrol and diesel samples collected from various locations were analysed in the Fuel Testing Laboratory at NOIDA. The CSE collected 192 samples and handed over 145 samples to the Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) at NOIDA for analysis. Major findings and recommendations of the report are as follow: The study clearly shows that unless we take serious steps to improve the system to prevent and check adulteration, we will not even begin to touch the profitable business of adulteration. The current system is compromised from testing methods that are not adequate to detect adulteration to penalty systems designed to let the manufacturers go scot-free. Distorted prices continue to encourage adulteration. Some of the suggested measures are as follows:

105 a) Make oil companies accountable for the quality of fuel at the retail end Any extent of vigilance and surveillance will be meaningless unless strict liability is imposed on the oil companies to take full responsibility for the quality of fuels they sell at their retail outlets. As of now, the responsibility and penalty are all fragmented along the supply chain. Though retailers and the transporters are penalised by the oil companies if malpractices occur, the oil companies are not held accountable. To put it simply consumers cannot sue the oil companies for adulterated fuels. Unless this is done checks and balances in the system will not work effectively to prevent malpractices at any level. The best way that consumer pressure can be intensified on the oil companies is to develop a system of public rating of the retail outlets by the name of the oil companies on a monthly basis based on an independent inspection, testing and audit of the outlet. In a competitive market there are multiple oil companies rivaling for market share. This will become more severe with decontrol of the petroleum sector soon. In such a situation protection of brand name would be most critical for the oil companies to guard their market share. Therefore, quality based public rating of the retail outlets by the name of companies would work best in disciplining the supply chain and preventing the widespread malady. b) Improve testing procedures and tighten fuel quality standards Immediate attention should be paid to tightening the fuel quality standards and regulating some key parameters that are not done today like aromatics, olefins in petrol, and PAH in diesel. Even the broad range that is allowed under the current specifications should be adequately tightened. Tighter the net easier it is to catch dubious samples. c) Develop alternative testing procedures for more accurate detection For more accurate detection alternative testing methods and protocols should be adopted straight away and applied for surveillance. It is possible to create a library of different refinery samples of automotive fuels and possible adulterants. With the help of the standard library chromatogram it will be much easier to detect fuel adulteration. Pricing of CNG The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing affidavit filed by the Indra Prastha Gas Ltd. on May 9, 2002, passed the following order: "Bhure Lal Committee is requested to investigate the prices of CNG as done by the IGL and give report to this Court whether there is any justification for the figure of Rs per kg. In giving this report, the Bhure Lal Committee should take into consideration the price at which petrol, diesel and kerosene are sold in Delhi. It will also indicate as to what is the extent of the subsidy or cross subsidization, if any given by the Central Government in respect of petrol, diesel and kerosene as compared to CNG. The report of the Bhure Lal Committee be submitted within eight weeks. The Indraprashtha Gas Limited and the Union of India shall furnish to Bhure Lal Committee any particular which are asked for by the said Committee. The Bhure Lal Committee will be at liberty to take assistance from any Cost Accountant or any other expert in the matter." In order to implement the order, EPCA decided to call for submissions from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), Indraprashtha Gas Ltd.(IGL), Gas Authority of India Ltd.(GAIL), Mahanagar Gas Limited, Mumbai, Gujarat Gas Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Petronet LNG Limited, British Gas Co., Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Environment & Forests. Besides written submission, EPCA held discussion with the concerned agencies. IGL, GAIL and MoP&NG also made presentations before the Authority. Based on these inputs, a report titled "Getting the Price Right: Promoting Environmentally Acceptable Fuels Through Fiscal Measures" was prepared for submission to the Hon'ble Supreme Court. The summary recommendations of the report are as follow: A. Pricing of CNG in Delhi 1. The cost accountants consulted by the EPCA from the Institute of Public Auditors of India have examined the cost data provided by the IGL and have made the following observations: a. Need for rationalisation of costs and detailed scrutiny. b. IGL should scrutinise its expenditure to bring in more efficiency and further reduction in operating costs and fixed costs. In particular, IGL must work to economise its expenditure on administration, salaries and repairs and maintenance.

106 c. Cost implication of the agreements with respect to annual maintenance would need review, as in the current agreements the savings cannot be quantified. The Auditor's report therefore emphasises on the scope of further improvement in operational efficiency of the company. 2. No one can contest that all efforts should be made to improve the efficiency of the operations. However, in a fixed cost of Rs 4.91 a 10 per cent improvement in efficiency would save about 50 paise per kg of gas. At the same time in such operations real efficiency can be achieved only after the operations have stabilized. 3. IGL has justified the price hike from Rs to Rs arguing that sales revenue would not increase adequately to cover up increased costs of operation and infrastructure development. Therefore, optimised utilisation of infrastructure, better capital planning and increased sales should be the focus. Better sales and efficiency in operations in future should help in keeping further price increase in check. 4. Need for higher return on equity is yet another justification given by IGL. In its affidavit to the Hon'ble Supreme Court, IGL has claimed that its return on equity is 10 per cent. As mentioned earlier increases in sales in future could provide opportunities to reduce the price of gas to consumers. 5. Towards this objective, it is important for government to recognize the developmental imperative of IGL and that investments in creating a gas infrastructure will earn long term gains both in terms of high returns as well as high developmental, economic and societal rates of return. Therefore, appropriate fiscal policies and the use of economic instruments are needed to support this objective. The government should provide a tax break on CNG for a certain period of time and subsequently, maintain an effective differential vis a vis other conventional fuels. The excise duty, which has been increased from 8 per cent to 16 per cent should be totally waived. This will not affect revenue generation of the government from this small niche market to any appreciable level. But this will amount to a decrease in the price of CNG by Rs per kg. This move should be subsequently supported by a favourable taxation policy. This should be further complimented with vehicles based incentive programmes. 6. The more serious problem is that the project has been conceived under tremendous time pressures, without adequate support. Therefore, It is important for IGL to now take stock of its opportunities and plan carefully to ensure that it is able to dispense gas to the growing market in Delhi. This is critical for the implementation of the CNG project in Delhi. 7. There is scope for improvement both in terms of increased sale and in improving operational efficiencies to keep the price stable in the future. If the cost of present investments had to be cushioned then the government should have intervened with tax incentives and low interest loan package for IGL. As mentioned above, a major component of the price is excise duty. In addition to this, the interest burden as evident from the cost details provided by IGL is expected to increase substantially in the coming years: from 3 per cent of the expenditure to roughly 11 per cent of the expenditure by If IGL has recourse to low cost funding from Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB), under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, it will substantially reduce the financial costs and obviate pressure to increase prices. In addition to this the government should implement tax break, phase in differential taxation and provide other tax incentives to IGL to make CNG more competitive with fuels it is replacing like diesel. Fiscal policy for promoting environmentally acceptable fuels 1. It is clear from the review of the fuel taxation policies around the world that "favourable" taxation is an important instrument to maintain the price differential to encourage environmentally acceptable fuels. EPCA recommends that the Indian government must also frame a fiscal policy to allow for higher price competitiveness for environmentally acceptable fuels with competing conventional fuels. 2. In the context of Delhi and other critically polluted cities of India it is important to remember that CNG will directly compete with diesel more than petrol. As a result, the taxation policy should be designed in a manner that an appropriate and effective price differential is maintained with diesel. Therefore, in order to address the CNG taxation it is also important to address diesel taxation. In Delhi today the percentage difference between petrol and CNG prices is as high as 42 per cent in contrast to a meagre difference of 6 per cent between diesel and CNG. While tax on CNG should be lowered, tax on city diesel should be increased simultaneously. 3. It must be noted that the government is already using fiscal measures, such as tax adjustment in the excise duty, to manage the volatility in the diesel and petrol prices. For instance, given the high current prices of diesel and petrol, it has reduced the excise duty from 16 per cent to 14 per cent on diesel and 32 percent to 30 percent on petrol, to reduce the burden on the consumers.

107 4. EPCA recommended that the government should also provide a tax break on CNG for a certain period of time. Amount of gas that is coming in for transport and city distribution is a very small fraction of the total gas market in the country less than 2 per cent. The excise duty, which has been increased from 8 per cent to 16 percent, will earn a mere Rs 42 crore from the Delhi CNG market during and can therefore be waived off till the time the market is established. This will not affect revenue generation of the government to any appreciable level. But this will amount to a decrease in the price of CNG by Rs per kg. Subsequently, differential taxation should be phased in. This should be further complimented with vehicle based incentive programmes as already directed by the Honorable Supreme Court. 5. The government is already poised towards deregulating the gas prices and gas sector reforms. But such moves will have to be examined carefully in the context of CNG as an autofuel. It is not within the purview of our report to look into these issues though we understand that there is need for an appropriate fiscal instrument that will enable natural gas and CNG to remain competitive in a market driven scenario. It is important that the government reviews the gas pricing system, status of gas sector reforms and practices in other countries to implement favourable taxation policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels. 6. With deregulation and reforms underway, there is little elaboration of the issue of CNG as an autofuel in official policies. The current focus of the pricing system is on industrial and power uses of gas, where it is competing with fuel oil and naphtha. But there is no discussion on policy intervention needed to make CNG competitive vis a vis its competing fuels especially when price deregulation happens. If pricing and market reforms are not synchronized with appropriate regulatory support it may lead to steep escalation in gas prices after deregulation and may make it difficult to sustain favourable taxation policy especially vis a vis competing fuels like diesel that are likely to remain cheaper. This requires immediate scrutiny. 7. The government must urgently formulate a policy for CNG and other environmentally acceptable fuels for the transportation sector. The issue is not the price per se, but the comparative price of the fuel it is replacing. In the deregulated scenario if the price of diesel keeps fluctuating and remains too close or even lower than CNG it will have a negative impact on the CNG programme. Therefore, the government must urgently formulate a policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels like CNG by using economic instruments to maintain the critical differential between clean and dirty fuels. Development of Forests in Land Acquired by Delhi Government The Hon'ble Supreme Court in I.A. No. 756 in Writ Petition ( C ) No. 202 of 1995 in the matter of T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad Vs. Union of India and Others has passed the following order on 9 th May, 2002: "We direct the Bhure Lal Committee to examine the possibility of development of forest and large tracts of land which have been acquired by the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority and which are still lying undeveloped. Liberty will be given to the Delhi Development Authority and the Delhi Administration to place before the Bhure Lal Committee the status with regard to the utilization of the said land. Bhure Lal Committee may give its report within twelve weeks from today. Within two weeks from today the Delhi Development Authority and the Delhi Administration will file affidavits with Bhure Lal Committee indicating the land details or the land acquired and which have not been constructed upon or utilized till today'. This ruling came in response to the application from the Amicus Curiae in the matter of W.P.(C) No.202 of 1995; T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v/s UoI & others with regard to large-scale acquisition of land by the Delhi Government which took place in early 60's and 80's for the extension of the capital city and for various other earmarked purposes. It appears that though the Government has utilized some of the acquired land still large tracts of this have remained unutilised and large-scale encroachment has taken place on this land. In view of this the Amicus Curiae has brought the following to the notice of the Hon'ble Supreme Court: Delhi has been declared as one of the most polluted cities. Pollution level in the city is very high and people suffer from respiratory problems. The main cause is the high density of smoke emitting vehicles on the road. The Hon'ble Court in Writ Petition No of 1985 has already taken various measures to control vehicular pollution. There is considerable reduction in the pollution level due to these steps taken, but the same is not satisfactory and the pollution level is much higher in comparison to many other cities of the world. The alternative way of reducing pollution levels is by increasing the greenery in the city. Plants purify air by giving out oxygen. Increasing the green cover in the city is a viable and an effective way to reduce pollution level without disturbing the commercial and economic structure of the city. Creating forests with

108 high density of tree coverage and thereafter declaring them, as reserve forest is a suitable way of increasing greenery in the city. High-density forest would not only reduce pollution in the city but also have a positive impact on the overall climate of the area viz. rainfall. Trees will also prevent flowing of dust and other pollutants in the air. Following recommendations made in its report submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court: Adequate information is not available with regard to the availability of land for afforestration outside the notified forest area in Delhi. Even as the process of identification of additional areas in other land use categories continues, EPCA would like to recommend that immediate priority is accorded to the management and protection of the Delhi Ridge which forms the bulk of forest land in the Capital region. A supervisory body in the form of Ridge Management Board was constituted under the direction from the Hon'ble Supreme Court for the overall management of the Ridge. In view of the multiplicity of the ownership of land in the ridge area, EPCA recommends that the Board may be reconstituted as an Authority with statutory powers and jurisdiction under the Environment (Protection) Act having representatives from the concerned agencies and the Delhi Government as Member of the Authority. Since the Ridge is the most important forest tract in the region, the final notification under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act of 1927 must be expedited immediately and its management taken up on a priority basis. All concerned agencies may adopt innovative and participatory approaches to plantations to ensure high survival rates and improve quality of forest cover. Primary focus should be on earmarking lands for block plantations and afforestration. Environmental Impact due to Mines In the matter of IA No in W.P.(C) No.4677 of 1985; M.C. Mehta v/s UOI & others the Hon'ble Supreme Court has given the following direction to the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) on September 23, 2002: "Pursuant to the report dated 9 th August, 2002 of the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for the National Capital Region, counsel for the mine owners have filed particulars as to the mines which they say have not been inspected. Each applicant shall deposit in the Registry of this Court within three days a sum of Rs 10,000 for the expenses and the Bhure Lal committee is requested to carry out the inspection of the areas/mines indicated in the statement filed by Mr Kailash Vasudev, Sr Advocate in Court today, the statement being from pages 1 to 5 and the second concerned mines at serial no 1 to 25. The committee is requested to give a report as soon as possible, preferably within a period of three weeks. It is open to Bhure Lal committee to associate such other organisation or persons as it may deem fit and proper for the purpose of inspection." This is a follow up direction of the earlier Hon'ble Supreme Court order of July 25, 2002, that had given the following direction to the EPCA: "Copy of the IA Number 1785 and the affidavit of the state of the Haryana be sent to Bhure Lal Committee who may give a report with regard to the environment in that area. The report may be given preferably after a personal visit to the area in question without any advance notice. The Central Ground Water Board should assist the Bhure Lal Committee in giving its report." Following the July 25 order, EPCA had made a surprise visit to the area to see the mining sites in the villages of Anangpur, Pali, Mohabtabad and Mangar, which fall within the notified area of 5 km radius from the Delhi border in the Faridabad district. EPCA also visited mining sites that are located outside the notified zone in Kot area. Moreover, consultation was also held with the officials of the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and obtained their opinion on this matter. On the basis of study and visit as well as the report of CGWB, EPCA submitted an interim report on "Haryana Ridge and Aravalli hills: Environmental impact" to the Hon'ble Supreme Court. As per the Hon'ble Supreme Court Order dated September 23,2003, EPCA further examined the issue and held discussions with the concerned officials from different departments. Inspection was made to 26 Mining sites along with the officials from concerned departments of the Haryana state government and mine owners.

109 The overall assessment of the environmental impact of the mining activities in the area especially its implication for ground water level in the region made the following recommendations : 1. The ban on the mining activities and pumping of groundwater in and from an area up to 5 kms from the Delhi-Haryana border in the Haryana side of the ridge and also in the Aravalli hill must be maintained. 2. Not only further degradation be halted but, all efforts must be made to ensure that the local economy is rejuvenated, with the use of plantations and local water harvesting based opportunities. It is indeed sad to note the plight of people living in these hills who are caught between losing their water dependent livelihood and between losing their only desperate livelihood to break stones in the quarries. It is essential that the Government of Haryana seriously implement programmes to enhance the land-based livelihood of people agriculture, animal care and forestry. Local people must not be thrown into making false choices, which may secure their present but will destroy their future. Already, all the villages visited by EPCA complained of dire and desperate shortages of drinking water. Women talked about long queues before taps to collect water. Clearly, water resources of the region are critical inputs to development and cannot be wasted and destroyed like this. The state government must come up with strategies to involve local communities in the future development of this region. Under the mining lease, 10 per cent of the royalty is to be given to local villagers.. But there was little evidence in these poor and destitute villages that any effort had been made to share the proceeds with them. 3. The Central Ground Water Board must be consulted urgently about what should be done with the huge standing water in the area. This is a valuable national resource and the Board should be asked if the water is best conserved by covering it to stop evaporation or should it be used for recharge and storage with further water harvesting efforts. 4. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) should be asked to extend the notification under the Environment (Protection) Act to the Faridabad part of the Aravalli including the ridge. Currently, the notification is only for Gurgoan district. This notification declaring it an ecologically sensitive area will help to regulate the activities in this region. 5. If adequate planning for water is being done in the large-scale construction activities being undertaken in this area. This aspect is outside the purview of this report but needs to be examined carefully. 6. The Gurgoan-Faridabad road is being proposed as the major bypass for the city of Delhi. The Hon'ble Court will note its directives on the air pollution case in this regard. It has been said to the court in that matter that the government of Haryana is intending to widen the road and bids have even been issued to this effect. Therefore, it is all the more important that the mining activity along the road must not be allowed. The 5 km ban from the border of Delhi will take care of this requirement. 7. The mining area outside the 5 km area must be demarcated and regulated in this context. COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS EPCA earlier inspected all the 14 common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), which are either constructed or under construction and submitted its report to the Ministry of Environment and Forests in January The issue was again taken up with the Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC). As informed by the DSIDC, the present status in respect of these CETPs is as given in Table S. No. CETP Site 1 CETP at Wazirpur Industrial Area Table 14.1 Status of Construction of CETPs Status of Physical Progress As on January 2002 Construction work has been taken up in October, 1999 with scheduled date of completion as June, Construction of plant completed and trial run started from The treatment scheme consists of primary treatment only to treat 24 mld of wastewater per day. Chemical treatment by addition of lime, alum, polyelectrolyte and chlorine dosing is provided. The treatment plant is non-operational as chemicals required to be supplied by DSIDC is not available since January During the trial period of 3 Status of Physical Progress as on September 2002 CETP has been made operational and ph being raised upto 6.0. Additional arrange-ment is being done for proper dosing of chemicals. Since, chemical dosing has been increased substantially, the sludge generation is also huge but no site for hazardous waste has been created so far which is a limitation to

110 2 Mangolpuri Industrial Area 3 Mayapuri Industrial Area 4 Jhilmil Industrial Area months, of commissioning CETP was not operated at the desired ph of about 8 to precipitate the metals. It has been observed that effluent was brought upto ph of 4 and thus no proper treatment has been provided. It has been also observed that grit removal is not proper as no mechanical system has been provided and therefore grit has found way upto equalization tank. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) has initially assessed the dosing of lime as 200 mg/l which has gone to 2000 mg/l as on today. Since, the sludge generated is hazardous in nature, it is required to be disposed off at Hazardous Waste disposal site, which does not exist as on today in Delhi. The generation of sludge will be very high due to high quantity of chemical requirement. Work awarded for construction of secondary & tertiary treatment plant. Construction work has been taken up in September 1999 with scheduled date of completion as April Trial run of the plant started on The plant is designed to treat 2.4 mld of wastewater. At present, effluents from Mangolpuri-Phase I is being received to the tune of m 3 /hr at the plant. Work on pumping of effluent from Phase II is yet to be completed. The treatment plant consists of primary, secondary and tertiary treatment units. The backwash from the dual media filter and activated carbon filter is presently discharged into the drain alongwith the tertiary treated effluent, thus defying the purpose of providing tertiary level of treatment. Hence, it is necessary to make provision for recycling of the backwash to the treatment system. Construction work for primary ETP was taken up in November 1999 and scheduled to be completed by June The construction work of CETP is complete and trial run is likely to start by first week of February The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The arrangement to convey effluent from Mayapuri Industrial Area Phase I exist while work of laying of 2.7 km. conduit to convey effluent from Mayapuri Industrial Area Phase II and electrical connections is in progress, which is expected to be completed by the end of February, The work order for construction of secondary and tertiary units has been awarded recently and scheduled to be completed within 10 months. Construction work for primary treatment plant was taken up in September 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May The plant is designed to treat 16.8 mld of wastewater. 90% work of conveyance of effluent from Friends Colony Industrial area is complete and the excavation work for raw effluent pumping station in Jhilmil Colony Industrial Area is in progress. The tender for construction of secondary and tertiary unit has sludge disposal. Work on pumping station for pumping of effluent for Phase II is completed and BOD achieved is less than 10 mg/l. Work on primary CETP is complete and work on secondary and tertiary CETP expected to be completed soon. 95% work was complete and expected to be commissioned soon.

111 5 Lawrence Road Industrial Area 6 Badli Industrial Area 7 GT Karnal Road Industrial Area 8 SMA Industrial Area 9 Nangloi Industrial Area 10 Okhla Industrial Area 11 Okhla Industrial Estate been called. Overall about 80% of civil work of CETP is complete. Construction work for primary treatment plant has been taken up in November, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May However, completion of work is likely to be delayed by 3-4 months. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from Lawrence Road Industrial Area is yet to start. The tenders for construction of secondary and tertiary units have been called. About 50% of civil work of CETP is complete. Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by October About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from Badli Industrial Area is yet to start. Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by August About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 6 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from GT Karnal Road Industrial Area is yet to start. Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September About 30% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on revamping of conveyance system to receive effluent from SMA, Rajasthan Udyog Nagar is yet to start. Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January, 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September, About 60% of the civil work has been completed and all the pressure filter vessels are received. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The conduit to convey effluent from DSIDC industrial area is to be re-laid. The rising main of 1.3 km. from Nangloi Industrial Areas is also to be laid. Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by June, About 80% of the civil work has been completed and filters have also been arrived at the site. The plant is designed to treat 24 mld of wastewater. The Society has raised objections regarding design of the CETP, which they have got prepared from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The revised proposal has been sent to NEERI for the approval. Tenders are yet to be called. Expected to be commissioned soon. Expected to be commissioned soon. Expected to be commissioned soon subject to completion of conveyance system by DJB. DSIDC to report progress after a month. Expected to be commissioned soon. Expected to be commissioned soon. Expected to be commissioned soon. Construction is proposed to be completed by September 2003.

112 12 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area 13 Naraina Industrial Area 14 Najafgarh Road Industrial Area `Technical Bid' is yet to be opened. Construction is proposed to be completed by September `Technical Bid' is yet to be opened. Work awarded for construction. Expected to be completed by December 2003 `Technical Bid' is yet to be opened. Work awarded for construction. Expected to be completed by December, 2003 Sewage Treatment Plants As per Hon'ble Supreme Court order, river Yamuna has to be cleaned by March Discussions were held with Delhi Jal Board (DJB) in this regard. DJB made a presentation before the Authority on wastewater management in Delhi and highlighted steps being initiated by them for making Yamuna clean. DJB stated that 650 mgd of water being supplied and about 130 mgd of water is being abstracted from underground by other authorities and public. The total wastewater generation is 650 mgd. Out of this, 400 mgd of sewage is being treated. The treatment capacity at present is mgd and 30 mgd is under construction. DJB has projected that by 2007, 950 mgd of water will be supplied and around 780 mgd of wastewater will be generated. Wastewater treatment capacity by year 2007 has been projected to be mgd including 40 mgd treatment in CETPs. DJB informed that it will not be possible to clean Yamuna by March 2003 as directed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court and they have requested that the deadline may be extended to December Steps should be taken for rehabilitating the trunk sewers, replacement of internal sewers and trapping of drains for diverting the total flow to the sewage treatment plants. DJB is required to ensure that the capacity created is fully utilized. DJB is required to lay sewers for conveyance of wastewater for CETPs. DJB informed that revamping of effluent conveyance system in Nangloi, Udyog Nagar, SMA, GT Karnal Road and Jhilmil Industrial Area is likely to be completed by December 31, In SSI Industrial Area, Badli Industrial Area, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, Naraina Industrial Area and Friends Colony Industrial Area, conveyance system is expected to complete by March In rest of the CETP, revamping is already completed. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT EPCA visited some of the hospitals in Delhi and observed that the biomedical wastes are not being properly treated as required under Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, The issue was taken up with the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The present status is as below. In the first phase, DPCC identified 55 major hospitals which have 100 beds and above for implementation of bio medical waste management rules. Out of these 55 hospitals, 31 have their own incineration at present. In year 2000, many hospitals have installed incinerators but not operated due to various operational problems, and switched over to private operators for centralized services. With the switching over to centralized facilities, the hospitals have improved their services and also able to save cost on maintenance of on-site incinerators. Three Contractors authorized by DPCC are presently collecting the bio-medical wastes and incinerating the same at common facilities. The facility available at Deendayal Upadhyay Hospital is being utilized by a contractor for incineration, autoclaving and shredding of bio-medical waste collected from other 1280 hospitals, nursing homes and clinics. They have 10 vehicles to collect the bio-medical waste and cater to around 1280 units in Delhi. The other Contractor has facility like incinerator, autoclave and shredder for disposal of bio-medical waste, in Narela Industrial Area. This contractor caters to about 400 units in Delhi. The third Contractor has also been authorized recently by DPCC. DPCC has also associated 3 NGOs for survey of hospitals for effective implementation of the Bio- Medical Waste Rules and awareness programmes. Recently, on the recommendations of DPCC, Central Pollution Control Board has issued notices under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1984 for violation of the provisions of Bio-Medical Waste Rules by hospitals. DPCC said that sharps

113 disposal management in the hospitals is not proper though most of the hospitals are using needle destroyers for restriction of sharps. Sharp are the most dangerous of all medical wastes and require a proper management policy for its disposal. BYE-PASSING OF TRUCKS IN TRANSIT The Hon'ble Supreme Court order dated July 15, 2002 in W.P. (C ) No /1985 directed that plying of all heavy vehicles through Delhi which do not comply with category II norms should be stopped. Delhi Police and MCD are to ensure compliance of the order. EPCA discussed the issue with the Delhi Police (Traffic). It was informed that Delhi Police has initiated action since All the goods vehicles which do not have destination to Delhi are being turned away. Number of vehicles turned away at the border by the Traffic Police is given in Table Numbers of goods vehicles entered in Delhi from various borders with toll tax labels issued by MCD, are given in Table Table 14.2 Number Non-destined Goods Vehicles Turned Away Period Goods Vehicles Turned Away to to to to to Table 14.3 Number of Goods Vehicle Entered in Delhi Period No. of goods vehicles entering in Delhi to to to to Delhi Police said that for strict compliance of the Hon'ble Supreme Court order, Police Force has been posted on each entry point to check the travel document and allowed entry only if destination is Delhi. EPCA suggested following steps as long-term solutions to avoid entry of vehicles not required to off load in Delhi : Four corridors may be made for interlinking the major highways to act as a bye pass road to Delhi. The non-destining vehicles can take the route through bye-pass; and Activity relating to checking of papers for goods carriers may be given to the State Government or Municipal Corporation as the Traffic Police is not trained in such work. Emissions from Auto Rickshaws It was brought to the notice of EPCA that some CNG auto rickshaws emit excessive white smoke during operation. EPCA asked the manufacturers to take note of the problem and remedial measures. M/s Bajaj Auto Limited agreed that they also received some complaints regarding this matter. After analyzing the problem, Bajaj Auto Ltd. was of the view that most of the 4-stroke three wheelers supplied in the markets are now one-to two years old and reasons for emission of white smoke is due to excessive consumption of lubricating oil and wear off of cylinder, piston and piston rings. These parts are getting worn due to use of sub standard air filter and its improper fitment, use of reclaimed oil and poor maintenance of vehicles including replacement of filter and oil. CNG fuel and kit have no direct bearing on the smoky air exhaust. Smoke is purely due to higher oil consumption associated with poor maintenance of the vehicles. The manufacturers assured to take steps so that the problem get reduced.

114 It was informed that Bajaj Auto Limited has initiated consumer education programme and training of local mechanics on CNG autos. M/s Shrimankar Car Gas Services informed that they have mostly carried out retrofitment of CNG kits and as such they are providing maintenance of the kit as per warranty conditions. They have not come across the problems as yet. CNG Dispensing Capacity While hearing the matter regarding affidavit of Shri Rajeev Sharma on capacity to compress and dispense CNG, the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order of February 14, 2003 directed the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) to examine the following: "In view of the affidavit filed by Shri Rajeev Sharma, we deem it fit to get a report from Bhure Lal committee, preferably within two weeks." The Hon'ble Court would like to be apprised if IGL would be able to `make available' or sell lakh kg of gas per day as mandated by the Hon'ble Court irrespective of making the distinction between its capacity to compress and capacity to dispense. EPCA examined the affidavit filed by Shri Rajeev Sharma Ex. Managing Director, IGL on February 10, It has further considered the following affidavits filed in response to the show cause notice served by the Hon'ble Court on September 9, Affidavits filed by Shir A K De, Managing Director, IGL (dated October 23, 2002), Shri P S Bhargava (February 13, 2003) and Shri L Lobo (February 11, 2003) of IGL. Both Shri P S Bhargava and Shri L Lobo have stated in their respective affidavits "explanation submitted by Mr De before this Honb'le Court are adopted by me." (Hereafter these three affidavits are referred to as IGL affidavit). EPCA has analysed the sequence of events emerging from the April 5, 2002 order and the affidavits filed by IGL, thereafter, to examine if the affidavits from the IGL officials in response to the show cause notice have adequately addressed the key concern of the court -- if IGL would be able to `make available' the Court mandated lakh kg of CNG by June 30, 2002, to meet the projected demand in the transport sector in the city. EPCA prepared a report titled "IGL show cause notice : Comments on affidavit filed by Rajeev Sharma and others" which includes following observations and recommendations: 1. On scrutiny of the affidavits of Shri Rajeev Sharma and IGL, it is clear that there is no disagreement or difference between the two in their various contentions, on the terms, "compression capacity" and "dispensing capacity": a. The term compression capacity means the capacity of the compressor installed to compress gas; b. The capacity/capability to dispense gas, which is dependent on the compressors as well as the related infrastructure like dispensers, location of stations etc needed to dispense gas efficiently, without long queues, and; c. In addition the actual offtake of gas, which is dependent on the number and sizes of vehicles coming for refuelling, in other words, the actual sales. 2. The actual sales/offtake of gas is a critical determinant in the price fixation by the IGL management. In its justification for the increase in price from Rs to Rs per kg in April 2002, IGL had estimated that it would sell between 6-7 lakh kg of gas in in its realistic and optimistic scenarios. EPCA has found that in February 2003, the actual sales of gas is 7.17 lakh kg per day, which is higher than what had been estimated by IGL to compute its annual sales. IGL is also dispensing 61 per cent of its installed capacity. 3. Based on the above, EPCA is now of the view that the decision in April 2002 of IGL to raise the CNG prices cannot be justified, as it assumed a projected sale estimate and capacity utilisation, which is not borne out of the above scrutinised facts. 4. It must be noted that CNG is a court-mandated market that has established the baseline demand of gas for the transport sector in Delhi. IGL will at the minimum sell the amount of gas mandated under the various orders of the court to a fixed number of commercial transport vehicles in the city. A potential demand exists beyond this minimum sale and IGL will have to work towards realising this market potential with aggressive marketing strategy to remain costeffective. Otherwise, there is a likelihood of the Capital costs of expansion of CNG infrastructure being passed on to the existing consumer, especially commercial transport. Capital infrastructure will only lead to an increased burden on the consumers.

115 5. The vast infrastructure for CNG delivery has been created not only at enormous financial cost but also at consistent Court, public and government endeavours. This reality has to be recognised by IGL. 6. EPCA is of the view that instead of focusing on the narrow technical distinction between dispensing capacity and compression capacity to justify a conservative projection of sales and demand, it is more important to frame appropriate policies and strategies to increase CNG sales. 7. CNG has been introduced in this city to control particulate pollution. It is therefore, in the interest of public health to encourage large-scale conversion of vehicles to CNG. But the countervailing pressures of the CNG price hike last year, coupled with a tacit policy to actively discourage conversion of private cars to CNG due to poor availability of gas, the long queues at the filling stations has dampened demand for CNG in the city, negating some of the efforts made as cited above. Central and the state governments be directed to submit a phase-in plan to run more vehicles on CNG and actively encourage private vehicles to run on CNG as well. To facilitate this process, appropriate fiscal and economic incentive policy should be designed. 8. The price hike was possible only because of the lack of a regulatory framework for promoting CNG as an autofuel. This bears out the importance of a policy that would safeguard against similar arbitrary decisions to increase prices in the future, which could jeopardise the CNG programme in Delhi. To safeguard against any further arbitrary price based purely on commercial objectives of the companies supplying CNG, the government must be directed to set up a regulatory and a fiscal mechanism to promote CNG and other environmentally acceptable fuels. EPCA has noted with concern that with deregulation and price reforms underway, there is little elaboration of the issue of CNG as an auto-fuel in official policies to make CNG competitive vis a vis its competing fuels like diesel and petrol. EPCA had earlier noted in its pricing report that CNG would directly compete diesel more than petrol. As a result, the taxation policy should be designed in a manner that an appropriate and effective price differential is maintained with diesel. The review of the fuel taxation policies round the world shows that "favourable" taxation is an important instrument to maintain the price differential to encourage environmentally acceptable fuels. To underscore this point EPCA would like to reiterate this recommendation already made in the pricing report with regards to the fiscal policy on CNG. IMPLEMENTATION OF MALE'S DECLARATION ON CONTROL & PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is an emerging environmental issue in Asia as it is in other parts of the world. To cope up with the issue of Transboundary Air Pollution in South Asia, the Male's Declaration was adopted by Ministers of the Environment at the Seventh Meeting of the Governing Council of South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP), held on August 22, 1998 in Male, Republic of Maldives. The Male's Declaration stated the need for the countries to carry forward or initiate studies and programme on Air Pollution in each country of South Asia. The Phase I of the Male Declaration started in 1999 saw the establishment of the network of organisations to implement the Declaration and compilation of Baseline information on Air Quality Monitoring and Management in the participating caountries. The Phase II of the programme commenced in 2002 and the objective of this phase is to put in place the expertise equipment and information, needed for the quantitative monitoring, analysis and policy recommendations for eventual prevention/control of air pollution. The specific objectives of this phase are: Expanding the existing network; Establishing/strengthening monitoring facilities; and Study the transboundary effects of air pollution. As a part of the Implementation of Male Declaration, a stakeholder meeting was held in New Delhi on September 24, Over 50 participants from all sectors as well as implementing agencies of Male Declaration participated in the meeting. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi and the Ministry of Environment & Forests, SACEP, SEI and UNEP/RRC-AP jointly organised the meeting. Recommendations were derived from the forum for future implementation of the Male Declaration. A National Advisory Committee has been constituted under the Male Declaration. The Committee envisages members from State Pollution Control Boards, Research Organisations, NGOs etc. MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)

116 To motivate local bodies for undertaking implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, CPCB has taken up several initiatives. The actions taken include; Persuasion/ interaction with State Boards and local bodies, strengthening of infrastructure of State Boards, undertaking field studies relating to various aspects of waste management and drawing up action plan for management of solid waste in cities and towns. Feed Back from States and Union Territories (UTs) The feed-back received from the local bodies and SPCBs indicates the following status of municipal waste. Majority of the local bodies are aware of the Rules and their responsibilities; SPCBs and PCCs have constituted Committees to deal with issues relating to; issuance of authorizations, identification of landfill sites, management of accidents and Technology Appraisal for the assistance of local bodies; State Governments are in the process of evolving State level policies to set up waste processing facilities; and, CPCB jointly with SPCBs/PCCs organized interactive meets with local bodies includes Chhatisgarh, Meghalaya, Chandigarh, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab. Capability Development Based on proposal of CPCB, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has provided financial support to SPCBs/PCCs to strengthen infrastructure facilities for enabling them to implement MSW Rules. Financial assistance has been provided to 33 SPCBs/PCCs. SPCBs/PCCs have set up waste management cells for interaction with the local bodies and for field surveys/ investigations. Action Plan for Municipal Waste Based on the quantum of solid waste generation in cities and towns, a strategy has been formulated for implementation of the Rules. According to the size of the town (population and quantity of solid waste generation) action plan has been suggested. Demonstration Facility It is proposed to set up at least one demonstration facility in each State/UT. Such facility would cover providing financial support to the candidate local body on 70:30 (subsequently agreed for 50:50) funding pattern. Under this scheme, all aspects of the Rules will be covered for demonstration purpose and other local bodies could replicate them in a phased manner. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Bio-Medical Waste Management 1. Under the Project "Strengthening of Hospital Waste Management Programme", a WHO funded activity, two hospitals have been developed as model for demonstration of segregation system of bio-medical waste as per the Bio-medical Waste Rules, The hospitals that have been developed are Govt. Medical College, Jammu and Vivekanand Polyclinic, Ramakrishna Mission Sevashram, Lucknow. A demonstration program was also conducted at each of these hospitals to demonstrate and educate various stakeholders on July 29, 2002 and September 21-22, 2002 at Jammu and Vivekanand Polyclinic respectively. 2. In compliance to the Hon'ble High Court, Allahabad's order, CPCB carried out inspection of 33 hospitals/common treatment facility in Uttar Pradesh during March 14, 2002 to April 04, Stack emission monitoring of 6 incinerators was also carried out and the report was submitted to the Hon'ble High Court. 3. CPCB also assisted Delhi Pollution Control Committee in carrying out inspection of hospitals in Delhi for issuing authorisation to the hospitals under the provision of the Bio-medical Waste Rules. 4. Healthcare facilities being a health service industry, issuing stringent action to defaulters hospitals as stipulated in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 may effect the social service offered by these healthcare facilities. At the same time, it is duty of all the healthcare facilities

117 to implement the provisions of the Bio-medical Waste Rules. Putting equal importance to both views, CPCB approached MoEF to include a provision of compounding of offences through amendment in Bio-medical Waste Rules, Various treatment technologies are coming up as options for treatment of bio-medical wastes. Few such technologies were evaluated by CPCB and a provisional approval has been given to "Logmed" technology. The "Logmed" technology is a thermal dis-infection process using heat transfer oil. Moreover, two other technologies i.e., Metal Sharp Manager and Demolizer System are under process of evaluation. 6. For effective implementation of the BMW Rules, CPCB has been continuously following up the SPCBs/PCCs to initiate action under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 against the defaulter hospitals so as to make it clear that the Rules are meant for enforcement. With reference to the above letters, a number of SPCBs/PCCs have issued show-cause notices to the defaulter hospitals. 7. To catch hold the defaulters, CPCB issued show cause notices under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to 18 defaulter hospitals in Delhi (5), Uttar Pradesh (3), Rajasthan (5), MP(4) and Chhatisgarh (1). The notices were issued upon recent vesting of required powers by the Govt. of India to CPCB. 8. CPCB is regularly following up the SPCBs to submit the information on bio-medical waste management as per the provision of the Bio-medical Waste Rules, Based on the information received from SPCBs/PCCs, a status report on implementation of Bio-medical Waste Rules has been prepared. 9. The status of Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities has also been prepared by CPCB. CPCB also compiles the status of implementation of the BMW Rules in the country. As per information submitted by SPCB/PCC, out of 5,05,647 kg of bio-medical waste generated per day in the country, 1,37,357 kg of waste is treated. There are total 438 incinerators and 216 other treatment equipments in the country. 10. CPCB conducted a two days workshop in association with Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board at Hyderabad during February 25-26, The objective of the workshop was to develop guidelines for establishing Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities. The participants were from SPCBs, common treatment facility operators and major hospitals. As the outcome of the workshop, CPCB has prepared draft Guidelines for Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility. The same is under process of finalization. 11. CPCB has also prepared draft Guidelines for design & construction of bio-medical waste incinerator, which is based upon the experience of CPCB and in-consultation with incinerator manufactures. The final document will be helpful to check the proliferation of poor quality of incinerator. 12. A documentary filmmaking project has been awarded to Govt. Medical College, Jammu on Biomedical Waste Management to demonstrate the best practices of segregation, transportation and treatment technologies. To generate awareness on Bio-medical waste management, CPCB supported awareness cum training programme for staff of Gujarat Pollution Control Board on monitoring and implementation of Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, Bio-Medical Waste Management in North-Zone The hospitals and bio medical facilities meant to ensure better health have unfortunately become a potential health risk due to mismanagement of the infectious waste. Realizing this, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India notified the rules, called Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, which has come into force since July 27,1998. Bio-medical waste from hospitals, nursing home and other health centers composed of variety of wastes like hypodermic needles, scalpels blades, surgical cottons, gloves, bandages, clothes, discarded medicine, blood and body fluids, human tissues and organs, radio-active substances and chemicals etc. This area of waste management is grossly neglected. The situation of bio medical waste management in entire north zone is pathetic. In Punjab a common facility has been developed to cater to the cities of Ludhiana, Jallandhur, Patiala and Amritsar. In Haryana clearance have been given for a common facilities, which however is yet to be developed. In

118 H.P out of total 10 incinerators installed one each at Shimla and Paonta Sahib is also working as common incinerators for the hospitals in that region. In U.P. only 5 common facilities have been so far developed and few more are in process. The common facilities at Ludhiana in Punjab and in Kanpur are comprehensive as stipulated in the Act but at other places common facilities are mainly having incinerators as treatment facility. Segregation is the most neglected aspect and progress on this part paint dismal picture. In order to effectively implement the bio-medical waste management rules a comprehensive survey and monitoring was undertaken at various hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. In all thirty-three medical establishments were inspected and monitoring conducted for incinerators which are installed as per norms. Status of incinerators in individual medical establishments and common facilities are as below: Single chamber incinerators : 10 Double chambered incinerators with Inadequate stack height : 07 Incinerators installed but not commissioned : 04 Bhatti type facilities : 04 Observations The segregation of waste in almost all hospitals is not satisfactory. Colour coding for various categories of waste is not followed. The storage of bio-medical waste is not in isolated area and proper hygiene is not maintained. Personal protective equipment and accessories are not provided. Most of the hospitals do not have proper waste treatment and disposal facilities. In the cities where common treatment facilities have come up, many medical establishments are yet to join the common facility. Emission monitoring of five incinerators indicated that they do not meet the emission norms. Most of the incinerators are not properly operated and maintained, resulting in poor performance. Sometimes plastics are also incinerated leading to possible emission of harmful gases. Several hospitals have not applied to State Pollution Control Board for authorization under the rules. General awareness among the hospital staff regarding bio-medical waste is lacking. Recommendations and Follow-up All health care facilities generating Bio-medical waste shall strictly ensure segregation, colour coding and other provisions of Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998 and amendments thereof. Hospitals should apply to state Pollution Control Board for authorization to handle and treat the waste. Incinerators, which do not conform the design & emission norms as per rules, must be modified and air pollution control system may be retrofitted to minimize the emission level. The operator should ensure proper O&M of incinerator through attainment of required temperature in both the chambers, regular operation of the incinerator, proper maintenance of the logbook and storage of the waste in isolated area, plastic incineration should not be undertaken. Proper training and personal safety equipment / accessories should be provided to waste handling staff. Records of waste generation, treatment and disposal should be maintained by the hospital. Steps should be taken to set up common bio waste treatment facility in each city/town with strict monitoring of these facilities by regulatory agency and individual facilities should be

119 discouraged. This is on account of the fact that improper operation may lead to increase in air pollution problem. Better siting, management and monitoring is possible in common facilities only. The amounts changeable for the waste in most of the common facilities are for below the minimum O&M cost. This needs to be rationalized else it may lead to non-operation of facilities. Various regulatory agencies, Hospitals, Medical Association & Municipal Corporation should work together for proper management of Bio-medical waste in the cities/towns. Action has been initiated against 3 medical colleges (KGMC, Lucknow, GSVM, Kanpur and JLN Medical College, Aligarh) for having bed capacities more than 1000 but do not manage the bio-medical waste as per rules. Steps are also being taken against other hospitals, which do not follow the rules and operate the incinerators, to meet the emission norms. A project on Model Segregation Practices' was also completed in Vivekanand Polyclinic, Lucknow and in Govt. Medical College Jammu for practical demonstration of segregation of bio-medical waste in biomedical waste management. Bio-medical Waste Management in Himachal Pradesh The Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board has conducted study in major hospitals. It has been decided to set up the demonstration model named Dr. Rajinder Prasad Govt. Medical college & Hospital at Dharmshala with following objectives; Assessment of existing waste management practices. Classification, quantification & characterization of waste streams. The hospital is having 258 beds and equipped with all the medical facilities like Emergency, Maternity, Gynecology & Child wards, ENT Deptt., Surgical, Orthopaediatric, OPD, Blood Bank and other radiological facilities. The quantity of bio-medical waste generation is estimated to be 100 kg/day (Fig 14.1). Besides this 30 lit./day of liquid waste is being generated from washing of laboratories and kitchen. As per the data, per bed waste generation is estimated as 380 gm/day. Major contribution is from disposable, waste sharp and soiled waste. The following methods are adopted in the hospital; Provisions of needle destroyer in some wards. Discarded needles and syringes are rarely destroyed and disinfected. The transportation of waste by hand lifting in the bins or gunny bags. Final treatment of waste by incineration. Lack of awareness amongst the hospital staff including doctors towards the segregation of infectious waste is one of the main reasons for mismanagement of Bio-medical waste in the hospital. Mass awareness programme for management of bio-medical waste should be carried out at regular interval.