COMPARISON AMONG SOLAR PANEL ARRAYS PRODUCTION WITH A DIFFERENT OPERATING TEMPERATURES IN AMMAN-JORDAN

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_06_047 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMPARISON AMONG SOLAR PANEL ARRAYS PRODUCTION WITH A DIFFERENT OPERATING TEMPERATURES IN AMMAN-JORDAN Saad S. Alrwashdeh Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mutah University, P.O Box 7, Al-Karak Jordan ABSTRACT Solar energy is formed from photons of light coming from the sun in a form called radiation. Solar energy finds extensive application in air and water heating, solar cooking, as well as electrical power generation, depending on the way of capturing, converting and distribution. To enable such application, it is necessary to analyze the operating temperature of the cells in order that when the solar energy reaches the earth surface to be mostly used. This paper tends to describe the availability of solar energy for different operating temperatures in Amman-Jordan. It is found that the operating temperature plays a key role in the photovoltaic conversion process. Both the electrical efficiency and the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) module depend linearly on the operating temperature. Key words: Solar energy; Electrical power; Solar radiation; Operating temperature. Cite this Article: Saad S. Alrwashdeh, Comparison among Solar Panel Arrays Production with a Different Operating Temperatures in Amman-Jordan, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 9(6), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Jordan is blessed with an abundance of solar energy which is evident from the annual daily average solar irradiance (average insolation intensity on a horizontal surface) ranges between 4-8 kwh/m², which is one of the highest in the world. This corresponds to a total annual of kWh/m², with the average sunshine duration is more than 300 days per year [1-3]. Nowadays, renewable energy systems are being utilized extensively to generate electricity due to its positive features[4-6]. The PV panels have the major portion of the investment cost compared to the rest of the component in PV system installation. Thus, the payback of investment for PV system depends on the energy output performance of PV panels. Unfortunately, the PV panels normally operated into low conversion efficiency due some factors of degradation. PV panel temperature considered as vital issues when forecasting energy production. For instance, long editor@iaeme.com

2 Comparison among Solar Panel Arrays Production with a Different Operating Temperatures in Amman-Jordan time high temperature working conditions of PV panel can cause irreversible degradation of its electric output power [7-15]. The electrical performance is primarily influenced by the type of PV used. A typical PV module converts 6-20% of the incident solar radiation into electricity, depending upon the type of solar cells and climatic conditions. The rest of the incident solar radiation is converted into heat, which significantly increases the temperature of the PV module and reduces the PV efficiency of the module [16-24]. S. Chander et al. investigate the effect of differant PV cell temperature under constant light intensities using a solar simulator. This study observed PV cell temperature has a vital role in controlling the parameter's output. The temperature coefficient of the voltage and power and fill factor (FF) were recognized to be negative while positive for the current [25]. The effect of temperature on output power from different types of PV panel has been observed by P.K. Dash and N.C. Gupta [26]. By referring to the temperature coefficient of PV panel, monocrystalline experienced the highest losses in output power with average of %/ C. In this research study, the temperature dependency of PV panel output performance was investigated in Amman-Jordan using Energy 3D V8.2.5 simulator. 2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA Jordan has more than 300 sunny days a year, providing a sunshine duration of about 3125 hours/year. Amman lies within a latitude of 32º North and longitude of 36º East. Figure. 1 represents the number of sunshine days and hours of Amman for each month. Figure 1 Number of sunshine days and hours per month Amman-Jordan [27] Figure. 2 shows the daily and annual temperature distribution in Amman-Jordan of the air and the ground at different heights [27, 28]. The daily temperature distribution for the 10 th of December as the worst solar radiation day during the year is considered for the simulation. The highest temperature degrees registered during Auguste. While, the lowest temperature degrees were in January and December editor@iaeme.com

3 Saad S. Alrwashdeh Figure 2 Temperature distribution based on daily (A) and annual (B) measurements in Amman-Jordan 3. ENERGY 3D SIMULATION Energy3D is a simulation-based engineering tool for designing green buildings and power stations that harness renewable energy to achieve sustainable development. Users can quickly sketch up a realistic-looking structure or import one from an existing CAD file, superimpose it on a map image, and then evaluate its energy performance for any given day and location. Based on computational physics and weather data, Energy3D can rapidly generate time graphs and heat maps for in-depth analyses. Artificial intelligence is also provided to support generative design and engineering optimization. At the end of the design, Energy3D allows users to print it out, cut out the pieces, and use them to assemble a physical scale model. Energy3D has been primarily developed to provide a simulated environment for engineering design (SEED) to support science and engineering education and training. 4. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM The sun is the largest energy source of life while at the same time it is the ultimate source of most of the renewable energy sources. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity in a direct way with the use of photovoltaic modules. In this work, a grid connected system will be editor@iaeme.com

4 Comparison among Solar Panel Arrays Production with a Different Operating Temperatures in Amman-Jordan designed for the PV system. There are three steps to design the PV system for the chosen location as follows: Estimate the monthly average solar irradiation for the location. Estimate the hourly solar irradiation on the tilted surface for the location. Estimate the power output from the Photovoltaic array model. The calculation is based on the average day of each month [8, 9, 19, 29-32] Estimation of Monthly Average Solar Irradiation The declination is calculated by using: ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) Where n=344 for the 10 th of December. The sunset hour angle can be calculated by using: ( ) ( ) The daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface,, can be calculated by using: ( ( )) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) Where G sc =1367 W/m 2 The monthly average clearness index,, can be calculated by using: Where, as it has been shown in figure. 1. The monthly average daily diffuse radiation Since and [ ( ) ( ) ] H d can be calculated by using: Similar calculation for each month are presented and summarized in table editor@iaeme.com

5 Saad S. Alrwashdeh Table 1 The monthly average solar radiation for each month on a horizontal surface Months i n (J/m 2 2 H ) s 0 K H d ( J / m ) T Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Estimation of the Hourly Solar Irradiation on the Tilted Surfaces The ratio of hourly total to daily total global radiation can be calculated by using: ( ) ( ( ) ) The coefficients a and b can be calculated by using: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Then is equal to: ( ) ( ( ) ) Where for the midpoint of the hour (i.e. 7:30 AM). The ratio of hourly total to daily total diffuse radiation can be calculated by using: ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) The global horizontal irradiance I and it s diffuse and beam components and can be calculated by using: editor@iaeme.com

6 Comparison among Solar Panel Arrays Production with a Different Operating Temperatures in Amman-Jordan The hourly irradiance in the plane of the tilted surfaces can be calculated by using: ( ) ( ) The ratio of beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on the horizontal calculated by using: can be Since Jordan lies at the northern hemisphere of the earth, then: ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) = 3.56 Then, is equal to Wh/m 2 : Where ρ=0.2 and. Similar to the previous calculation, Table 4.26 show, the hour-by-hour radiation values were obtained for the average day of the worst month, December 10 th, at Amman region from sunrise till sunset. Table 2 Hourly radiation level for December th 10 at Amman region from sunrise till sunset Time r t r I ( Wh / m ) I d ( Wh / m ) I b ( Wh / m ) d 2 R I T ( Wh / m ) 7:30AM :30AM :30AM :30AM :30AM :30PM :30PM :30PM :30PM :30PM For the present study a PV panel selected with the following specifications: A panel with polycrystalline cells, the efficiency of the module is 15%, cells of 6x12, the nominal power is 300W, the voltage and the current at the maximum power point are 32.6 V and 9.21 A. Nominal operating temperature is 55 C and the voltage and the current at the open circuit are 40.1 V and 9.72 A. 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Efficiency is a measurement of the output divided by a certain factor. When talking about solar cell or panel efficiency, we are generally looking at output per given area. Therefore, a more efficient panel will either give more power or be smaller than a less efficient one. More efficient panels may be easier to mount, particularly if space is limited, or a tracking system is being used. There are several separate areas to consider here concerning the efficiency of PV solar panels, concerning the inherent efficiency of the cells in the panel you buy, the panel construction, how your installation may affect panel efficiency and the temperature of the b editor@iaeme.com

7 Saad S. Alrwashdeh surrounding. The study analyses the effect of the surrounding temperature on the PV panels production at Amman-Jordan. Figure. 3 shows the overall layout of the simulation with five panels from the selected panels with different nominal operating temperature 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 C from left to right. The sun position is based on the 10 th of December at 12:00 day time the worst solar radiation day during the year. Figure 3 Simulation overview with 5 PV panels at different nominal operating temperature The output of a solar cell, and therefore a solar panel, is affected by its temperature. As a result, the power output will be reduced by between 0.25% (amorphous cells) and 0.5% (most crystalline cells) for each degree C of temperature rise. Panel temperatures in the summer in warm climates can easily reach 50 C resulting in a 12% reduction in output compared to the rated output at 25 C. This reduction in efficiency may be important during the summer when a high electricity demand is achieved. Figure. 4 shows the energy production analyses of the selected panel over the selected location based on a daily and annual analysis. It is noted that the energy production reduced by increasing the nominal cell operating temperature (NOCT). Figure. 4A shows the daily energy output of the panels at the 10 th of December with different NOCTs, we can note that during the operating at 35 C we can achieve the maximum production comparing to the rest NOCTs. As well the annual analyses which shows same result regarding to the relation between the NOCTs and the energy production. Solar cell performance decreases with increasing temperature, fundamentally owing to increased internal carrier recombination rates, caused by increased carrier concentrations. The operating temperature has a major role in the photovoltaic conversion system. The electrical efficiency and the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) module depend on the operating temperature. In this paper, a brief discussion is presented regarding the operating temperature of one-sun commercial grade silicon based solar cells/modules and its effect upon the energy production. PV modules with less sensitivity to temperature are preferable for the high temperature regions and more responsive to temperature will be more effective in the low temperature regions editor@iaeme.com

8 Comparison among Solar Panel Arrays Production with a Different Operating Temperatures in Amman-Jordan Figure 4 Energy production from the selected panel at different NOCT based on daily (A) and Annual (B) analyses. 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a simulation study based on solar irradiation assessment and calculation for Amman-Jordan. Correspondingly, from the result we could highlight several conclusions: Increasing the nominal operating cell temperature NOCT will reduce the cell performance. At 35 C NOCT the panel produce the maximum energy per day comparing to the rest NOCTs. The maximum energy production was in August. The day tome from 06:00 AM to 05:00 PM is the production periode during the selected date for the simulation which is the 10 th of December with a peak at 12:00. Since solar panels work best at certain weather and temperature conditions, engineers design ways to improve the efficiency of solar panels that operate in non-optimal temperature conditions. This might involve designing cooling systems that use outside air, fans and pumps editor@iaeme.com

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