CO2-free Hydrogen production: the Nuclear route

Transcription

1 CO2-free Hydrogen production: the Nuclear route Jan Leen Kloosterman Adrian Verkooijen

2 Hydrogen-Carbon ratio in energy mix

3 Shares in primary energy

4 Hydrogen-Carbon ratio in energy mix

5 Shares in primary energy

6 Nuclear energy consumption

7 Hydrogen: primary energy sources, energy converters and applications

8 Thermochemical watersplitting H 2 O + X XO + H 2 2XO 2X + O 2

9 Number of publications by year

10 Metrics used to score TC processes

11 First stage screening score

12 Second stage screening scores

13 S-I thermochemical process Hydrogen Nuclear Heat Oxygen 1 H 2 O O C 900 C 1 H O Rejected H 2 SO 2HI 4 + I 2 SO 2 +H 2 O Heat C I 2 I (Iodine) Circulation 2H I + I 2 + H 2 O + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 SO 2 +H 2 O S (Sulfur) Circulation SO 2 + H 2 O Water

14 S-I thermochemical process 2H 2 O + SO 2 + I 2 H 2 SO 4 + HI H 2 SO 4 H 2 O + SO 2 + O 2 2HI H 2 + I 2

15 It s there...

16 Nuclear reactors in the world

17 Boiling Water Reactors

18 Pressurized Water Reactors

19 Evolution of nuclear power

20 Effect of temperature on sustainability Percent of current standard (%) Thermal efficiency (%) Power cost Fission product waste Reject heat cooling water consumption

21 Process Heat Applications Temperature(C) 1000 Glass manufacture Cement manufacture Iron manufacture Direct reduction method with Blast furnace Electricity generation (Gas turbine) Gasification of coal Hydrogen (IS process) Hydrogen (Steam reforming ) Ethylene (naphtha, ethane) Styrene (ethylbenzene) Town gas Petroleum refineries Deesulfurization of heavy oil Application Wood pulp manufacture Urea synthesis Desalination, District heating VHTR HTGR C 850 C LMFBR LWR, HWR 320 C 550 C Nuclear Heat

22 Assessment of reactors for S-I process

23 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor

24 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor

25 Thorium High Temperature Reactor

26 High Temperature Reactors Project Description AVR 15MWe Experimental pebble bed reactor operated for 21 years in Germany THTR 300 MWe German pebble bed reactor with steam turbine operated for 5 years Fort St Vrain 330 MWe US HTGR operated for 14 years HTR-MODUL 80 MWe German modular pebble bed reactor design by Siemens, 1989 HTR MWe German modular pebble bed reactor design by HRB/BBC HTTR 30 MWth Japanese HTGR reached criticality in 1998 HTR MWth Chinese HTGR reached criticality in 2000 PBMR 110 MWe South African direct cycle pebble bed design GT-MHR 300 MWe US direct cycle HTGR design

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28 Pebble-bed reactor fuel

29 TRISO coated particle

30 HTR response to Loss of Coolant

31 Advanced High Temperature Reactor

32 Very-High Temperature Reactor

33 Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor

34 Example GFR Prismatic Fuel Coolant holes Cermet or Metmet fuel in a metallic matrix for concept G2 Cercer fuel for concept G7 Replaceable lowdensity reflector or void Replaceable outer reflector Permanent side reflector Active core

35 Spectrum thermal/fast reactor

36 Molten Salt Reactor

37 Conclusion: sustainable hydrogen Nuclear energy is a promising option to produce hydrogen with no emission of greenhouse gases Hydrogen production can become a major nuclear energy application

38 Conclusion: sustainable hydrogen Short term: Introduction of HTR (generation III+) Hydrogen production via steam reforming natural gas (or combined production of hydrogen and methanol) Medium term: Introduction of AHTR and VHTR Hydrogen production via thermochemical processes Long term: Introduction of GCFR and MSR

39 directory reports