Water Reuse: Experiences and New International Trends

Transcription

1 Water Reuse: Experiences and New International Trends Valentina Lazarova Suez Environnement Chair of the IWA Specialist Group on Water Reuse Member of the International Water Academy

2 Why Reuse Water? A Concern for Sustainability Adaptation to Climate Change & Growing Urbanization Increasing Recognition of Water Reuse in Water Management and Urban Planning Anthropogenic water cycle Atmospheric Vapor Natural water cycle Potable reuse Urban non Potable reuse 2011, drought in France Surface and Runoff Water Treatment & Engineering recycled water Ocean and Brackish Water 2009, drought in Spain River s pollution Irrigation Industrial reuse Ground Water Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 2

3 Water Reuse: a Global Trend towards Sustained Growth in All Continents Recycled water is becoming to be recognized as a beneficial resource and not a waste lost in the ocean Policy targets and mandatory reuse 20 to 100% recycling ratio of treated wastewater (California, Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Spain) satisfy up to 15-35% of water demand (Australia, Singapore) Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 3

4 Water Reuse: Recycling Ratio of Treated Wastewater in Selected Countries Amount of wastewater reused (en %) 85% 91% Wastewater production Wastewater reused 32% 35% Source : GWI Global Water Market % 11% 12% 14% 14% 15% Wastewater production (in Mm 3 /d) Mexico 21m Spain 12m Syria China USA Australia Egypt Singapore Israel Kuwait 4m 70m 119m 5m 10m 1m 21m 1m Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 4

5 Water Reuse: Increasing Food Security Security of food production and market growth in developed countries (Australia, California, Florida, Spain) A matter of Food Security for developing countries (Hyderabad Declaration on wastewater use on agriculture) Source: FAO, Aquastat, 2007 Water withdrawal for agriculture, 2001 At least 20,000,000 ha in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater (UN, 2003) > 1/10 of the world s population consumes crops irrigated with wastewater Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 5

6 Water Reuse: a Global Trend towards Sustained Growth in All Continents *USA km 3 /yr 831 reuse plants 2.2 Mm Mm 3 /d 3 /d California 7,6 Mm 3 /d Total USA 5 Mm 3 /d Mexico City 14.4 Mm 3 /d Total Mexico SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT and BU s Agricultural irrigation 0.1 Mm 3 /d Washington DC Mm 3 /d Florida Urban uses & golf courses 0.16 Mm 3 /d Mendoza Europe 1.0 km 3 /yr 200 reuse plants 0,82 Mm 3 /d Total Spain Middle East& North Africa km 3 /yr 72 reuse plants 0,2 Mm 3 /d Riyadh 1.85 Mm 3 /d Total Saudi Arabia 0.02 Mm 3 /d Windhoek South Africa km 3 /yr 20 reuse plants Potable reuse & aquifer recharge Industrial uses Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 6 1 Mm 3 /d Total Israel 0,15 Mm 3 /d Abu Dhabi 0.27 Mm 3 /d NeWater Singapore < ,000 >10,000 No data 14.8 Mm 3 /d Total China Japan km 3 /yr 218 reuse plants 0,5 Mm 3 /d Japan World 7.1 km 3 /yr Annual (0.18% renewable of water demand) 5% Water of treated resources wastewater m Mm 3 /d /inh/year Western Corridor >2000 reuse plants Source: GWI, 2005 Australia km 3 /yr 435 reuse plants

7 Water Reuse: Increased Growth in Europe >3300 projects >250 projects with tertiary treatment Water reuse projects SIZE (million? <0.1 m ³/a) > 5 N/A END USE Agriculture Urban Industry Multipurpose Source: Aquarec EU project & Aquafin Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 7

8 The First EU project on Indirect Potable Reuse: Torreele, Flanders (Belgium) 2002: Torreele WRP, UF/RO/UV (6,800 m 3 /d), artificial recharge with 2.5 Mm 3 /yr of the dune aquifer of St-André 10 years of R&D and pilot tests ( ) Capex 7 million, 0.50±0.4 /m 3 Benefits: improvement of water supply and water quality (hardness) Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 8

9 The Largest EU project: Milan, Italy Nosedo & San Rocco Recycling Plants 86±6 Mm 3 /yr used for irrigation of rice, corn, grass and horticulture Pretreatment Degritting, sand and oil removal Activated sludge Nitrification & denitrification Sludge treatment Aerobic stabilisation Dewatering Thermal drying Odour treatment Nosedo WWTRP 5 to 15 m 3 /s Disinfection Peracetic acid Reuse Sand filtration vith P removal UV disinfection Low dose River Sludge UV disinfection High dose Reuse valorisation San Rocco WWTRP 4 to 12 m 3 /s Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 9

10 Water Reuse: Water Scarcity Remains the Major Driver New concerns: environmental protection, climate change adaptation (droughts), improved urban water management (cities of the future, decentralized wastewater treatment) Source: World Water Development Report 3, based on Wintgens and Hochstrat 2006 Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 10

11 Water Reuse: a Global Trend to Diversify Water Reuse Practices Increase of recycled water quality Up to 1995 Agricultural irrigation Landscape + urban uses Environmental Industrial uses Acquifer recharge Since 2000 West Basin, Costa Brava, Spain, California, Florida, % Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 11

12 Water Reuse: a Global Trend to Diversify Water Reuse Practices Distribution of water reuse by application: 52% of the total volume of recycled water is used for irrigation High disparity of wastewater treatment level by country Source: World Water Development Report 3 Landscape irrigation 20% Agricultural irrigation 32% Source: GWI/PUB Water Reuse Inventory, 2010 Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 12

13 Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 13 CONCLUSIONS

14 Milestones of Water Reuse in Agriculture 1.Industrial crops & orchards (secondary effluent) Demonstration study Cherguia,Tunisia Citrus&olive trees 1966 Tallahassee, Florida Corn, soybeans Irvine Ranch, California 1976 Mendoza, Argentina Vineyards 1986 Water Conserv II, Florida 160,000 m 3 /d km pipelines Food crops: citrus +rapid infiltration basins Food crops (tertiary effluent) 1998 Monterey County, California 120,000 m 3 /d 4,900 ha 74 km pipelines Market crops (artichokes, letuce) Dan Region, Israel 310,000 m 3 /d 15,000 ha 100 km pipelines 1995 Food crops Vitoria,Spain (citrus, avocado) 35,000 m 3 /d 10,000 ha 350 km pipelines Vegetable crops 3. Crops eaten raw (tertiary effluent) 2004 Sulaibiya, Kuwait, UF/RO 375,000 m 3 /d 1680 ha Fooder (75%) potatoes, eggplants 2000 Pilot plant study Virginia pipeline, Australia 120,000 m 3 /d 20,000 ha 150 km pipelines Market crops (salad, broccoli) Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 14

15 Water Reuse for Agriculture Lessons Learned Keys to success: subsidies, efficient and reliable treatment, extensive research, education and training Feed back from operations demonstrated that tertiary disinfected effluent can be safely used for irrigation of food crops Extensive scientific studies can be needed to demonstrate safety and benefits and gain farmers acceptance Major challenges Food safety and public perception are very important issues on the minds of farmers (E.coli outbreaks impact: fresh spinach Sept 2006 in the USA (revenue loss >$74 million), cucumber May 2011 in Europe (revenue loss >$600 million) Agronomic aspects: salinity, sodicity and toxic ions management Storage capacity and O&M of irrigation networks Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 15

16 How to Succeed in Water Reuse? Apply a policy-driven integrated approach taking into account the entire (urban) water cycle and/or catchment area and all benefits (market + nonmarket) Management of water resources and environment Social development and employment Bearable Sustainable Viable Equitable Reliability of supply Health safety Wellbeing Employment Economic development and tourism Water bodies quality Biodiversity& river flow Air quality Energy & GHG Long term vision Costs & Revenues Economic benefits Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 16

17 How to Succeed in Water Reuse? Frame Good Practices Wastewater Barrier to pathogens Wastewater Treatment Critical step for health protection Barrier to pathogens Storage Protection measure Application, type of irrigation Crop Restriction Protection measure Harvesting Measures Protection measure Human Exposure Control Protection measure Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 17

18 What are the Perspectives? Lazarova: Water Reuse Trends 18 Each water drop is precious: so use water again safely and for the right purpose