STUDY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CONCENTRATION PATTERNS IN SURABAYA (PARAMETER: NO, NO 2, O 3 )

Transcription

1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_08_073 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed STUDY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CONCENTRATION PATTERNS IN SURABAYA (PARAMETER: NO, NO 2, O 3 ) A.D. Syafei Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia Q. Constantya Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia T.N. Ciptaningayu Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia ABSTRACT Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and Nitric Oxide (NO) are two gases that affect air quality. Both are mainly emitted from vehicles. Ozone (O 3 ) is a secondary pollutant that is formed by a series of photochemical reaction that involves NO, NO 2 and UV radiation. These gases shows an increase trend in Surabaya, Indonesia. Therefore it is crucial to find out their diurnal pattern and relationship with vehicles. The data used are data from air monitoring station (SUF) 1, 6 and 7 Surabaya from 2012 to The concentration of air follows a certain pattern following the pattern of the source of the contamination. Daily pattern of NO and NO 2 concentrations has 2 peak times in the morning and afternoon. As for the daily pattern of O 3 has peak time during the day. Daily patterns may be affected by motor vehicles. Key words: Ambient Air Quality, Pollutant Patterns, NO, NO 2, O 3. Cite this Article: A.D. Syafei, Q. Constantya and T.N. Ciptaningayu, Study of Ambient Air Quality Concentration Patterns in Surabaya (Parameter: NO, NO 2, O 3 ). International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Air is a collection of gases, most of which are nitrogen and oxygen[2]. Oxygen is very important to support the lives of living things and allows the burning of fuels. Nitrogen is also important in life. Although oxygen and nitrogen very important in life, when their concentrations excess will cause adverse effect. Excess concentrations in air can also be editor@iaeme.com

2 A.D. Syafei, Q. Constantya and T.N. Ciptaningayu referred to as air pollution. Air pollution is defined as the entry of foreign substances in the air causing the air no longer under normal conditions. Air pollution causes vary [4]. One of the parameters that can be pollutant is NO 2. NO 2 pollutant sources of activity of motor vehicles, industry and household. It has been investigated by Wijayanti that the high concentration of NO 2 is directly proportional to the number of motor vehicles, industries and households. NO 2 reacts with ultraviolet light to form NO. O 3 (ozone) is also one of the parameters that can cause contamination [5]. O 3 is a highly reactive gas [3] that must be considered in air quality. Ozone as a protector of the earth from excessive ultraviolet light. If the damaged ozone layer can cause skin cancer for humans, melting ice at the poles and others. The concentration of air follows a certain pattern following the pattern of the source of the contamination. NO 2 air quality for example, follows the bimodal form as well as the vehicle. It means, there are peak times every day where the concentration of ambient air quality is highest on that day. May be the average daily concentration of ambient air quality at peak times exceeds the existing quality standard so that further handling is required. The O 3 concentration pattern has a peak time during daytime and at night the concentration is low. The concentration of ozone slowly rises after sunrise, peak at midday and then slowly descends until the next morning [1]. In this study determined the daily patterns of the three air quality parameters namely NO, NO 2 and O 3. Data from 2 SUFs that are SUF 6 and 7 in and data from 1 SUF that is SUF 1 in analyzed to find the pattern of NO, NO 2 and O 3 concentration pattern by diurnal and searched for peak time. Different years of data retrieval following availability of existing data. This study aims to determine the daily pattern (diurnal pattern) of the pollutant concentration of the vehicle that is NO, NO 2, O 3 from the air monitoring station SUF 1, SUF 6 and SUF 7 and determine the peak time. By knowing the average daily pattern, we can see the average peak time in Surabaya where this information could be the basis of air pollution control policy in Surabaya City, for example clocking arrangements where large vehicles can pass, traffic arrangements and hours of work or school hours. 2. DATA USED 2.1. Data Period The data obtained in the form of daily concentration data per 30 minutes. Perform data recording so easy in processing and analyzing data. To process the data using open source program R. Analysis is done by making graph with X axis is time (minute) and Y axis is concentration of NO, NO 2, O 3 (μg/m 3 ). From the graph can be known pattern of NO, NO 2, O 3 concentration by diurnal pattern and peak of NO, NO 2, O 3 concentration Data Source Data obtained from Surabaya Environment Department. The data used to achieve the objectives of this study are presented in the table below editor@iaeme.com

3 Study of Ambient Air Quality Concentration Patterns in Surabaya (Parameter: NO, NO 2, O 3 ) Table 1 Period of Data Used for Analysis Parameter SUF1 SUF6 SUF7 NO January, 1 st NO 2 January, 1 st O 3 January, 1 st The total data used in this analysis of SUF 1, SUF 6, and SUF 7 were 263,088, 157,824, and 157,824 data. The details can be seen in Table 1. However, much data is lost due to sensor damage that cannot be repaired by the Surabaya City Government due to the high cost of new sensors. The percentage of missing data is also shown in Table 2. Table 2 Total Data, Data Availability and Percentage of Missing Data Parameter SUF1 SUF6 SUF7 Total Data NO 87,696 52,608 52,608 NO 2 87,696 52,608 52,608 O 3 87,696 52,608 52,608 Data Availability NO 14,855 40,827 41,362 NO 2 14,855 40,827 41,362 O 3 63,573 38,301 35,973 Percentage of missing data (%) NO NO O RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The daily pattern (diurnal pattern) of pollutant concentration used open source R platform. The daily pattern is carried out on 3 Surabaya Air Quality Monitoring Station (SUF) namely SUF 1, SUF 6 and SUF 7. The daily pattern is presented in graphical form where the X axis is the time and Y-axis is the concentration of pollutant (μg/m 3 ). Figure 1 Pollutant Pattern NO SUF 1, 6 and editor@iaeme.com

4 A.D. Syafei, Q. Constantya and T.N. Ciptaningayu Figure 1 shows the daily pattern of NO pollutants from SUF 1, SUF 6 and SUF 7. Overall peak hour occurred in the morning at around 07:00. However, in SUF 7 concentration increase occurred starting at while the peak hour at night is at In addition, SUF 7 has the highest pollutant concentration. This is due to the number of existing motor vehicles, in accordance with Figure 2 (a) to Figure 2 (c). Number of motor vehicles in the data consist of motorcycle, private car, public transportation, taxi, mini bus, pick up, mini truck, big bus, 2 sb truck, 3 sb truck, trailer and trailer. It appears that the number of motor vehicles in both SUF 1 and SUF 6 increased at 7.00 WIB before finally declining at 8.30 WIB (SUF 6 and SUF 7) and at 9.00 WIB (SUF 1). The vehicle pattern is slightly different from each SUF, however the bimodal pattern is apparent in the area around SUF 6 and SUF 7 but not quite clear on SUF 1. This shows the reason why the concentration pattern in SUF 1 also does not show a clear bimodal pattern compared to other SUFs for both NO and NO 2. Figure 1 Diurnal pattern of NO Figure 3 Pollutant Pattern of NO editor@iaeme.com

5 Study of Ambient Air Quality Concentration Patterns in Surabaya (Parameter: NO, NO 2, O 3 ) Figure 5 Diurnal Pattern of O 3 SUF 1, 6 dan 7 (a) (b) (c) Figure 2 Number of Motor Vehicle surrounding: (a) SUF 1, (b) SUF 6, (c) SUF 7. Label x-axis: time, y-ordinate: vehicle volume (units) Figure 3 shows the daily pattern of NO 2 contaminants from SUF 1, SUF 6 and SUF 7. All three SUF has 2 peak hours. Overall peak hour occurred in the morning at around 07:00. The second peak of SUF 1 and 7 occurs in the afternoon that is around 17:00 to 18:00. While the second peak of SUF 6 occurs at night at 22: editor@iaeme.com

6 A.D. Syafei, Q. Constantya and T.N. Ciptaningayu It also appears that compared to SUF 6, the average concentration of NO 2 SUF 7 is lower in the morning especially before WIB. After that hour, it appears that the concentration in SUF 7 is greater than in SUF 6. (a) (b) (c) Figure 4 Graph of NO 2 Concentration with Number of Motor Vehicles (a) SUF 1, (b) SUF 6, (c) SUF 7 Figure 4 (a) to figure 4 (c) illustrates the NO 2 concentration pattern and the number of motor vehicles. In SUF 1 the pattern of motor vehicles tend to be evenly distributed. The pattern of NO 2 concentration shows that there are 2 peak times. NO 2 peak hours at and The similarity of the NO 2 concentration pattern with the number of motor vehicles occurred at to In SUF 6 NO 2 concentration patterns do not all follow the pattern of the number of vehicles. At to the concentration pattern both increase and decrease until at Then the pattern of the number of motor vehicles increase from to However, the NO 2 concentration pattern increased from to In SUF 7 NO 2 concentration patterns generally follow the pattern of the number of vehicles. There are 2 peak hours at and Of the three SUFs, SUF 7 has a graph of the relationship between NO 2 concentrations and the number of vehicles that are clear and almost identical. Figure 5 shows the daily pattern of O 3 pollutants from SUF 1, SUF 6 and SUF 7. Overall peak hours occur during the day at around 11:00. Based on Figures 1, 3 and 5 the daily patterns of NO and NO 2 are directly proportional. Daily pattern of NO, NO 2 is inversely related to O 3 daily pattern. This is caused by photochemical reactions. In the morning high volume of vehicles resulting in NO and NO 2 concentration increases. NO 2 emitted by motor vehicles to NO in the presence of sunlight. In accordance with the following reaction NO 2 + hv NO + O (1) editor@iaeme.com

7 Study of Ambient Air Quality Concentration Patterns in Surabaya (Parameter: NO, NO 2, O 3 ) Hv is the energy of the photon. O will react with O 2 to produce O 3. This results in O 3 during the day increases and NO decreases. O + O 2 O 3 + M (2) M (generally N 2 or O 2 ) represents a molecule that absorbs excess vibration energy. O 3 decreases in the afternoon until evening. O 3 reacts with NO to form NO 2 so that in the afternoon NO 2 concentration increases. O 3 + NO NO 2 + O 2 (3) Increased concentration of motor vehicles in accordance with Figure 4. In the morning ( ) is a rush hour for school and work. In the afternoon ( ) is the hours back home office and work. However from Figure 5, the O 3 concentration in SUF 1 appears larger than SUF 6, and especially SUF 7 which has the largest vehicle volume. For that, it needs an in-depth analysis to look for this cause. Furthermore, by using regression analysis, sought coefficient relationship between NO as the dependent variable (Y), and NO 2 and O 3 as independent variables (x 1, x 2 ). The hypothesis is that the coefficients of NO 2 and O 3 in the rate of NO formation between SUFs should be similar, or not much different, since the photochemical process is universal between one region and another. If the coefficient differs considerably, then air quality data can be questioned. Table 5 Coefficient NO, NO 2 and O 3 SUF 1 Koefisien Estimate t value Intercept 1,86 16,52 NO 2 0,30 45,16 O 3-0,02-24,05 Table 7 Coefficient NO, NO 2 and O 3 SUF 7 Koefisien Estimate t value Intercept 24,85 102,36 NO 2 0,12 16,97 O 3-0,07-22,42 Based on Table 5 to 7 can be seen the coefficient of the relationship between NO, NO 2 and O 3. In SUF 1 NO 2 concentrations can increase 0.3 times the concentration of intercept (NO). O 3 concentration can decrease 0.02 times NO concentration. In SUF 6 NO 2 concentrations can increase 0.4 times the concentration of intercept (NO). O 3 concentration can decrease 0.02 times NO concentration. In SUF 7 NO 2 concentrations can increase 0.12 times the concentration of intercept (NO). O 3 concentration can decrease 0.07 times NO concentration. The coefficients of NO 2 and O 3 in the rate of NO formation between SUF can be said to be similar, or not much different. This supports the claim that the reaction between NO, NO 2 and O 3 is a photochemical reaction. In addition the above results also show that the above O 3 pattern results are valid. The mass balance of the photochemical reaction is obtained from the rate of equations (1) (2) and (3) editor@iaeme.com

8 A.D. Syafei, Q. Constantya and T.N. Ciptaningayu Rate = k 1 [NO 2 ] (4) k 1 is the reaction rate coefficient of NO 2 photolysis in units of time (/ min). In steady state conditions, concentration changes do not occur again so d[c]/dt = nol. Where C is the concentration. d[no]/dt = -k 1 [NO 2 ] + k 3 [NO][O 3 ] (5) k 3 is the reaction rate coefficient of the reaction between NO and O 3.If d[no]/dt = 0 So, k1[no 2 ] = k3[no][o 3 ] (6) [O 3 ] = k1[no 2 ]/k3[no] (7) k 3 /k 1 = [NO 2 ]/[NO][O 3 ] (8) Table 6 Coefficient NO, NO 2 and O 3 SUF 6 Koefisien Estimate t value Intercept 2,68 23,10 NO 2 0,40 104,86 O 3-0,02-16,88 In China, the value of k 1 /k 3 is between and ppb [1]. The value of k 1 /k 3 may differ from region to geographical factor. 4. CONCLUSIONS Diurnal concentrations of NO and NO 2 reveals peak pattern in Surabaya that occurs around 7 am which begin from 6 am and it decreases afterwards until around 9am. These concentrations were confirmed to be contributed from traffic volume. In order to improve air quality, in particular NO and NO 2, a management of traffic and also a more effective vehicle ownership limitation must be put in place. The growth of vehicle puts users in great danger during peak hours. The conclusion of this research is: Daily pattern (diurnal pattern) NO, NO 2 has 2 peak times in the morning and at night. The daily pattern (diurnal pattern) of O 3 pollutant concentration has peak times during the day. The daily patterns of NO, NO 2 and O 3 occur because of the ongoing photochemical reactions ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Mr. Arie Dipareza Syafei as mentors for guidance and financial support. REFERENCES [1] Han, S., Bian, H., Feng, Y., Liu, A., Li, X., Zeng, F., Zhang, X Analysis of the Relationship between O 3, NO and NO 2 in Tianjin, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 11 : editor@iaeme.com

9 Study of Ambient Air Quality Concentration Patterns in Surabaya (Parameter: NO, NO 2, O 3 ) [2] Oktora, B Hubungan Antara Kualitas Fisik Udara dalam Ruang (Suhu dan Kelembapan Relatif) dengan Kejadian Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) pada Pegawai Kantor Pusat Perusahaan Jasa Konstruksi X di Jakarta Timur. [3] Rani, B., Singh, U., Chuhan, A.K., Sharma, D., Maheshwari, R Photochemical Smog Pollution and Its Mitigation Measures.Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 2, 4 : [4] Wardhana, W.A Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan. Cetakan Keempat. Yogyakarta : Penerbit ANDI [5] Wijayanti, D.N Gambaran dan analisis risiko nitrogen dioksida (NO 2 ) perkota/kabupaten dan provinsi di indonesia (hasil pemantauan kualitas udara ambien dengan metode pasif di pusarpedal tahun 2011). Tugas Akhir. Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat. Depok editor@iaeme.com