Current Water Resource Management in Jaffna, Sri Lanka

Transcription

1 Current Water Resource Management in Jaffna, Sri Lanka Supervisor : Prof. Kuniaki MIYAMOTO Renugapathy Kandiah

2 Jaffna Peninsula 1035 km 2 15 administrative divisions Population-610,640 (2014,NPC)

3 Jaffna Peninsula 1035 km 2 15 administrative divisions Population-610,640 (2014,NPC)

4 A Profile of Water Resources Sri Lanka Rivers Tanks Surface water bodies

5 Water Resources - Jaffna Surface Water small ponds/water storages Ground Water (GW) - 4 major aquifers - Main water resource Typical Water Storages Surface water storages Well Recharge Storage Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Domestic needs

6 Rainfall in mm Annual Rainfall (mm) Year Source: Department of Meteorology, 2015 Rainfall : ( )mm Recharge the ground water aquifers :12-60% - average 37% Runoff to lagoons/sea :33% (Thushyanthy, 2013) 6

7 Global Water Stress (Source: Jonathan,2014) 7

8 Challenge of life : Difficult to meet the basic water needs in drought seasons Human beings Animals Water Scarcity (Water Shortage)

9 Water Scarcity Social and economical status 9

10 Water Justification Scarcity Ground water main source Social and economical status 10

11 Water Justification Scarcity Social and economical status 11

12 Water Justification Scarcity Social and economical status 12

13 Water Justification Scarcity Social and economical status Social & economical status indirectly affects the water use 13

14 Water Scarcity Water Scarcity Indicators (Jonathan 2014) - Water use to water supply - Water supply to water demand - Human water demand to Human water access These indicators based on Quantitative and Not subjected social and economical status of water users 14

15 Objectives 1. To focus the most crucial issue of water scarcity that is the relationship of water use to water supply combined with social aspect and 2. To update improved or sustained water management practices 15

16 Methodology Site selection and Data collection Two highest drought- borne areas I I an Island II agricultural and coastal area II Primary data Questionnaire Survey Interview Field Experiment Secondary data Case studies Publications Government Reports

17 Water Budget Well (Vt) Accessible Volume (Vt) = Input - Output 17

18 Water Budget Accessible Volume (Vt) = Input - Output Water flow Well (Vt) Extraction 18

19 Water Budget Accessible Volume (Vt) = Input - Output Water flow Well (Vt) Extraction Water Extraction (Water Use) - Manual extraction/ pumping to tank Questionnaire survey - Daily water consumption per head - Factors affecting the water management 19

20 Water Budget Accessible Volume (Vt) = Input - Output Water flow Well (Vt) Extraction Accessible Volume (Water Supply) V t = t*f V c - V e + V r V t volume of water in well (m 3 ) t time of flow (s) f - flow rate (ms -1 ) V c - volume of consumption (m 3 ) V e volume of evaporation V r - volume of rain (0 in normal conditions) The input water can be measured by experiment. Water Extraction (Water Use) - Manual extraction/ pumping to tank Questionnaire survey - Daily water consumption per head - Factors affecting the water management 20

21 Experiment Monitoring water level of wells -Expecting outputs * Changes of water level * Consumption pattern HOBO Water level logger * Flow rate -Started : Pressure atmosphere and bottom of well 21

22 Experiment - Monitoring well water level -Expecting outputs * Changes of water level * Consumption pattern * Flow rate -Started : Pressure atmosphere and bottom of well P -Pressure (Pa-kgm -1 s -2 ) m- mass of water (kg) A - area of well (m 2 ) g - gravity (ms -2 ) ρ - water density (kgm -3 ) V volume (m 3 ) h - water level (m) HOBO Water level logger Site II : Wells A,B and C 22

23 Pressure ( in Pa) Results and Discussions (1) Field Experiment Measurement (Atmospheric logger) Temperature ( in celcius) Time (10 min intervals)

24 Results and Discussions (con) Water pressure measurements of wells A,B, and C ( ) Atmosphere A B C

25 Water level (m) Results and Discussions (con) Changes in water levels ( ) Water Level B Water Level C Water level A /08 16/09 Time intervals (10 minute ) 25

26 Water level (m) Results and Discussions (con) Water Level B Water Level C Water level A am am am Time intervals (10 minute ) am From graph 1. Maximum and minimum water levels with period A- ( m) B- ( m) C- ( m) 2. The domestic water consumption pattern 26

27 Results and Discussions (con) (2) Questionnaire Survey (N=101) Site I - Payees for water (drinking and cooking) Site II -Free access of water A) Division Respondents Total family number Drinking water(l) /head Site I (Karainagar) Site II(Thenmaradchi) 67 (66.34) 258(65.48) (33.66) 136(34.52) People at site I and II consume equivalent amount of water for drinking and cooking. 27

28 Percentage B) Basic knowledge on Water Management 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Site I Site II 0% K-Knowledge K of own water use Acceptance of overusage Thinking reduction of overuse Variables K on drought K on climatic change The basic awareness on water management of site I people is higher than site II people. 28

29 From Secondary data 29

30 Growth rate % Results and Discussion a. Demography/ Population Cens us year Popula tion (in 1000s) Growt h rate Base year District Secretariat, Jaffna. (2014) Population Growth Rate ( ) Year Growth rate 540,000 people migrated from Jaffna to western world(gerharz 2009) Population has not a potential impact on water scarcity 30

31 Results and Discussion b. Water Storages Jaffna District Ponds - Water feeders Past - Significant symbol of areas - Managed by farming society - Maintained as Religious belief - Contributed to Agri/domestic needs directly Present - Urbanization - Migration of master farmers and reduction of sense of ownership Water feeders - Low awareness in younger generation - Extraction by pumping from wells Changes in social conditions and absence of regionally unique mechanism have a potential repercussion on water management 31

32 Results and Discussion c)comparison with case studies Karainagar - Jaffna Gansu- China Annual precipitation: mm High sea run off >33% mm Low runoff 5-8% Successful RWH 121 Project-Gansu Details 1995/ Drinking water for people (mil) Capacity (mil cubic meter) Agriculture (mil ha) Comparison with effective cases shows the opportunity for domestic rainwater harvesting 32

33 Ongoing / future works Flow rate and accessible volume of well (water supply) Calculation of domestic water use Analyze social and economical status affecting the water use Suggest the sustainable management practices 33

34 References 1. Vigneswaran, B., Sivakumaran, K.P., Veerasingam, P. (2015), Tamil Australian Professionals Australia, Report number: Jaffna Water Project R District Disaster Management Centre (2015), Disaster Data , District Secretariat-Jaffna. 3. Jonathan, L. (Ed.) (2014), Key concepts in Water Resource Management: a review and critical evaluation. New York, NY, USA: Routledge-Earthscan pp. 4. Census of Population and Housing (2011), Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka. 5. Gerharz, E, Reconstructing Jaffna: Transnational Tamil Activism at Local Interfaces, California, United States of America, pp 6. Qiang, Zhu & Li, Yuanhong Rainwater Harvesting in the Loess Plateau of Gansu, China and Its Significance, 9 th International Conference of Rainwater Catchment Systems, Petrolina, PE, Brazil, NPC, Northern Provincial Council (2014), Statistical Hand Book 7. NPC, Northern Provincial Council (2013), Statistical Hand Book 8. Department of Agrarian Development (2007), Minor Irrigation Tanks Inventory List- Jaffna District. 9. Water Information System for Sri Lanka. 34

35 THANK YOU 35