Regional Process Commission. Region: Asia-Pacific ANNEX

Transcription

1 Reginal Reprt Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Regin: Asia-Pacific ANNEX Theme: Urban Crdinatr: Asia-Pacific Water Frum Pre-frum versin March th W O R L D W A T E R F O R U M B R A S Í L I A - B R A S I L, M A R C H , secretariat@wrldwaterfrum8.rg ffice@apwf.rg 1

2 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum Theme: Urban Circular Ecnmy, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Theme leader: Glbal Water Partnership Organizatin C-theme leader: PUB, Singapre s Natinal Water Agency, UN-HABITAT Cntents Key Messages Backgrund Case studies Water Recycling Wastewater Reuse CE Enabling Envirnment Actins and Sub-actins, and measures t vercme the prblems and achieve the slutins Key Messages Key Message 1: n Water Reuse Recycling Reduce Water reuse isn t the future it is the present. Innvative technlgies and appraches n water resurce management can help t diversify surces f water while at the same time decrease csts, and increase resilience f cmmunities. There are cnsiderable pprtunities fr making use f different surces f water (strm water, rain water, raw water, grey and black waters) available as ptential new resurces, that will require technlgy transfer, scial acceptance, adjusted legislatin, tariffs and regulatin. Water recycling is an pprtunity in regins with high water scarcity, this slutin becmes essential fr scial, ecnmic and envirnmental sustainability because it reduces stress n the water resurce. The apprach f water cnservatin, i.e. water demand management, is als imprtant fr water-scarce areas when ptins f develping new water resurces are limited and cstly. It invlves the adptin f plicies r investment by a water utility t reduce the waste f water resurces and achieve efficient water use by all members. Key Message 2: n Wastewater Wastewater is nt wasted water; it is ptentially an imprtant resurce. Sludge was traditinally cnsidered as a waste in the water sectr. But nw new appraches have turned it int a valuable resurce frm wastewater that can be used t generate electricity, recver nutrients, and reduce landfill dispsal. Benefits such as incme generatin, emplyment, pverty alleviatin, cntributin t fd security, imprved envirnmental standards can be gained frm well-defined sludge management. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) and cmmunity manageable slutins can respnd t lcal needs and capacity in an efficient and sustainable way. 2

3 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum Key Message 3: n Enabling Envirnment Making circular ecnmy a reality requires a cnducive and enabling envirnment. It will require crdinatin mechanisms at all levels f gvernment and the invlvement f all stakehlders, as well as a lng term and hlistic urbanistic planning prcesses. New business mdels and pprtunities can be derived frm the adptin f a circular ecnmy that will require new finance, regulatin, nrms, and raising the pririty fr investment in wastewater and reuse. The adptin f a new Circular Ecnmy apprach will als require cultural change and acceptance: sensitizatin f the ppulatins n all issues relating t wastewater management and water quality and rainwater. 1. Backgrund Key Challenges As the main ecnmic engines f grwth, Asian cities are increasingly challenged t ensure sustainability f develpment while reaping the benefits f urbanizatin. In 2016, 48.2 % f the Asian ppulatin was living in urban areas and the urban ppulatin is expected t rise t 64% by In the meantime, water bdies are being verexplited, as bth surces f water and als as means f wastewater dispsal. Accrding t a study released in March 2016 by Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy researchers in the jurnal PLOS 2, at least 1 billin f the Asia's estimated 4.4 billin peple culd be facing extreme fresh water shrtages in the near future. The researchers g n saying that if current trends in climate change and ppulatin grwth cntinue, mdels shw that a big swath f Asia culd be facing a "high risk f severe water stress" in as little as 35 years. Mst Asian cities d nt have effective wastewater treatment systems. In the Philippines, fr example, nly 10% f wastewater is treated while in Indnesia the figure is 14%, in Viet Nam, 4%, and in India, 9% 3 rivers have been degraded by ver-extractin and pllutin, and entire ecsystems have been damaged, with negative impacts n bidiversity and the lifestyle f peple in the area. In additin, ver 1.7 billin peple lack access t imprved sanitatin in Asia and the Pacific and millins defecate in the pen. But building new tilets alne is nt enugh t imprve public health, says ADB analyst Jingmin Huang. Cities in Asia and the Pacific regin are increasingly feeling the pressure f ppulatin 1 Reference: UN-Habitat. (2016). Urbanizatin and Develpment, Emerging Future. Wrld Cities Reprt

4 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum grwth and urbanizatin. In Suth-east Asia, althugh there are abundant rivers, the verppulatin has led t majr pllutin and caused the water t be undrinkable. Many peple dn t have enugh clean water t drink. Fr Suth Asia 4, hme t nearly 1.6 billin peple, it is estimated that 22 f 32 Indian cities face daily water shrtages. Besides, Suth-east Asia and India are currently suffering frm ne f their wrst heat waves in histry with temperatures regularly reaching mid-frties 5 (Celsius). While nearly 20% f the wrld s ppulatin are living in China 6, the cuntry nly cntains 7% f the wrld s fresh water. 11 ut f 31 Chinese prvinces failed t meet the Wrld Bank s water needs criteria f 1500 m3 per persn in Due t limited water resurces, water is ften a majr cause f brder cnflicts in Central Asia 7. And many Pacific islands 8 are facing the risk that freshwater scarcity may lead t an uninhabitable island, which is mainly caused by climate change. The Asian Regin is als hme t devastating flds exacerbated by the change in rain patterns. Just recently, in August 2017, mre than 800 peple have been killed and 24 millin affected fllwing widespread flds acrss suth Asia, affecting mainly Bangladesh, India and Nepal. In 2011, the city f Bangkk has knwn ne f the mst destructive flds f its histry, affecting all sectrs f the ecnmy and livelihds. Urban planners are wndering hw t make better use f rain, strm water and flds. The abve mentined situatins shw that Asia cities face majr challenges cncerning bth the quantity and the quality f the water resurce. Prmising experiences n IUWM and circular ecnmy are gradually being develped in Asia that need t be captured and shared as they can have the tremendus ptential t bring abut changes in urban health and ecnmy. Urban strategic framewrks The Paris Climate Agreement s central aim is t strengthen the glbal respnse t the threat f climate change. The Agreement requires all parties t make their best effrts thrugh Natinally Determined Cntributins (NDC), which means each cuntry determines, plans and regularly reprts its wn cntributin t mitigate glbal warming. Since urban areas are respnsible fr 70% f glbal carbn dixide china-grwing-water-crisis/ c1f

5 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum emissins 9, cities shuld take practive actins t tackle climate change issue, which can ensure the health, wellbeing and ecnmic pprtunities fr urban residents. The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Grup is helping t deliver Paris Agreement and guarantee a sustainable develpment fr bth cities and citizens. The Sustainable Develpment Gals clearly address these urban wills and challenges by prpsing specific targets n water quality, pllutin and wastewater treatment (SDG 6.3), integrated water resurces management (SDG 6.5) and n waste management (SDG 11.6). As mre and mre peple are migrating t cities, urbanizatin causes extreme envirnmental degradatin. While at the same time, mst glbal business activities take place in urban areas, cities shuld take a lea ding rle t find a balance between nature and human s that bth f them culd develp sustainably. In Quit (Octber 2016), wrld leaders adpted the New Urban Agenda which set glbal standards f achievement in sustainable urban develpment, rethinking the way we build, manage, and live in cities thrugh drawing tgether cperatin with cmmitted partners, relevant stakehlders, and urban actrs at all levels f gvernment as well as the civil sciety and private sectrs. Prmising appraches (IUWM and Circular Ecnmy) Furthermre, the adptin f integrated and innvative appraches is likely t have multiple benefits in terms f imprved livelihds, pverty alleviatin, health, emplyment, incme generatin, ecsystem sustainability, urban resilience capacity, urban fd security and energy security. IUWM is nested within the ntin f IWRM. As IWRM prvides a framewrk fr interventins ver the entire water cycle and a recnsideratin f the way water is used and reused, the idea behind IUWM is t cnsider the entire urban water system in a hlistic manner as a part f a cherent framewrk. Emerging innvative appraches are increasingly being adpted that include integrated management, cnsidering the whle cycle, frm its resurce t its use, its waste and reuse, as ne system, as well as prmting a multi-sectral apprach where all urban users f water upstream and dwnstream can cmmunicate and plan. Unlike the traditinal take-make-dispse business mdel, a circular ecnmy aims t redefine grwth, fcusing n psitive sciety-wide benefits. The circular mdel based n three principles: design ut waste and pllutin; keep prducts and materials in use; and regenerate natural system. This cncept requires that ecnmy needs t wrk effectively at all scales fr bth large and small businesses, glbally and lcally. Thrugh recycling and reusing, circular ecnmy will lead t a clsed lp f prduct lifecycle, which can benefit bth envirnment and ecnmy are-at-the-frntline-f-the-energy-transit in.html. 5

6 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum The use f recycled water as a ptential resurce fr industrial and agricultural applicatins, as well as fr drinking water ffers an alternative that culd help t face the challenge f resurce availability in water scarce areas. This slutin can becme essential fr scial, ecnmic and envirnmental sustainability because it reduces stress n the water resurce. Recycling water prmtes prductive activities acrss sectrs, and cnsequently reduces negative ecnmic and envirnmental impacts and cntributes t diminishing ptential cnflicts. Resurce recvery and reuse seeks t shift the fcus away frm waste that needs dispsal, tward creating a valuable resurce that can benefit (urban) farmers, create jbs and generate funds t imprve sanitatin (IWMI). Cmbining plicy planning fr strm water management, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater treatment is a valuable ptin fr develping ec-efficient water infrastructure t tackle such prblems as water shrtage, flds and public health cncerns in unisn (UNESCAP 2011). Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) are based n the principle f lw-maintenance since mst imprtant parts f the system wrk withut technical energy inputs and cannt be switched ff intentinally (ref BORDA). DEWATS applicatins prvide state-f-the-art-technlgy at affrdable prices because all f the materials used fr cnstructin are lcally available. This is just the beginning f a transitin twards integrated management f wastewater, strm water, slid waste, energy, and urban agriculture within urban planning and management. It will require t adjust existing nrms and regulatins arund the use f wastes as well a cultural mind shift in the way we perceive and cnsider the use f wastewater in all its frms. 2. Case studies 2.1 Water Recycling Case 1: NEWater in Singapre 10 Althugh Singapre has abundant rainfall, it still is cnsidered as a water-scarce city-state. With grwth f industries and ppulatin placing increased pressures n water resurces in the early years f independence, PUB, Singapre s Natinal Water Agency, was cmpelled t increase lcal water catchments, and lk fr innvative ways t diversify the surces f freshwater. Diversify surces f water: develping uncnventinal surces f water ie. using membrane technlgy t reclaim treated wastewater (t prduce high-grade reclaimed water knwn as NEWater) and desalinate seawater. These surces f water are nt dependent n rainfall, and are thus mre 10 References: Water Recycling in Singapre; Singapre Water Stry [PwerPint slides]. 6

7 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum weather-resilient. Tday, NEWater and desalinated water can meet up t 40% and 25% f ttal water demand respectively. Strng gvernment supprt: water issues are at the tp f the gvernment agenda since independence. Public acceptance: sustained public educatin prgramme (e.g. establishing the NEWater Visitr Centre fr the public t learn abut the treatment prcess and prviding NEWater fr public sampling purpses) t cmplement the technical rigr in the develpment f NEWater. Mnitring and Maintenance: stringent audit prcess n NEWater that cntinues t take place twice a year in Singapre. Case 2: Rainwater harvesting and strm water management in Bangladesh 11 Rapid ppulatin grwth in Dhaka City puts much pressure n urban water system. Even nrmal events nw can cause drainage cngestin and water lgging. It can be freseen the situatin will be wrse in the future due t climate change. Pilt study n rainwater harvesting: cnducted by BWP and partner rganizatins. Results turned ut t be feasible and prmising. Recharge grundwater aquifer: rainwater is cllected frm rftp and part f the strm water is injected. Simulatin with a mdel: a rainfall-runff mdel was cnstructed t simulate different scenaris t evaluate the perfrmance f rainwater harvesting. Injectin rates may vary fr different aquifer prperties: this is yet t be ascertained. Rainwater quality: injected water quality was recrded and n significant threat t cntaminatin f aquifer was bserved if rainwater in the first 10 min is flashed utside the recharge pit. Case 3: Spnge city Shenzhen 12 Rapid urbanizatin brught series water challenges t Shenzhen city, in the frm f strm water pllutin, reduced envirnmental capacity and water shrtage. The city is nw aiming t address these issues and uncertain future, thrugh circular ecnmy and spnge city cncepts, as imprtant cmpnents fr future develpment. Strng plitical will and supprt: Shenzhen Water Strategy fld cntrl prgram and several regulatins were intrduced (e.g. Shenzhen Blueline Management Regulatins, Shenzhen Water Cnservatin Regulatins). Imprved strm water management: rainwater infiltratin, retentin and strage and Lw Impact Develpment facilities were develped. Demnstratin area prject: Guangming New District was selected t examine lw impact develpment. Sludge reuse fr nutrient recvery Public engagement: public hearings, knwledge sharing and financing platfrms 11 Reference: Rainwater Harvesting in Urban Areas. 12 Reference: 7

8 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum have been created. Key lessns learnt n water recycling: Innvative new technlgies can be applied t diversify surces f water (recycled water, strm water, rainwater), which can be helpful t address water issues (e.g. water scarcity; water lgging). Develping a new cncept will als imprve urban water management (e.g. Spnge city cncept in strm water management). Mnitring and maintenance n the peratin f these technlgies shuld be kept in mind. Smetimes, a demnstratin prject can be helpful t examine the feasibility f imprved management befre widespread applicatins. In additin, achieving public acceptance n such innvative s lutins is significant. The media is an essential partner n public educatin. 2.2 Wastewater Reuse Case 1: Wastewater t resurce recvery in China 13 Water resurce shrtage, increasing water use, large wastewater discharge and severe river water quality are the main challenges fr China. T strengthen water security, the gvernment is trying t make use f recycled water and cnsider wastewater as a new water resurce. Recycled water treatment plants: the number and the capacity f the plants are bth increasing. Treated wastewater is used t urban river recharge, green space irrigatin and rad cleaning. Higher standards will be applied in the future. Wastewater treatment plants database: all peratin data f WWTPs are cllected ver the past 10 years. Sludge management: sludge is used fr bigas prductin and sil enhancement. In Beijing, bi char prduced frm sludge is sld t landscape cmpany. A new water tariff system: with help f Wrld Bank and ADB, a natinal water tariff system is under develpment. Public-Private Partnership: the market is pened t attract mre private sectrs t prmte PPP. Case 2: Waste t Watts in India 14 Mre than half f India is facing high water stress, as demand f water-intensive sectrs is grwing (i.e. agriculture, urban, industry and energy prductin). The current linear mdel will fail while a circular ecnmy perspective can make water 13 Reference: Presentatins frm China during SWWW _SWWW_All.pdf 14 Reference: nitatin-wes. 8

9 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum management mre efficient. Usable water, nutrients and renewable energy can be abstracted frm industrial and dmestic wastewater. Sludge-t-energy plants: three useful prducts are generated (energy, digestate and water). Prduced bigas is used fr n-site energy, r purified further and sld as natural gas. Slid digestate is used fr sil enhancement. Cst-effectiveness: sludge-t-energy plants can be installed in existing WWTPs, saving time, space and time. Win-win: current WWTPs lack capacity t fully perate. Nn-traditinal, smaller sludge-t-energy systems can be helpful t vercme. They can help WWTPs becme financially feasible and reduce GHG emissins, which will meet grwing water and sanitatin needs. Case 3: Cmmunity-managed DEWATS apprach in Indnesia 15 In Indnesia, urban sanitatin is almst entirely private and n-site, and the institutinal capacity is limited t manage sanitatin services. Indnesian gvernment then cnsiders DEWATS as the best available ptin fr eradicating pen defecatin and imprving sanitatin in urban areas. Pilt site (SANIMAS): 7 pilt sites were set up between 2003 and 2004, with decentralizatin f pwers and functins t lcal gvernment t prmte c-management. Plitical will and supprt: service sustainability was drew by revising implementatin guidelines. Sanitatin develpment prgram was included in natinal develpment plan. Behavir change: thrugh campaigns and educatin at cmmunity level. Key lessns learnt n wastewater reuse: Wastewater is nt wasted and waste are valuable. Wastewater reuse can be applied t urban/peri-urban agriculture, which can address fd security and reduce energy cnsumptin f treatment plant at the same time. This new idea needs quality cntrl methds t pay attentin n public acceptance, since it raises health cncern. Decentralized Waste Treatment System can meet lcal cmmunity demands and be sustainable applying RRR apprach, which shuld be analyzed frm a multi-disciplinary perspective. Mre jb pprtunities are created thrugh public private partnership. 2.3 CE Enabling Envirnment Case 1: Legal framewrk n rainwater harvesting and technical guidelines fr slid waste management in Nepal 16 Residents are facing acute water shrtage during dry seasns, and land subsidence is 15 Reference: WSP. (2013). Review f Cmmunity-managed Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Indnesia. WSP, Washingtn, DC. 16 Reference: Legal framewrk n rainwater harvesting and technical guideline fr slid waste management: NEPAL. 9

10 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum becming a cncern due t ver pumping grundwater. Wrse situatins will ccur under sustained ppulatin grwth and climate change. S the gvernment develped legal framewrk fr rainwater t respnd t water crisis. Capacity building: wrkshp were rganized t municipal staff t influence the plicy f lcal municipalities, inviting engineer and planners as well. Public educatin: 4 demnstratin sites were develped t sensitize lcal peple, with a rainwater harvesting guideline intrduced in lcal language. Educatin n rainwater harvesting als tk place in schls. Slid waste management is challenging Nepal. Municipalities are limited t sweeping streets and dumping waste in the river r vacant land. Mdern waste management techniques haven t been intrduced. Gvernment wants t imprve slid waste management service and prtect ecsystems at the same time. Plitical supprt: acts, guidelines and enfrcement mechanisms were develped. Clear respnsibilities were identified fr stakehlders. Case 2: Gergia 17 T avid ccurrence f discharges f untreated wastewater that can affect access t drinking water, Gergia intrduced several laws, regulatins n water prtectin. Strng plitical supprt and cntinuus leadership: envirnmental technical regulatins and decree n sewerage system treatment facilities imprvement were apprved. Legislative acts als defined water use categries and water bdies classificatin. Public engagements are invlved in prjects related t water prtectin (e.g. public hearing). Inter-gvernmental cperatin: an authrity was set up n trans-bundary water resurce management between Azerbaijan. Case 3: Green Plicy in Mnglia 18 The capital city, Ulaanbaatar is urbanized rapidly as a result f migratin frm rural areas. T achieve SDGs and deal with develpment challenges, the municipality is cmmitted t develp a green city. Strng plitical supprt: Green visin riginated frm Natinal Green Develpment Plicy 2014, Ulaanbaatar Ecnmic Develpment Strategy 2015 and Ulaanbaatar 2020 Master Plan and Develpment Apprach fr Key stakehlder engagement: a cnsultative prcess was cntained during the develpment f the Green Develpment Strategic Actin Plan. Main challenge: pr envirnment makes Ulaanbaatar nt a livable city. Case 4: Business Mdels fr Resurce Recvery in Suth Asia 19 Fur types f business mdels are recrded by IWMI which make use f wastewater 17 Reference: Gergia case study. 18 Reference: Final Reprt f the Secnd GWP Pan-Asia Wrkshp. 19 Reference: Intrductin n RRR, slides frm IWMI. 10

11 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum and slid waste in urban/peri-urban agriculture. Challenges include lack f awareness and pr perceptins, as well as lgistic capacity. Favrable plicy envirnment and institutinal capacity: need t be imprved t ensure the mdel implementatin. Crdinated effrts and engagement f key stakehlders: t influence plicies. Strng public private partnerships are significant. Public acceptance: Since these mdels raise health cncerns, actins such as knwledge educatin shuld be delivered, as well as fcus n technical issues and quality cntrl methds. Case 5: Market pprtunities fr DEWATS in Suth-East Asia 20 The lw level f sanitatin services in sme Least Develpment Cuntries in SEA makes water use nt sustainable. While DEWATS can prvide ptential investment and market pprtunities and thus is prmising in SEA. Plitical supprt: t prmte DEWATS, gvernment shuld design adequate and sufficient legislative system. Public awareness and behavir: shuld be refrmed t better maintain DEWATS, which can be fcused n schl educatin n yung generatin. And demand studies are imprtant befre interventin. Develp scalable slutins: gd financing schemes are indispensable. Pr-Pr Public Private Partnership: since in lw-incme cuntries, investment frm private sectr can be limited due t higher risks, the 5P mdel can be used t vercme this prblem. Key lessns learnt n CE enabling envirnment: Befre gvernment s interventin, demand study is suggested t be carried ut by gvernment t better understand current situatin. Crdinatin mechanisms and institutinal capacity shuld be addressed at all levels f gvernment. New business mdel (i.e. circular ecnmy) applicatin needs t sensitize the public, which may achieve thrugh public educatin and stakehlder engagement. As agriculture is ne f the pillars f ecnmy in mst Asian cuntries, addressing the cnnectin between fd security and water security is necessary. The gvernment shuld always take care f the main issues (i.e. technical; institutinal; regulatry; ecnmic/financial; scial) during implementatins. But all the stakehlders are respnsible and have a stake, which means it is nt sle respnsibility f gvernment. 20 UNESCAP. (2013). Market Opprtunities fr Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Suth-East Asia. UNESCAP Publicatins, retrieved frm 11

12 Reginal Prcess Cmmissin Asia Pacific Water Frum 3. Actins and Sub-actins, and measures t vercme the prblems and achieve the slutins Cntinuusly plitical leadership and supprt are required thrughut the interventin. If necessary, existing plicies, laws, regulatins and guidelines shuld be revised and new nes shuld be intrduced. Crdinatin mechanisms shuld be develped t imprve institutinal capacity. Integratin f existing institutins needs t be prmted. Ecnmic incentives and financial funding shuld be cnsidered. Investments frm private sectrs are an imprtant part, which requires gvernment t draw their interest. Under the pressure f water scarcity issue, gvernment shuld be able t shift t new cncepts (e.g. spnge city in Shenzhen, green city in Mnglia, wastewater reuse) t diversify water surces. Apprpriate innvative technlgies can be applied t diversify water surces, it is nt just cpy paste frm develped cuntries, smetimes a pilt study culd be helpful t examine feasibility f the new apprach. Demand study befre interventin is suggested t help gvernment better understand current situatin. Public acceptance and awareness educatin n the new cncepts and innvative technlgies shuld be taken int accunt. Fr instance, they may be nt aware f the whle value chain f slid waste, r it can rise health cncerns fr wastewater reuse. In additin, water-related behavir change shuld be prmted. This educatin n yung generatins is extremely significant. One key partner in public educatin is the media, whse influence can be cnsiderable. Mnitring and maintenance f these technlgies and facilities are imprtant, t make sure targeted water can always meet the natinal standards. Inter-gvernmental (reginal) cperatin n trans-bundary water issues is useful, viewing prblems at catchment scales rather than urban scales. New business mdels can be develped in imprved wastewater management and slid waste management. Cmmunities shuld be educated and trained t these mdels. Prmtin f DEWATS can be prmising in sme Least Develpment Cuntries, where the cverage f sanitatin service is lw. C-management n DEWATS is required, which may be dne with help f public-private partnership mdel. Stakehlder engagement shuld be carried ut frm the very beginning and thrughut the prcess. This can be cnducted in varius frms, e.g. public hearings, nline platfrm etc. Respnsibilities shuld be identified fr each stakehlder. 12